Deck 11: Crisis and Recovery in Late Medieval Europe, 1300-1500

Question 1

Summarize the expansion of the Ottoman Empire through the fifteenth century.

Answer 1

Students should show an awareness of where the areas conquered by the Ottomans are located; students should also mention the fall of Constantinople.The brutal seizure of Christian boys to make the Janissary corps should be included; also look for references to the career of Mehmed II.

Question 2

The conciliarists believed

A)The general councils of the Church were superior to the pope
B)The State was superior to the Church
C)Canon Law trumped civil law
D)A Council was subordinate to the pope
E)The pope was a functionary of the Council

Answer 2

The general councils of the Church were superior to the pope

Question 3

Where were the Hussites concentrated?

A)Saxony
B)Italy
C)Poland
D)Bohemia
E)Switzerland

Answer 3

Bohemia

Question 4

Which is not correctly paired?

A)England: Parliament
B)France: Estates-General
C)Sweden: Riksdag
D)Poland: Parlements
E)Spain: Cortes

Question 5

The Great Schism included all of the following except

A)two and eventually three popes ruling simultaneously.
B)the increasing power of church councils.
C)doctrinal causes.
D)resolution only with the pressure of the German emperor.
E)the Roman populace breaking into the Vatican Palace.

Question 6

What was a main demand of the Hussite rebellion?

A)Permission for communion with both bread and wine
B)Power to elect their own pope
C)Demand for an imperial elector
D)Permission to dispense with the sacraments
E)Nationalization of Church property

Question 7

The Babylonian Captivity of the papacy resulted from

A)the attempts to limit the power of the pope within France.
B)the attempt by the church to free itself from Roman decadence.
C)the Muslim capture of Jerusalem and the last crusader state.
D)the Hundred Years' War.
E)an attempt by the Templar to choose a new pope.

Question 8

Describe the economic changes that Europe experienced in the late Middle Ages.Who were some of the most prominent commercial and banking figures of the period? What areas were involved in cloth production?

Question 9

Which of the following was a critic of the Avignon Papacy?

A)St.Bridget of Sweden
B)St.Catherine of Siena
C)Francesco Petrarch
D)Pope Gregory XI
E)Choices a, b, and c

Question 10

Discuss the rise of Poland-Lithuania and its emergence as a major power in east-central Europe.

Question 11

What ended the Great Western Schism?

A)the Council of Pisa
B)the resignation of Urban VI
C)the deposition of John XXIII
D)the Council of Constance
E)the execution of Jan Hus

Question 12

The crises of the late Middle Ages

A)led to a dramatic economic, social, and political recovery in the fifteenth century and the cultural ferment of the Renaissance.
B)were mainly economic and demographic.
C)resulted in an unprecedented strengthening of the church and a decline in the power of states.
D)led to a new Dark Age.
E)included a war between England and France that affected most of Western Europe.

Question 13

Use the phrase "Day of Wrath, Day of Burning" to describe the Late Middle Ages.What are the advantages and limitations of this approach?

Question 14

All of the following apply to the Hussites except

A)they were followers of Jan Hus, a Czech executed for heresy.
B)they demanded, among other reforms, lay consumption of the bread and wine during the sacrament of Communion.
C)they successfully resisted a series of military campaigns by the emperor and reached a compromise with the church.
D)their movement ended with defeat at the Council of Constance.
E)they claimed that the true church was the community of spiritual men and women.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a part of John Wycliffe's theories on heresy?

A)He believed that the church could be both divine and earthly.
B)He became a critic of the state of the clergy.
C)He believed that Christians should not question church pronouncements and hierarchy.
D)The final authority lay in the Scriptures alone.
E)He felt that every man and woman being in charity was a priest.

Question 16

The Great Western Schism was precipitated by what event?

A)The transfer of the papacy to Avignon.
B)The attack by Philip IV on Boniface VIII.
C)The return of the papacy to Rome.
D)The election and subsequent displeasure with Urban VI.
E)The Council of Pisa

Question 17

Who was the first Pope resident in Avignon?

A)Boniface VIII
B)Celestine V
C)Clement V
D)Benedict XII
E)Gregory XI

Question 18

Try to sort out the tangled Italian political situation of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.What factors led to increased tensions in the cities, and what was the result? What great families came to power in some of the cities, and how did foreign powers come to exercise such influence in Italy?

Question 19

Survey the history of the papacy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; include reasons for the Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism, as well as the results of these two crises.Why did the popes of the late fourteenth century tend to concentrate more on the affairs of their own Italian territory and less on other matters?

Question 20

During the period of great crisis, the church came into conflict because

A)there was a conflict among kings over who was the legitimate Holy Roman Emperor.
B)secular governments chose to accept the authority only of Benedictine monks.
C)in the aftermath of the papal crisis, the papacy was forced to redefine its place in the political sector.
D)the religious center of Christianity was moved to Paris.
E)popes and patriarchs vied for the power in the Christian Church.

Question 21

Which of the following, in regard to the Hundred Years' War, is not true?

A)It ranged beyond the borders of English and French territories.
B)It created a rivalry in the support for the pope.
C)A rise in violence was common in many areas.
D)For the first time in military tactics, villages were not affected.
E)Many civilians and soldiers were forced to become mercenaries.

Question 22

In the last phase of the Hundred Years' War, Joan of Arc

A)failed to accomplish anything significant.
B)captured Paris before returning to her family.
C)was ransomed by a grateful Charles VII after her capture.
D)led French troops to victory at Orléans and Charles to his coronation at Reims.
E)was charged by the English of being sent by the Devil and not God.

Question 23

Which is not a stage in the Hundred Years' War?

A)English raiding, with swift assaults avoiding pitched battles
B)slow French recovery
C)English dominance under Henry V
D)total French capitulation
E)an astonishing French recovery under Joan of Arc

Question 24

What was the Hanseatic League?

A)an association of German trading cities
B)an Italian Bank
C)a Flagellant order
D)a defensive alliance among northern European countries
E)None of these.

Question 25

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis

A)ended the Hundred Years' War.
B)established peace between the popes and Germany.
C)ended the Ottoman threat.
D)humbled the power of England.
E)ended the Habsburg-Valois wars.

Question 26

France quickly recovered after the Hundred Years' War because the king

A)created Europe's first standing army.
B)attracted the nobility to the royal court.
C)created new law courts.
D)consolidated the power of the throne.
E)All of these.

Question 27

The aftermath of the Black Death brought all of the following changes to the European economy except

A)a shift of trade and manufacture from Italy to northern Europe.
B)new entrepreneurial opportunities in a fundamentally conservative society.
C)a permanent improvement in the economic status of women.
D)the emergence of Poland and eastern Germany as major grain exporters.
E)Italian bankers faced competition from bankers in northern Europe.

Question 28

The Battle of Crécy in 1346 was significant for what innovation?

A)success of infantry over mounted knights
B)deployment of the Longbow
C)trench warfare
D)devastating Cavalry charges
E)None of these.

Question 29

By the end of the fifteenth century, most of the city-states of Italy

A)were independent republics.
B)had united into a powerful national state.
C)had fallen under the control of powerful families or of foreign powers.
D)were part of the Holy Roman Empire.
E)became territories of the Vatican.

Question 30

The Black Death

A)was brought to Europe by Italian merchants traveling from the Black Sea.
B)may actually have been anthrax or a "hemorrhagic plague" similar to Ebola.
C)continued to return to Europe periodically after its first attack.
D)is being studied through the DNA remains found in mass graves.
E)All of these.

Question 31

The Hundred Years' War was caused by all of the following except

A)the prohibition of female succession to the French throne.
B)English claims to French territories.
C)the evolution of nationalism in both England and France.
D)fears of the growing power of the English throne and of a weak king at the time.
E)English superiority in population and wealth.

Question 32

Who took over control of Florence in the fifteenth century?

A)the Sforza
B)the Venetians
C)the Papacy
D)the Medici
E)the German emperors

Question 33

What was a Magnate in Florentine society?

A)an aristocrat
B)a Civil official
C)a business owner
D)a member of a violence-prone family barred from civic participation
E)a member of the middle class

Question 34

The Peace of Lodi in 1454

A)sealed the alliance of the papacy and the empire.
B)untied the Christian kingdoms against the Ottomans.
C)solidified the unity of the powerful Italian cities.
D)ended the Great Western Schism.
E)created peace between France and England.

Question 35

The revolutionary Ciompi were

A)a powerful Florentine family.
B)disgruntled conciliarists.
C)unskilled workers in Florence's woolen industry.
D)mercenaries in the Italian Wars.
E)successful in limiting the power of the patricians.

Question 36

In the decades immediately preceding the Black Death, Europe experienced

A)overpopulation.
B)a significant cooling of the climate.
C)famine and social unrest.
D)low wages, high taxes, and increased cost of living among lower classes.
E)All of these.

Question 37

During the years of the Black Death, the flagellants were

A)a group of inquisitors ferreting out the causes of the disease.
B)French officials who punished criminals.
C)foods believed to have caused the disease.
D)groups of self-scourging penitents originating in Hungary.
E)used by the church to crush local civil powers critical of the church.

Question 38

Who was an exceptionally weak English monarch, overthrown by his barons and wife?

A)Edward I
B)Edward II
C)Henry V
D)Henry VII
E)Edward III

Question 39

How was the art of the Later Middle Ages important as a valuable source to understanding the attitude towards death?

A)It attempts to explain how men and women of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries thought about death.
B)It illustrates the good and bad death motif of the time.
C)A lingering death allowed the dying person a time to atone for his/her sins.
D)Judgment scenes depicted saints or the Virgin Mary contending for the soul of the dying.
E)All of these.

Question 40

Which of the following explains why the English monarchy had difficulty establishing itself?

A)Henry VI was killed in battle.
B)English territory was strongly held by Scandinavians.
C)The War of the Roses led to factional rivalry for the throne.
D)English public life was oblivious to political problems.
E)The Scottish throne broke away from the English by marriage with a French princess.

Question 41

Which of the following best describes the Holy Roman Empire in the late Middle Ages?

A)A loose collection of states without a common hereditary monarchy, legal system, or coinage
B)A highly centralized, expansionist state
C)A stable empire whose center of power gradually shifted to the southwest
D)The emerging economic powerhouse of Europe
E)Political power tended to shift southward to Switzerland.

Question 42

The "Babylonian captivity" refers to the period when there were three papal claimants.

Question 43

What does the Golden Bull of 1356 prescribe?

A)The proper way to elect the Pope
B)A treaty between the papacy and Germany
C)A peace agreement between France and England
D)The specification of electors for the Holy Roman Empire
E)The suppression of the Great Western Schism

Question 44

Ottoman Istanbul became the largest city in Europe.

Question 45

Which of the following did not result from the Teutonic Knights' push to the east?

A)Germanization of the lands of eastern Europe not controlled by the Mongols.
B)The dynastic union between Poland and Lithuania.
C)A major defeat of the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Tannenberg.
D)Containment by Poland-Lithuania.
E)After the dynastic union, the Polish language and culture had a great influence in Lithuania.

Question 46

What event in 1492 completes the Reconquista?

A)the conquest of Granada
B)the expulsion of the Muslims and Jews
C)the marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand
D)the union of Aragon and Castile
E)the Independence of Portugal

Question 47

What created Poland-Lithuania?

A)The intervention of Russia
B)A German push to the east
C)Papal establishment
D)The marriage of the Lithuanian Jagiello to the Polish Hedwig
E)The retreat of the Ottoman Empire

Question 48

Why was the Spanish Inquisition founded?

A)The popes were worried about the Hussites.
B)Wycliffite ideas were spreading in Spain.
C)The monarchs were worried about false converts.
D)Catholics in Spain were in danger of schism.
E)None of these.

Question 49

In the late Middle Ages, the Scandinavian countries

A)had councils of leading landowners to limit royal power.
B)had a substantial class of free peasants who were represented in popular assemblies.
C)were closely tied linguistically, socially, and economically.
D)had popular assemblies that had the right to elect kings, tax, and make laws.
E)All of these.

Question 50

Which of the following did not contribute to the rise of Moscow?

A)Moscow became the center of the Russian Orthodox Church.
B)Novgorod was defeated.
C)The policy of never cooperating with the Tatars
D)Moscow claimed that it had become the new Rome after the fall of Constantinople.
E)The reign of Ivan III.

Question 51

The Wars of the Roses were over

A)succession to the French crown.
B)disputes over the last English enclave at Calais.
C)a struggle for the English crown.
D)the results of the Peasants Rebellion of 1381.
E)None of these.

Question 52

Which was not a reason that Poland-Lithuania was generally western?

A)They were Roman Catholic.
B)They used the Latin alphabet.
C)They copied western political institutions.
D)They had western-style laws.
E)They were under the control of the German emperor.

Question 53

The Janissaries were

A)Christian heretics who sought refuge in the Ottoman Empire.
B)the sultan's crack troops, originally kidnapped Christians trained to be intensely Turkish and Islamic.
C)Ottoman Turk aristocrats.
D)Muslim "heretics" at odds with the sultan.
E)Christian knights who continued to fight Islam in the Ottoman Empire.

Question 54

After conquering Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Turks did all of the following except

A)restore the prosperity of the city, making it the largest in Europe.
B)claim to be heirs to Byzantine and ancient imperial traditions.
C)continue to push into Europe while neglecting their lands in the Middle East.
D)welcome Sephardic Jews from Spain and Portugal.
E)protect Christian communities.

Question 55

Which King stabilized France after the Hundred Years' War?

A)Philip IV
B)Charles VI
C)Charles VII
D)Henry V
E)Henry VI

Question 56

The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella led to all of the following except

A)a determination to create Catholic religious uniformity.
B)marriage alliances with the Habsburg and Tudor families.
C)Jews were forced to immigrate to the New World.
D)the conquest of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Spain.
E)increased religious intolerance after the defeat of the Muslims.

Question 57

The Hundred Years' War was fought over succession to the French crown.

Question 58

Which of the following statements correctly describes the unified Castile-Aragon after the royal marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand?

A)Boundaries were established that were respected by both.
B)Trade duties benefited both areas.
C)Both monarchs enjoyed equal support in both regions.
D)Extradition laws were established to both areas' satisfaction.
E)None of these.

Question 59

What is a Morisco?

A)a Muslim resident of Spain
B)a Jewish convert to Christianity
C)a Muslim resident in Venice
D)a Muslim refugee after the fall of Granada
E)a Muslim convert to Christianity in Spain

Question 60

Which city controlled the bulk of the cloth trade by 1500?

A)Florence
B)Venice
C)Hamburg
D)Paris
E)London

Question 61

Charles VI, with the aid of his famed military leader Joan of Arc, was crowned in Reims Cathedral.

Question 62

The largest kingdoms of Spain were united by the marriage of Isabella of Aragon and Ferdinand of Castile.

Question 63

Henry VI of England was known for his strength and wisdom in holding onto the French Territories won by his father.

Question 64

The triple crowns of Scandinavia were united in 1397 by the Dowager Queen Margaret of Denmark.

Question 65

By 1350, one of the ways that Germany was unique was its lack of a hereditary monarchy.

Question 66

Poland and Lithuania were greatly tied to Eastern Europe and tended toward Orthodox Christianity.

Question 67

One of the most formidable and powerful families in Italy was the Medici in Florence.