Deck 18: An Unsettled World 1890-1914

Question 1

The Herero revolt in German Southwest Africa was so intense that the Germans resorted to which of the following?

A) Withdrawal from their African colonies
B) Extermination orders against the Herero
C) Poisonous gas
D) A negotiated truce

Answer 1

Extermination orders against the Herero

Question 2

Which of the following factors challenged the nineteenth-century idea of "separate spheres" for women and men?

A) The cult of domesticity
B) The movement of more women into the paid labor force
C) The Red Lantern movement
D) The participation of large numbers of women in electoral politics

Answer 2

The movement of more women into the paid labor force

Question 3

The Boxer Rebellion was similar to the earlier Taiping Rebellion in which of the following ways?

A) Both were composed primarily of Chinese scholar elites.
B) Both included a pro-Christian component in their ideology.
C) Both responded to hardship and poor economic conditions in China.
D) Both remained loyal to the Qing and vented their anger against foreigners.

Answer 3

Both responded to hardship and poor economic conditions in China.

Question 4

In the period from 1845 to 1900,what factors in China led large numbers of people to emigrate to the Americas and Oceania?

A) Expulsion of dissidents by the Qing government
B) Population pressure and a shortage of cultivatable land
C) Promises of freedom from oppressive rule
D) The one-child policy

Question 5

Advocates for imperialism reacted to news of the turmoil in the Belgian and German African colonies with sentiments reflected by which statement below?

A) The specific situation that had led to the unrest was an exception to the enlightened rule of most European countries.
B) European countries should grant their colonies independence as soon as the people were ready to assume self-government.
C) African colonial subjects were too difficult to continue to control.
D) Colonial subjects had been enthralled by hostile religious leaders.

Question 6

Which of the following was a response to the rise of giant banks and industrial corporations?

A) Many economists and politicians wanted the state to manage national economies.
B) Many economists and politicians wanted a return to truly free markets.
C) International financial integration decreased.
D) Decreasing support for zaibatsu

Question 7

Which of the following was the destination of most South Asian emigrants?

A) The commercial centers of Western Europe,where they could work as bankers
B) Other British colonies,where they could work as laborers
C) Port cities,where they established new trading houses
D) Gold rushes in California and Brazil,where they profited from mining

Question 8

How did the Anglo-Boer War differ from other anticolonial wars in Africa?

A) It was the only such war to win autonomy from a European power before World War II.
B) It was the only avowedly Marxist anticolonial struggle in this period.
C) It was the only anticolonial war in which two white regimes were the main combatants.
D) It was the only anticolonial war to make Europeans increase their investment in colonialism.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of the foreign pressure that led to the decline of Qing dynastic authority?

A) The Sino-Japanese War
B) The Maji Maji Revolt
C) The Self-Strengthening Movement
D) The Taiping Rebellion

Question 10

Which group was most likely to resist the system created by Frederick Winslow Taylor?

A) Farmers
B) Financiers
C) Laborers
D) Women

Question 11

Which of the following resulted from late nineteenth-century industrial capitalism?

A) Decreasing disparities in accumulated wealth
B) Decreasing the number of agrarian poor
C) Acceleration of economic boom-and-bust cycles
D) Many small producers competing with each other

Question 12

Which of the following was a result of the influence of the city planning movement on urban life at the turn of the twentieth century?

A) The development of growth boundaries surrounding urban areas
B) Limits on the number of new migrants to cities
C) Better sanitation and cultural amenities like museums and opera houses
D) Suburban-style developments created to house members of the working classes

Question 13

The "open door policy" for access to China included which of the following concomitant attacks on traditional Chinese culture?

A) Ending foot binding
B) Forcing all publications to be printed in English
C) Imposing Western-style music
D) Support for Christian missionaries

Question 14

What characteristic of the present-day world economy emerged during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

A) Reliance on free trade ideology to justify economic expansionism
B) Reliance on a gold standard
C) An unequal relationship between the industrialized world and the nonindustrialized world
D) The growth of long-distance overland trade routes

Question 15

What military tactics,which became more common during the twentieth century,were implemented during the Anglo-Boer War?

A) Concentration camps and guerrilla campaigns
B) Machine guns and cavalry
C) Poison gas and machine guns
D) Spotter balloons and guerrilla campaigns

Question 16

In which African colonies was resistance to colonial rule the strongest?

A) Colonies where Europeans ruled autocratically
B) Colonies in which Europeans had conquered African peoples,regardless of the manner in which Europeans ruled
C) Colonies where Europeans left African traditional leadership in place
D) Colonies where the arrival of railroads and telegraph lines bisected traditional ethnic boundaries

Question 17

Between 1840 and 1914,which of the following led to large-scale migration within individual industrialized states' national boundaries?

A) Laboring on plantations
B) Ethnic cleansing
C) Religious pilgrimages
D) Factory jobs in urban centers

Question 18

What role did the Red Lanterns play in the Boxer Uprising?

A) Their scholarly and theological accomplishments complemented the Boxers' martial skill.
B) Their purity and loyalty to the Boxers' cause seemed to counteract the threat posed by Christianity.
C) Their contacts with the Qing ruling family enhanced the Boxers' access to resources.
D) Their relationships with Christian missionaries helped the Boxers to target foreigners.

Question 19

Of the many factors that contributed to the unsettled nature of the turn of the twentieth-century world,which of the following led most directly to the Maji Maji Revolt?

A) Increasing anticolonial sentiments
B) Global labor migration
C) Increasing economic inequality despite growth in production
D) Urbanization and industrialization

Question 20

Which of the following was a consequence of the 1907 financial crisis in the United States?

A) It proved that government regulation did not work.
B) American investors fled U.S.banks and turned to Europe as a place to invest their funds.
C) Investment in railroads declined drastically.
D) It showed how quickly national financial matters could become international affairs.

Question 21

Progressive reformers' goals included which of the following?

A) Recognizing cultural diversity and the protection of workers' ways of life
B) Protesting colonial rule and promoting independence for the world's peoples
C) Creating a more efficient society and correcting the undesirable outcomes of urbanization and industrialization
D) Encouraging industrial progress and developing financial centralization

Question 22

Which best characterizes the changing conditions for women in Europe and European colonies,respectively,around the turn of the twentieth century?

A) Increasing political rights in Europe and increasing work burdens in European colonies
B) Decreasing access to the labor market in Europe and increasing labor mobility in European colonies
C) Increasing fertility rates in Europe and decreasing civic responsibilities in European colonies
D) Increasing of "separate spheres" between genders and decreasing of "separate spheres" between genders

Question 23

Which of the following was often cited by Western imperialists as evidence for the improvement of women's lives under colonial rule?

A) Colonial laws prohibited sati and female genital mutilation.
B) Colonial laws required equal pay for women employed in plantation agriculture.
C) Women had equal access to education in missionary and colonial schools.
D) Women were freed from homesteading chores when African gold and silver mines opened.

Question 24

Which of the following was a common response to class conflict in late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century Western Europe?

A) Violent revolution and overthrow of repressive governments
B) The growth of labor parties to participate in electoral politics
C) Reinforcement of autocratic political systems
D) The rise of anarchism as a major political force

Question 25

How did German chancellor Otto von Bismarck seek to defuse socialist activism in his country?

A) By infiltrating radical groups with secret state agents
B) By enacting social welfare measures
C) By deporting known pro-revolutionary activists to Russia
D) By starting his own revolution and overthrowing the Kaiser

Question 26

In what way did the upward pressure of social movements influence policymaking by elites around the turn of the twentieth century?

A) Anti-imperial social movements in Europe halted the spread of new colonies.
B) Peasant uprisings in Brazil led to increased local autonomy.
C) The emergence of a durable Socialist party restructured politics in the United States.
D) Journalistic attention to unhygienic consumer products prompted new government regulations.

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of a form of entertainment appealing to the masses that emerged at the end of the nineteenth century?

A) Opera
B) Novels
C) Sports
D) Dancing

Question 28

Which of the following caused some Americans to fear the loss of their pioneering individualism?

A) Increased immigration from Central and South America
B) The growth of cities
C) The 1890 census announcement about the closing of the American frontier
D) Increasing industrialization

Question 29

In Latin America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,which of the following upset traditional racial hierarchies?

A) Theories of evolution that implied all humans had shared origins
B) The growth of industries that valued cheap Amerindian labor over higher-priced European labor
C) The arrival to the region of large numbers of poor immigrants from Europe
D) The growth of a large,wealthy class of mestizo entrepreneurs

Question 30

Why was the Mexican Revolution considered to be the most successful turn of the twentieth-century revolution?

A) It transformed the country and forced later politicians to respect peasants' rights and land reform.
B) The country finally threw off colonial control and joined the other independent nations in Latin America.
C) The economic strength of Mexican ranchers was left intact,while more political power was given to the middle classes.
D) Peasants gained complete control of the economy and political system after purging the rich landowners.

Question 31

Which of the following was a direct response to anxiety over a loss of dominance by people of European descent in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

A) The expulsion of Mexican Americans from the southwestern United States
B) Increased support for more restrictive immigration policies
C) The closing of the frontiers to new immigrants
D) Increased support for more immigrants from southern and eastern Europe

Question 32

At the turn of the twentieth century,"modernism" reflected which of the following?

A) Intellectuals,artists,and scientists sensed that traditional answers were no longer adequate to explain the changes in society.
B) Confidence that nineteenth-century economic and social progress would extend into the twentieth century.
C) Enlightenment ideals and trust in reason were extended into a new intellectual environment.
D) Intellectuals were unwilling to look beyond Europe for cultural and intellectual inspiration.

Question 33

How did the assumptions made by scientists in the modernist era differ from those of Enlightenment-era scientists?

A) Modernist scientists believed they had found the key to controlling nature.
B) Modernist scientists thought in terms of probabilities rather than certainties.
C) Modernist scientists relied more on received tradition than had Enlightenment scientists.
D) Modernist scientists found their inspiration within the theories of Newton and Galileo.

Question 34

Which of the following was an exception to the general rule of unrestricted migration during the late nineteenth century?

A) The Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States
B) The Japanese Exclusion Act in Canada
C) The German Exclusion Act in France
D) The Korean Exclusion Act in China

Question 35

In Europe at the turn of the twentieth century,which of the following was a manifestation of anxiety about race?

A) Increased anti-American sentiment
B) Greater government regulation of foreign banks
C) The spread of the franchise to the working class
D) The growth of anti-Semitic thought and behavior

Question 36

Which of the following was the most enduring legacy of the Mexican Revolution?

A) Emphasis on preserving racial hierarchy in the Mexican population
B) The development of new national myths based on the bravery of the creole elite
C) Ideological appeals made to the Mexican middle class
D) The creation of communal landholdings for Mexican peasants

Question 37

By the end of the nineteenth century,how did European and American nationalist and racial ideas compare to those of the rest of the world?

A) Westerners,because of immigration,became more comfortable with multiethnic societies,while people in other parts of the world were drawn more to define themselves in terms of racial and ethnic purity.
B) Westerners were increasingly concerned with protecting their national and racial purity,while discussions of identity in other parts of the world were part of the opposition to Western domination.
C) Westerners became increasingly fascinated with their own racial identity and cultural past,while people in Africa and Asia maintained their own sense of racial identity but were drawn to Western culture,which they felt was more modern.
D) Westerners rejected ethnic nationalism as unworkable in the modern world,but people in Africa and Asia clung to nationalism as a way to reject colonization.

Question 38

One result of the emergence of popular culture was:

A) the decline of institutions such as art museums and opera houses.
B) increased cultural unity,as everyone read the same books and newspapers.
C) the growth of the fashion industry.
D) the use of cultural choices to assert social or class identity.

Question 39

Which of the following questions challenged Chinese intellectuals at the turn of the twentieth century?

A) Whether to support the Boxer Rebellion
B) How to blend popular culture with elite culture
C) How to reduce emigration from China
D) How to balance Western thought and traditional Chinese culture

Question 40

The idea of "the primitive" was used by early twentieth-century European artists to symbolize which of the following?

A) Forces that reason could not control
B) The diversity of nature
C) Repression of sexual desire
D) The triumph of the Enlightenment

Question 41

By the turn of the twentieth century,Adam Smith's vision of laissez-faire capitalism had come to fruition.

Question 42

As large banks and huge industrial corporations gained control of the international economy,most critics called for a return to free market capitalism.

Question 43

How did Sojourner Truth and Bahithat al-Badiya use religion in their respective arguments?

A) To promote a return to a traditional separation of spheres between men and women.
B) To argue that male superiority over women is a social construction.
C) Sojourner Truth depicts religion as a burden to be shed,while al-Badiya sees it as a source of inspiration.
D) Sojourner Truth shows that religion only undermines female empowerment,while al-Badiya shows that it promotes gender equality.

Question 44

On what was Sun Yat-sen's version of Chinese nationhood based?

A) Han Chinese nationalism
B) The modernization of the Qing military establishment
C) The strength of China's multinational,multicultural population
D) Communist political philosophy

Question 45

Which of the following contributed to the Qing dynasty's downfall?

A) Manchu military victories
B) The Qing court's refusal to admit that reforms were needed
C) Peasants and laborers resented the high cost of reform
D) Direct intervention by European military forces

Question 46

The United States proposed the "open door" policy in China to enable both its commercial and religious aspirations there.

Question 47

In contrast to Western Europe at the turn of the twentieth century,East Asian economic sectors were not dominated by major companies.

Question 48

How does Ren Xiong's self-portrait (1850s)capture the style and thought of the Shanghai School?

A) It shows the rejection of foreign influences in China.
B) It reveals the abandonment of outdated Chinese traditions.
C) It incorporates the psychological theory of Sigmund Freud.
D) It blends Chinese conventions with new artistic currents.

Question 49

In the early twentieth century,women exercised no means of control over reproduction.

Question 50

According to Sun Yat-sen,what was demonstrated by the existence of different racial or ethnic groups in China?

A) China would be made stronger by having different groups,such as the Tibetans or Muslims,as part of their society.
B) It showed incomplete assimilation into Han culture.
C) Chinese nationalism was based on expelling the Manchus while accepting all other peoples within China's borders.
D) It showed that the Manchus had failed to completely conquer China.

Question 51

The formalization of colloquial languages such as Hindi and Tamil by Western-educated elites helped build a sense of Indian national identity.

Question 52

In what way did pan-Germanism differ from German nationalism?

A) German nationalism rejected the inclusion of German-speaking people outside of Prussian national borders,but all German-speakers were included in pan-Germanism.
B) German nationalism,unlike pan-Germanism,created a vibrant political and social movement.
C) Pan-Germanism motivated people to define their identity by race or blood instead of national boundaries.
D) Pan-Germanism only existed in eastern Europe,in areas not under the control of the German state.

Question 53

One effect of the Anglo-Boer War was that the horrors the British perpetrated led them to question their belief in themselves as enlightened colonial rulers.

Question 54

What did Pan-Islamism ask of Muslims?

A) To withdraw from political concerns and focus on their religious activities
B) To support the multiethnic empires in which they lived
C) To create nation-states with majority Muslim populations
D) To put aside differences between Shiite and Sunni and work against European aggression

Question 55

Red Lantern women lived and fought alongside their male counterparts in the Boxer Rebellion in order to prevent the Boxers being swayed by Christian women.

Question 56

Most governments imposed few restrictions on immigration before 1914.

Question 57

In order to establish a modern national identity,both Indian and Latin American intellectuals turned to which of the following?

A) They turned to universalizing religion to create a common bond.
B) They rewrote the histories of ancient empires and kingdoms to create a cultural basis for national identity.
C) They created a new literary tradition in indigenous languages.
D) They disavowed all Western education and returned to traditional forms of knowledge.

Question 58

Why did Indian nationalism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries pose a different challenge to British rule than had the 1857 Indian Rebellion?

A) The nationalist leaders imagined an Indian national community that encompassed the whole of British India rather than defending local identities.
B) The nationalists' anarchic beliefs meant that their actions could not often be predicted.
C) The nationalists had much stronger ties to India's peasant majority than had the 1857 rebels.
D) The nationalists relied on religious symbolism,which the 1857 rebels had ignored.

Question 59

Indian intellectuals used Western culture to promote Indian nationalism in which of the following ways?

A) They set up schools to ensure that Indians of all classes could read and understand important documents such as the Jamaica Letter.
B) They created a unifying national language and religion so all Indians could concentrate on expelling the British.
C) They facilitated the spread of nationalist ideas throughout British India by creating modern cultural forms such as newspapers,pamphlets,and journals.
D) They popularized and translated into Hindi and Urdu stories about Western heroes of independence such as Rob Roy and William Tell.

Question 60

Modern artists,such as Picasso and Schönberg,turned increasingly to traditional realism in order to appeal to the masses.

Question 61

Compare the overthrow of the Diaz government in Mexico with the overthrow of the Qing dynasty in China.What were the circumstances of each revolution,and what ideas drove them? What role did nationalism play in each case?

Question 62

Define the concept of cultural modernism in the context of the late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century challenges to the existing worldview.

Question 63

Assess the ways in which the concept of nationalism was used outside of established nation-states.Who were its proponents? What were their goals,and to what degree were these goals successful?

Question 64

Analyze the impact of worldwide mass migrations between 1840 and 1914 on the economies and societies of the places in which the migrants settled.

Question 65

Compare the ways in which people in India,sub-Saharan Africa,and China fought against Western pressure during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.