Deck 8: Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Disease

Question 1

Which of the following is a target for the virus that causes viral hemorrhagic disease?

A)Monocytes
B)Dendritic cells
C)Endothelial cells
D)Hepatocytes
E)All of the choices

Answer 1

All of the choices

Question 2

Which of the following epidemics was caused by an H1N1 virus

A)Asian influenza
B)Hong Kong influenza
C)Spanish influenza
D)Swine influenza of 2009
E)Spanish influenza and Swine influenza of 2009

Answer 2

Spanish influenza and Swine influenza of 2009

Question 3

Which of the following is not true of the SARS coronavirus?

A)It is a single-stranded viral RNA
B)There is a vaccine available
C)It causes pneumonia
D)It initiates infection on mucosal epithelia of the respiratory tract

Answer 3

There is a vaccine available

Question 4

Which of the following is not an explanation for the re-emergence of TB?

A)Failure of patients with TB to take all of there prescribed antibiotics
B)An increase in the number of elderly living in nursing homes
C)An increase in the rodent population in urban areas
D)An increase in the number of immigrants born in areas where TB occurs
E)The HIV/AIDs epidemic

Question 5

All of the following are possible modes of transmission for the West Nile virus except

A)Tainted blood transfusion
B)Inhalation of rodent excrement
C)Mosquito bites
D)Infected organ transplant

Question 6

Which of the following describes the process of point mutation?

A)Synthesis of a nearly perfect copy of a molecule
B)Portions of chromosomes from different pathogens link
C)Single base in genetic material converts to another
D)Two chromosomes from different pathogens form a pair

Question 7

Which of the following describes the process of replication?

A)Synthesis of a nearly perfect copy of a molecule
B)Portions of chromosomes from different pathogens link
C)Single base in genetic material converts to another
D)Two chromosomes from different pathogens form a pair

Question 8

The primary host of the West Nile virus is

A)Birds
B)Mosquitoes
C)Humans
D)Horses
E)Monkeys

Question 9

All of the following are characteristics of Ebola hemorrhagic fever except

A)Circulatory shock
B)Possibility of transmission from human to human
C)Effective vaccine if received in advance of exposure
D)Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
E)Petechial hemorrhaging

Question 10

Which of the following describes the process of recombination?

A)Synthesis of a nearly perfect copy of a molecule
B)Portions of chromosomes from different pathogens link
C)Single base in genetic material converts to another
D)Two chromosomes from different pathogens form a pair

Question 11

Which of the following groups is susceptible to tuberculosis (TB)?

A)Malnourished individuals
B)AIDS patients
C)Immunocompromised individuals living in long-term care facilities
D)Alcoholics
E)All of the choices

Question 12

A new virus has been identified by DNA sequencing methods in a remote location in the South Pacific.The World Health Organization is very concerned because infection with this virus has a death rate of 20% of all infected individuals and no vaccine is available.This is an example of a(n)_____ disease.

A)Re-emerging infectious
B)Latent
C)Prion
D)Emerging infectious
E)Vector-borne

Question 13

Which of the following is a mismatched pair?

A)SARS: South America
B)Ebola: Africa
C)HIV: Africa
D)Nipah: Malaysia
E)Avian influenza: China

Question 14

The potential for a Lyme disease outbreak is closely associated with

A)The number of deer mice residing in a particular region
B)The number of mosquitos breeding in the woods
C)The proximity of piggeries to human populations
D)Crowded housing conditions
E)The number of deer residing in a particular region

Question 15

Which of the following is not a potential circumstance that would favor re-emerging infectious diseases?

A)Loss of health care infrastructure because of political restructuring
B)Deterioration of living standards because of civil war
C)Accidental release from a research lab of a genetically engineered strain of bacteria that is highly contagious
D)Appearance of an epidemic which damages host immune responses
E)Loss of health care infrastructure and deterioration of living standards because of political restructuring and civil war

Question 16

SARS is transmitted by all of the following mechanisms except

A)Droplet
B)Fomite
C)Direct contact
D)Mosquitoes
E)Aerosol

Question 17

There are no vaccines available for any of the following except

A)SARS
B)HIV
C)Transmissible spongiform encephalitis
D)Diphtheria
E)Marburg virus

Question 18

Which of the following describes the process of reassortment?

A)Synthesis of a nearly perfect copy of a molecule
B)Portions of chromosomes from different pathogens link
C)Single base in genetic material converts to another
D)Two chromosomes from different pathogens form a pair

Question 19

Developing nations have seen a dramatic decrease in the number of fatal infectious diseases in the twentieth century,attributed primarily to the

A)Emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria
B)Development of herd immunity
C)Development of antibiotics
D)Rising numbers of hospital staff

Question 20

The _____ of the SARS coronavirus is used to bind to receptors on the host cell membrane.

A) Small membrane protein (M protein)
B)Nucleocapsids protein
C)RNA
D)Spike protein (S protein)

Question 21

Which of the following is not a characteristic of transmissible spongiform encephalitis diseases?

A)They cause neurodegeneration
B)They are treated with proteases inhibitors
C)They require long incubation periods
D)The earliest documented cases were in the Fore people of New Guinea
E)They are caused by abnormal PrP??prions

Question 22

Name and describe four different transition patterns that emerging diseases have followed through history.Provide an example for each.

Question 23

Which is not a characteristic of prions?

A)Resistant to degradation by proteinases
B)Found mainly on outer membranes of nerve cells.
C)Resistant to autoclave treatment.
D)Unable to pass through the intestinal wall
E) Resistant to autoclave treatment and unable to pass through the intestinal wall

Question 24

Describe two hurdles to the interspecies transfer of viruses and how these may be overcome.Which viruses are most effective at accomplishing this? Provide examples.

Question 25

Which of the following choices regarding Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD)is a mismatched pair?

A)Iatrogenic form: blood transfusion
B)Mad cow disease: epidemic in humans
C)Familial form: genetically inherited
D)Prognosis: death within 12 months of first signs
E)Brain morphology: plaques

Question 26

Use the figure below to answer the following questions.

In the figure which letter (A to E)indicates recruitment by chemokines?

Question 27

Where did the Hantavirus originate and how is it transmitted to humans? Explain the factors that contributed to the outbreak of Hantavirus in the southwestern region of the USA in 1993.

Question 28

Use the figure below to answer the following questions.

In the figure which letter (A to E)indicates a macrophage?

Question 29

Bovine spongiform encephalitis seems to be related to scrapie,a disease in sheep,and to Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in humans.Compare and contrast BSE and CJD.

Question 30

Explain the term "incubator" as it applies to an influenza pandemic involving pigs.

Question 31

Explain which measures led to the development of resistance to amantadine and rimantadine in the H5N1 influenza virus and why this resistance is a problem.Are there any alternative drugs to combat H5N1 and,if so,could sufficient protection be provided if there was an influenza pandemic?

Question 32

What are the three molecular processes that contribute to viral diversity? Describe each process and explain why these mechanisms are of concern.

Question 33

Identify and explain four different factors that have contributed to the re-emergence of tuberculosis.

Question 34

Use the figure below to answer the following questions.

In the figure which letter (A to E)indicates production of edema?

Question 35

Use the figure below to answer the following questions.

In the figure which letter (A to E)indicates apoptosis?

Question 36

Use the figure below to answer the following questions.

In the figure which letter (A to E)indicates virus particles?

Question 37

Could there be a connection between global warming and the dissemination of deadly strains of avian influenza? Explain your answer.