Deck 3: Becoming an Ethical Researcher

Question 1

If Mr.Marsh traces research participants back to their identity using information they provided.He did not do a good job in protecting subjectsȇ

A)assets.
B)anonymity.
C)confidentiality.
D)disguise.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Social research can cause harm by causing

A)the researcher to look like he doesnȇt know what he is doing.
B)physical harm or bodily injury.
C)unpleasant odor in the environment.
D)confusion.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

An informed consent document includes all BUT the following:

A)a statement of any alternative procedures that may be used.
B)an offer to provide a summary of the findings when the study is completed.
C)a statement of any risks associated with participation.
D)a statement describing people who have decided not to participate in the study.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Dr.Mottle wishes to have her students participate in a research study.Participation has a clear educational objective.She also needs

A)to offer good grades to those that participate.
B)to offer a choice of an alternative activity of equal difficulty for those not wishing to participate.
C)to offer poor grades to those that donȇt participate.
D)to covertly have some students participate.

Question 5

When a researcher informs an external source of a serious ethical issue that is not being resolved within the organization,this is called

A)horn blowing.
B)zipper application.
C)whistle blowing.
D)suppressing findings.

Question 6

Deception is acceptable within strict limits if a researcher

A)shows that it has a clear specific methodological purpose.
B)does not tell anyone.
C)has a monetary interest.
D)wants recognition.

Question 7

There are some very clear prohibitions in regard to human subject research,including

A)never causing unnecessary or irreversible harm to research participants.
B)under certain circumstances,getting voluntary consent from research participants.
C)making sure that all the research participants get the experimental treatment.
D)keeping certain people from participating.

Question 8

When a researcher invites someone to participate in a research study and asks him/her to sign a voluntary consent form,this is called

A)the Milgram principle.
B)the Nazi doctor principle.
C)the Nuremburg Code.
D)principle of voluntary consent.

Question 9

The principle of voluntary consent

A)means that participation in a study must be voluntary at all times.
B)has no relevance to human subject research.
C)applies only to animal research.
D)doesnȇt include telling human volunteers their rights.

Question 10

Negotiating conditions for releasing findings for research should be done___________the study or signing a contract.

A)prior to beginning
B)while conducting
C)after
D)intermittently after

Question 11

The law recognizes several very clear prohibitions in conducting research,including

A)never steal another researcherȇs work.
B)never cause unnecessary harm to research participants.
C)never alter data to fit a proposed hypothesis.
D)never hide any information about research participants.

Question 12

Informed consent statements contain

A)a detailed and exact description of the purpose and research procedures,including information on other participants.
B)a picture of the researcher and his staff.
C)a guarantee of anonymity and the confidentiality of data records.
D)a fingerprint card.

Question 13

Mr.Marsh changed some of the data in a study because he thought that it didnȇt fit with the rest of the data.He didnȇt mean any harm,but there is a problem.If he doesnȇt disclose the fact that he changed the data he could be guilty of

A)violation of the Nuremberg Code.
B)plagiarism.
C)scientific misconduct.
D)skipping research steps.

Question 14

Violations of the ethical code

A)only happened in the past.
B)never occur in the United States
C)are always obvious and easily detected.
D)have continued in modern times,and all over the world.

Question 15

Dr.Van Offer is conducting a research study that will expose the subjects to a great deal of stress.What might be one way to protect his subjects from harm?

A)Tell them to make out their wills before they start the study.
B)Screen potential candidates to ensure that no one is at high risk for heart attack,mental breakdown,etc.
C)Be deceptive and donȇt tell the subjects that they might be exposed to stress.
D)Tell them to take an anti-anxiety medication before they start the study.

Question 16

The research community recognizes clear prohibitions when recognizing research ethics including all of these EXCEPT

A)never cause unnecessary or irreversible harm to research participants.
B)never unnecessarily humiliate or degrade research participants.
C)never release harmful information about specific individuals collected for research purposes.
D)voluntary consent is sometimes needed.

Question 17

Any researcher should be cautious about unnecessary stress because

A)any discomfort that a researcher creates must have a very clear,legitimate research purpose.
B)written consent is not needed.
C)it is best to gin the experiment with the highest level of stress.
D)None of the above.

Question 18

Researchers have a strong moral and professional obligation to

A)act ethically when someone is watching.
B)act ethically when the subject asks questions.
C)act ethically at all times and in all situations.
D)do nothing,a researcher can do anything she wants.

Question 19

The Nuremburg Code came about after WWII and as a result of the Nazi doctor trials.Several of the Codeȇs principles include

A)never use animals in research.
B)participation in research does not need to be voluntary.
C)avoid unnecessary physical and mental suffering.
D)perform surgery with anesthesia.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is untrue? The Milgram Obedience study

A)came about because Milgram wanted to learn how ordinary people could have carried out the horrors of the Holocast under the Nazis.
B)was an experiment that used electrical shocks that were supposedly administered to pupils.
C)is an example of a study that used deception.
D)is held up as the most ethical experiment ever conducted.

Question 21

The greater the possibility of risk to the subject (participant),the greater the need to obtain informed consent.

Question 22

Special populations,also called vulnerable populations,include people who may not be fully capable of giving consent freely.Which of the following is NOT a special population?

A)the homeless
B)prisoners
C)students
D)women with red hair

Question 23

What four rule limitations should be considered when using deception in a research study?

Question 24

A researcher has little responsibility in minimizing the risk of harm to participants.

Question 25

Some of the most notorious atrocities ever committed in the name of research were conducted by the Nazi doctors.

Question 26

There are eight basic elements that need to be included in an informed consent document.

Question 27

A researcher is not responsible for protecting research participants from an increased risk of arrest simply because they are in a study.

Question 28

Value free means

A)research without any prior assumptions or theory.
B)data is meaningless.
C)no good will come from the research.
D)the research does not cost anything.

Question 29

When presenting research data to the public it should be released in aggregate form only.

Question 30

The Tuskegee syphilis study is one of the most outrageous instances of a disregard of basic ethical principles in research with humans in the United States.

Question 31

Researchers do not have a moral or professional obligation to act ethically.

Question 32

Acting legally means that a researcher also acts ethically.

Question 33

No one should ever be ȈforcedȈ into participating in a research study.Participation must be voluntary at all times.

Question 34

Professional associations promote codes of ethics,and

A)they are enforced by federal authorities.
B)the members will voluntarily enforce the rules by imposing huge fines.
C)members win awards for ethical conduct.
D)the penalty for a minor ethical violation rarely goes past public embarrassment and a letter of complaint.

Question 35

A sponsor tells Mr.Marsh that it will pay for his research if the results come out a certain way.

A)The ethical choice is for him to refuse to continue the study.
B)He is conducting value free research.
C)Sponsors always request this.
D)Sponsors will not conduct research without this request.

Question 36

A teacher must meet three conditions to ethically justify research in the classroom.Name the three conditions.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of ethical research?

A)release all details of the study procedures with results
B)act with integrity and adhere to the behaviors outlined in professional codes of ethics
C)keep names and addresses of all subjects in a public database
D)get informed consent from the research participants before beginning

Question 38

What is the difference between research fraud and plagiarism?

Question 39

Name two groups that are considered special populations.

Question 40

What is the difference between anonymity and confidentiality?

Question 41

In sponsored research,a researcher negotiates conditions for releasing findings___________to signing the contract.

Question 42

Three types of research harm include physical,___________and___________.

Question 43

What does the Ȉprinciple of voluntary consentȈ mean?

Question 44

______________________is a mild form of harm to participants.It harms the sense of trust and honesty in human relations.

Question 45

Two major types of___________are plagiarism and research fraud.

Question 46

What is an institutional review board?

Question 47

The Principle of___________requires that research participation be voluntary at at all times.

Question 48

An agreement in which participants state that they are willing to be in a study and know what the research risks and procedures involved is called___________.

Question 49

______________________is the document that researchers use to make participants aware of their rights.

Question 50

Social research can cause harm is several ways; name three of them.

Question 51

When a researcher invents,falsifies or distorts study data or lies about how a study was conducted,this is called___________.

Question 52

______________________is holding information and not making it known to the public.

Question 53

What is whistle-blowing?

Question 54

A(n)___________is a committee of researchers and community members that oversees,monitors,and reviews the impact of research procedures on human participants.

Question 55

A written,formal set of professional standards that provides guidance when ethical questions arise in practice is called a___________.

Question 56

Informed consent upholds the principle of voluntary participation and includes
essential elements.

Question 57

______________________is a form of persuasion by physical,social,legal,professional,financial or some other means.

Question 58

Groups such as students,prison inmates,employees,military personnel,the homeless,and other groups that may not be fully capable of giving consent freely are called___________.

Question 59

Subjects who participated in the Milgram Obedience study suffered from___________harm.

Question 60

Name 3 general types of coercion.

Question 61

Discuss Institutional Review Boards.What are they,what is their purpose? Why would you be interested in an IRBȇs operating procedures if you were conducting research?

Question 62

Discuss scientific misconduct.What is the difference between research fraud and plagiarism?

Question 63

Mr.Marsh is anxious to begin his research study,and he jumps right in without gaining approval of his study through the IRB.Additionally,he has not asked his research subjects to sign a consent form.The study is not being sponsored by any federal agency or through the Food and Drug Administration.What are the legal and ethical implications of Mr.Marshȇs actions?

Question 64

Are being ethical and being legal one and the same thing? Can someone be one and not another? Give an example.

Question 65

Discuss the reasons why results of a research study might be suppressed.Are there ethical considerations to consider regarding suppressing findings?

Question 66

Discuss the use of deception in research? Is it ever ethical? What are some limitations?