Deck 46: The Digestive System

Question 1

James has been having trouble digesting lean steaks and other protein-rich foods,and these foods seem to stay in his stomach longer than usual.James is likely lacking the enzyme ________.

A)pepsin
B)glucagon
C)bile
D)lipase
E)amylase

Answer 1

A

Question 2

An animal with a gastrointestinal tract is the ________.

A)sponge
B)hydra
C)planarian
D)earthworm
E)jellyfish

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The products of fat digestion in the small intestine are reassembled into triglycerides by the intestinal epithelium,before combining them with proteins to form ________.

A)chylomicrons
B)chyme
C)vesicles
D)bile
E)cholesterol

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Most digestion in humans occurs in the first 25 centimeters of the 6-meter length of the small intestine called the ________.

A)cecum
B)jejunum
C)duodenum
D)omasum
E)colon

Question 5

A baby is born without the ability to make parietal cells.This baby would not be able to ________.

A)emulsify fats
B)digest lactose
C)absorb glucose and galactose
D)digest fats
E)denature (unfold)milk proteins

Question 6

When diet and exercise has failed to produce any significant weight loss,some patients who are seriously overweight elect to have stomach surgery.A procedure galled gastric sleeve surgery removes more than half of the stomach,leaving a tube (or sleeve)about the size of a banana.Following gastric sleeve surgery,patients would have the least trouble ____.

A)eating large amounts of food at one time
B)eating carbohydrate-rich foods
C)eating protein-rich foods
D)eating large chunks of food of relatively hard consistency

Question 7

Because of the hepatic portal vein,the ________ is the first organ to receive most of the products of digestion.

A)liver
B)kidney
C)pancreas
D)brain
E)heart

Question 8

The activities of cells in different layers of the tubular gastrointestinal tract are regulated by clusters of nerves located in the submucosa.These nerve complexes are called

A)serosa.
B)muscularis.
C)plexuses.
D)villi.
E)epithelia.

Question 9

Scientists in Switzerland compared the total surface area of the small intestine in different species of bats.When the calculations were done as if the inner mucosal surface was smooth,the average inner surface area of the intestinal tube was 9.1 cm² in one species.The mucosal surface area increased to 48 cm² when the villi were factored in and reached a total of 0.13 m² after adding in the membrane surface area of the microvilli.Approximately what percent of the total surface area of the small intestine in these bats can be attributed to the membrane surface area of the microvilli?

A)12%
B)28%
C)55%
D)78%
E)96%

Question 10

Saliva contains the hydrolytic enzyme,salivary amylase,which initiates the breakdown of the polysaccharide ________ into the disaccharide,maltose.

A)cellulose
B)sucrose
C)glucose
D)starch
E)fructose

Question 11

In horses,rodents,and lagomorphs,the digestion of cellulose by microorganisms takes place in the

A)duodenum.
B)reticulum.
C)cecum.
D)omasum.
E)abomasum.

Question 12

All of the following teeth are found in adult vertebrates except

A)canines.
B)premolars.
C)molars.
D)precanines.
E)incisors.

Question 13

The gastrointestinal tract does not include the ________.

A)mouth
B)larynx
C)esophagus
D)stomach
E)small intestine

Question 14

The vertebrate digestive system consists of

A)a one-way tube with a separate mouth and anus and accessory organs.
B)a two-way tube with a separate mouth and anus.
C)a tube with a single opening that serves as mouth and anus.
D)a two-way tube with a separate mouth and anus and accessory organs.
E)a one-way tube with a separate mouth and anus and no accessory organs.

Question 15

Jane and Tom are worried about their newborn baby who has just begun to nurse,but chokes and turns blue whenever she is fed.Their baby most likely has a defect in her ________.

A)tongue muscles
B)soft palate
C)muscle in the upper-third of her esophagus
D)epiglottis
E)muscle in the lower two-thirds of her esophagus

Question 16

Diana has been fasting for a few days and decides to go for a short run before breaking her fast.The glucose she needs for her run will come from________.

A)digestion of starch
B)glycolysis
C)insulin
D)glycogenolysis
E)cellular respiration

Question 17

The gizzard is to a bird as the ________ is/are to a mammal.

A)teeth
B)stomach
C)pancreas
D)liver
E)cecum

Question 18

The rate at which an animal consumes energy at rest is called ________.

A)the basal metabolic rate
B)gluconeogenesis
C)glycogenolysis
D)rumination
E)fermentation

Question 19

The rumen of the first stomach of ruminants serves as a fermentation chamber in which bacteria and protozoa degrade

A)protein.
B)fats.
C)cellulose.
D)glucose.
E)starch.

Question 20

The liver produces ________ that functions in emulsification of fats.

A)trypsin
B)glucagon
C)insulin
D)bile
E)secretin

Question 21

The liver removes excess glucose from the blood and converts it into ________.

A)cellulose
B)maltose and other disaccharides
C)starch
D)glycogen
E)bile

Question 22

The arrival of fat-rich chyme to the duodenum stimulates the gall bladder to contract and release ________ into the small intestine.

A)cholecystokinin
B)bile
C)chylomicrons
D)lipase
E)secretin

Question 23

Deficiencies of brush border enzymes in the small intestine would NOT affect the complete digestion of ________.

A)fats
B)starch
C)DNA and RNA
D)sucrose
E)proteins

Question 24

A baby is born without the ability to make chief cells.What would be the best type of diet for this baby?

A)a low-fat diet
B)a diet low in simple sugars such as glucose and fructose
C)a diet low in protein
D)a diet low in complex carbohydrates such as starch
E)a diet low in minerals and vitamins

Question 25

The pancreas is an important accessory organ of the digestive system because it adds all of the following substances to the small intestine except

A)lipase.
B)trypsin,chymotrypsin.
C)DNase,RNase.
D)lactase.
E)bicarbonate.

Question 26

The secretion of pepsinogen and HCl is controlled by the hormone

A)gastrin.
B)pepsin.
C)insulin.
D)cholecystokinin.
E)secretin.

Question 27

A new mammal has been discovered in the thickly-forested mountains of Papua New Guinea.The squirrel-like animal lives in the canopy of the forest and has a diet rich in leaves.On occasion,however,the animal drops to the ground to quickly fill its cheeks with its own fecal droppings,for ingestion once it is safely back in the trees.The GI tract of this animal would most likely include ________.

A)a four-chambered stomach and long intestines
B)a long small intestine with abundant villi and an appendix at the beginning of the large intestine
C)a simple stomach and a large cecum
D)a short intestine and no cecum
E)a simple stomach,a short small intestine and colon,and a small cecum

Question 28

Three-year old Ben's parents are ecstatic because he is now using the potty each time he needs to defecate.What muscle has Ben learned to control?

A)the cardiac sphincter made of striated muscle
B)the internal anal sphincter made of smooth muscle
C)the pyloric sphincter made of smooth muscle
D)the external anal sphincter made of striated muscle
E)the Sphincter of oddi made of smooth muscle

Question 29

Food moved to the back of the mouth by the tongue causes all of the following EXCEPT

A)elevation of the soft palate to seal off the nasal cavity.
B)churning of the stomach contents.
C)covering the opening of the larynx by the epiglottis.
D)pressure against the pharynx to initiate swallowing.
E)the swallowing center stimulates successive waves of muscle contraction in the esophagus.

Question 30

Bicarbonate that neutralizes stomach acid is produced by the

A)duodenum.
B)small intestine.
C)pancreas.
D)large intestine.
E)liver.

Question 31

The number of chylomicrons in lymphatic capillaries of the intestine would be increased by eating ________.

A)lactose
B)triglycerides
C)sucrose
D)proteins
E)starch

Question 32

Place the processes occurring in the digestive tract in the correct order. I-Peristaltic waves of contraction propel the food along the esophagus.
II-Gastric juices are secreted with the arrival of food into the duodenum.
III-The acidic chyme is transferred through the pyloric sphincter.
IV-HCl and pepsin begin digestion of proteins into shorter polypeptides.

A)IV,III,and II
B)II,III,and IV
C)I,II,and III
D)I,II,and IV
E)II,IV,and III

Question 33

Many animals have a mutually-beneficial,symbiotic relationship with bacteria that reside in their guts.To study the effects of these relationships in more detail,research organisms such as fish and mice have been raised under germ-free conditions.What important process do you predict is compromised in germ-free mice?

A)vitamin C synthesis
B)vitamin D synthesis
C)synthesis of essential amino acids
D)vitamin K synthesis
E)leptin synthesis

Question 34

Since the hepatic portal vein empties into the liver,it is able to control the amount of ________ in the blood.

A)alcohol and drugs
B)toxins,pesticides,and carcinogens
C)glucose
D)glucose,alcohol,and drugs
E)glucose,alcohol,drugs,toxins,pesticides,and carcinogens

Question 35

In what way are vitamins and essential amino acids similar in human metabolism?

A)They are derived from the same precursor molecules.
B)Both are integral parts of membrane lipids.
C)They cannot be synthesized and must be ingested.
D)Both are needed to synthesize steroid hormones.
E)Both contain metal ions.

Question 36

A patient with advanced colon cancer just had most of his large intestine removed.What process will be most reduced in this patient as compared to a healthy person?

A)digestion of cellulose
B)detoxification of harmful substances
C)absorption of fatty acids and glycerol into lymph capillaries
D)absorption of sugars and amino acids into the blood
E)absorption of water into the blood

Question 37

Out of the estimated total of 9 liters of material passing through the small intestine,how much of it is absorbed in the small intestine?

A)about 50 milliliters
B)about 350 milliliters
C)about 4.5 liters
D)about 8.5 liters
E)all of it

Question 38

Dorothy suffered a serious stroke that destroyed neurons in the swallowing center of her brain.This damage to her brain would prevent ________.

A)peristalsis
B)bolus formation by her tongue
C)elevation of the soft palate
D)mastication
E)secretion of saliva

Question 39

What is NOT true about the human large intestine?

A)About 4% of fluid absorption takes place in it.
B)It is longer than the small intestine.
C)It contains three relatively straight segments with no villi.
D)Sodium,vitamin K and other bacterial metabolic products are absorbed across its wall.
E)It compacts and stores undigested materials until their excretion as feces.

Question 40

In humans,the surface area of the small intestine is

A)3 square centimeters.
B)3 square meters.
C)300 square meters.
D)3,000 square meters.
E)300,000 square meters.

Question 41

The luminal contents of the same organ that secretes the hormone into the blood inhibits the further release of ________.

A)gastrin
B)cholecystokinin
C)gastric inhibitory peptide
D)secretin
E)insulin

Question 42

Which process in the diagram causes the greatest insulin release?

A)II
B)III
C)I
D)both I and II equally
E)both II and III equally

Question 43

Which molecule is not able to be absorbed across the stomach wall?

A)water
B)alcohol
C)aspirin
D)glucose

Question 44

Which of the following represents the correct order of adult human teeth,beginning at the front and moving right along the bottom jaw?

A)incisors,molars,canines,premolars
B)incisors,canines,molars,premolars
C)incisors,canines,premolars,molars
D)incisors,premolars,molars,canines
E)canines,incisors,premolars,molars

Question 45

A drop to pH 4.0 in the duodenum would primarily stimulate the release of ________.

A)cholecystokinin
B)gastrin
C)insulin
D)pepsin
E)secretin

Question 46

After not eating for three days,________ levels will be high.

A)insulin
B)glycogen
C)glucagon
D)blood glucose
E)pancreatic enzymes

Question 47

Why doesn't the stomach acid just digest right through the wall of the stomach?

A)It does,we just rebuild the layers faster than they can be digested.
B)Neutralizers are imbedded in the stomach lining.
C)The pH of the stomach acid is not low enough to be able to digest the lining.
D)Food prevents the acid from digesting the wall of the stomach.
E)The lining of the stomach is protected by mucus.

Question 48

In the human diet,there are no "essential" ________.

A)carbohydrates
B)amino acids
C)vitamins
D)fatty acids
E)minerals

Question 49

Which of the following represents the correct order of vertebrate gastrointestinal tract layers,going from outside the tract to inside the tract?

A)the submucosa,the mucosa,the lumen,the plexuses,and the serosa
B)the serosa,submucosa,and the mucosa
C)the serosa,submucosa,and the lumen
D)the mucosa,the plexuses,and the serosa
E)the serosa,the mucosa,and the submucosa

Question 50

What digestive hormone stimulates gall bladder contraction?

A)gastrin
B)cholecystokinin
C)gastric inhibitory peptide
D)secretin
E)insulin

Question 51

Dr.Jones has just discovered that a patient who suffers from extreme obesity has abnormal levels of two different classes of proteins that regulate appetite.Select the most-likely protein profile for this patient from the above diagram.

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 52

After consuming an antacid like Rolaids,________.

A)the stomach would absorb water
B)HCl production would decrease
C)the pH of the stomach fluid would decrease
D)the pH of the stomach fluid would increase

Question 53

If a person is diagnosed with lactose intolerance,which of the following is likely?

A)Eating fatty foods would be lethal.
B)Eating dairy foods would be lethal.
C)Digesting sugars is no longer possible.
D)Eating dairy products could cause gastrointestinal pain.
E)This person could only drink milk.

Question 54

Gluten-free food options are becoming more and more common place due to the increased incidence and awareness of celiac disease in the US population.If a person with this disease eats foods containing gluten,the immune system responds by attacking and damaging or destroying his/her own villi.What digestive symptom would NOT be consistent with greatly-reduced numbers of villi?

A)abdominal bloating and pain
B)chronic diarrhea
C)fatty stools
D)weight loss
E)peptic ulcer

Question 55

Pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate is stimulated by ________.

A)gastrin
B)cholecystokinin
C)gastric inhibitory peptide
D)secretin
E)glucagon

Question 56

Langur monkeys and ruminants (such as cows)are the only known mammals in which lysozyme functions in the stomach instead of in tears and saliva.The cow/langur enzyme also has five amino acid changes that are not present in other mammals.What is most likely to be true about lysozyme from langurs and cows compared to lysozyme from other mammals?

A)Salivary and tear lysozyme functions best at a higher H⁺ ion concentration than the cow/langur enzyme.
B)The five amino acids that langurs and cows have in common in their lysozyme were present in the common ancestor of all mammals.
C)These five amino acid changes alter the specificity of the enzyme,such that the cow/langur lysozyme attacks viruses instead of bacteria.
D)These five amino acid changes somehow make the cow/langur lysozyme resistant to pepsin digestion.

Question 57

Which process in the diagram would occur the most after eating a fatty meal of french fries and ice cream?

A)II
B)I
C)III
D)II and III equally
E)I and II equally

Question 58

A person has his/her gall bladder removed and as a result ________.

A)will die without a gallbladder
B)can now eat as much fat as desired and not absorb it
C)can only eat small amounts of fat
D)can only eat very small meals
E)can only eat liquid meals

Question 59

In the human digestive system,the stomach produces about 2 liters of HCl and other gastric secretions every day.The acid secretion of the stomach

A)is stimulated by gastrin.
B)promotes a high pH.
C)inhibits pepsin activity.
D)begins the process of starch digestion.
E)stimulates the gallbladder to contract.