Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

Auditory information ________.

A) fades more rapidly than visual information
B) does not normally fade at all
C) fades more slowly than visual information
D) fades at about the same rate as visual information

Answer 1

fades more slowly than visual information

Question 2

Which of the following statements about the sensory registers is true?

A) All information taken in by the sensory registers is retained in short-term memory for a few seconds.
B) 60-70 percent of the information taken in by the sensory registers is retained in long-term memory.
C) Auditory information fades more rapidly than visual information from the sensory registers.
D) Far more information is taken in by the sensory registers than we are able to retain.

Answer 2

Far more information is taken in by the sensory registers than we are able to retain.

Question 3

The icon and the echo refer to materials stored in ________.

A) LTM
B) working memory
C) STM
D) the sensory registers

Answer 3

the sensory registers

Question 4

In Sperling's experiments, people were able to remember about ________ of the 12 letters presented to them if he had them recall the letters immediately after presenting them.

A) 9
B) 12
C) 6
D) 3

Question 5

Our visual sensation of a house we pass in the car would be initially stored in ________.

A) the sensory registers
B) long-term memory
C) short-term memory
D) the hippocampus

Question 6

A possible limitation of Ebbinghaus's studies was that he ________.

A) used only subjects who were already in mental institutions for other mental health problems
B) used only one subject - himself
C) did not clearly define his independent and dependent variables
D) used no experimental controls

Question 7

The computer-like model used to describe the way humans encode, store, and retrieve information is the ________ model.

A) psychodynamic
B) heuristic model
C) information-processing
D) holistic

Question 8

The first truly scientific memory experiments were conducted by ________, who used himself as a subject.

A) Phillipe Charcot
B) Hermann Ebbinghaus
C) Hermann Helmholtz
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 9

In Sperling's experiments, people were able to remember about ________ of 12 letters in a given row presented to them if he waited a full second between presenting the letters and asking people to recall them.

A) 11-12
B) 4-5
C) 1-2
D) 8-9

Question 10

Ebbinghaus found that ________.

A) the rate of forgetting increased after the first few hours
B) forgetting occurred at a steady and even pace
C) the rate of forgetting was slow during the first few hours, increased during the period of 6 to 12 hours after learning, then decreased again after 12 hours
D) the longer he waited to relearn a list of words, the more time it took for the relearning to occur.

Question 11

Our auditory sensation of someone singing would be initially stored in ________.

A) long-term memory
B) the temporal lobe
C) the sensory registers
D) short-term memory

Question 12

The sensory registers have a ________ capacity and hold information for a ________ time.

A) vast, very short
B) very limited, long
C) vast, long
D) very limited, very short

Question 13

Visual information in the sensory registers is gone when it ________.

A) contradicts STM information
B) is not rehearsed
C) is masked by new information
D) becomes scrambled with auditory information

Question 14

The ability to remember the things that we have experienced, imagined, and learned is known as ________.

A) memory
B) acquisition
C) self-efficacy
D) intelligence

Question 15

Visual information is generally erased from the sensory registers in ________.

A) 4 seconds
B) one second
C) less than one second
D) 40 seconds

Question 16

Students in a psychology experiment were exposed to three nonsense syllables for a very short period of time and then asked to recall them. If the instructions to recall the syllables came immediately, the students were usually successful. If the instructions came even one second after the syllables were shown, the students were much less successful. The most plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that in the latter case the icon ________.

A) never made it to the sensory registers
B) faded after being stored in short-term memory
C) was already stored in short-term memory
D) faded before being stored in short-term memory

Question 17

The process of selectively looking, listening, smelling, tasting, and feeling is called ________.

A) retention
B) attention
C) recognition
D) cognition

Question 18

Which of the following sensory registers have been studied more extensively than any others?

A) auditory and visual
B) gustatory and visual
C) olfactory and auditory
D) olfactory and visual

Question 19

An echo usually stays in the sensory registers for ________.

A) one second
B) several seconds
C) 40 seconds
D) 1/4 of a second

Question 20

The sensory registers ________.

A) are measures of retention
B) control our attention span
C) receive raw information from the sensory systems
D) retain past information

Question 21

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N. She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words "INK" and "LATE." This tactic is called ________.

A) cueing
B) chunking
C) rote rehearsal
D) shadowing

Question 22

The words "moat" and "coat" are most likely to become confused in short-term memory because ________.

A) they do not share meaning
B) they both have one syllable
C) they sound alike
D) they look alike

Question 23

If the most recent theories regarding the capacity of short-term memory are correct, then ________.

A) five sentences should be easier to remember than five words
B) five sentences should be as difficult to remember as five words
C) five sentences and five words should both be easier to remember than five letters because the words and sentences have inherent meaning
D) five sentences should be more difficult to remember than five words

Question 24

The owner of a black Labrador can hear her dog when it barks in the night, although she sleeps through the sounds of other loud barking dogs. Whose theory of sensory register operation does this best support?

A) Broadbent
B) Treisman
C) Simon
D) Sperling

Question 25

What we are thinking about or are aware of at any given moment is in our ________.

A) secondary memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory

Question 26

Someone sitting at another booth in a restaurant, to whom you have been paying no attention, quietly speaks your name, and suddenly you are attending to that conversation. This is an example of ________.

A) the Phi phenomenon
B) cue-controlled inhibition
C) Broadbent's filter theory
D) the cocktail-party phenomenon

Question 27

When two memory tasks are presented in different sensory modalities (for instance visual and auditory) ________.

A) they are more likely to interfere with each other than if they are in the same modality
B) they are equally as likely to interfere with each other as if they are in the same modality
C) they are less likely to interfere with each other than if they are in the same modality
D) it becomes impossible to accomplish either task efficiently

Question 28

We give meaning to the raw information entering our sensory registers during the process of ________.

A) attention
B) retention
C) recall
D) role rehearsal

Question 29

The most accurate description of short-term memory's capacity is probably to say that it can hold ________.

A) as much information as can be rehearsed in 1.5 to 2 seconds
B) as much information as can be read in 3 to 5 seconds
C) between 5 and 10 bits of information
D) as much information as can be heard in 4 to 6 seconds

Question 30

The cashier at McDonald's says, "That will be $3.17 please." What kind of code would most people use to remember "$3.17" while they are reaching for their money?

A) a phonological code
B) a visual code
C) an iconic code
D) a semantic code

Question 31

The two primary tasks of short-term memory are to ________.

A) store information permanently and to process how meaningful that information is
B) store information permanently and to work on that (and other) information
C) store information briefly and to work on that (and other) information
D) hold information just long enough to begin initial processing by the nervous system and to selectively filter out irrelevant information

Question 32

Different domain specific memory systems ________.

A) can operate at the same time, but moderately interfere with each other
B) cannot operate at the same time
C) can operate at the same time with very little interference
D) can operate at the same time, but greatly interfere with each other

Question 33

Chunking is a means of ________.

A) arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important
B) immediately forgetting irrelevant details
C) storing long-term memories
D) organizing information into meaningful units

Question 34

According to Treisman's modified filter theory, which of the following is not true?

A) Many signals are passed on from the sensory registers at the same time.
B) The cognitive filter works with a variable control like a volume control knob.
C) The cognitive filter works even when we are asleep.
D) Many signals in the sensory registers are able to receive our concentrated attention at a time.

Question 35

It is easier to remember the names of seven people you just met at a party than it is to remember their addresses (even if both pieces of information were given to you at the same time), because there is a(n)________.

A) inverse relationship between the size of the chunks in short-term memory and their retention
B) inverse relationship between the number of items in the sensory registers and their retention
C) direct relationship between the size of the chunks in short-term memory and their retention
D) direct relationship between the size of the chunks in the sensory registers and their retention

Question 36

To Treisman's modified filter theory, information will draw our attention if it stands out because of its ________.

A) physical properties
B) incongruity
C) meaningfulness
D) commonality

Question 37

An old joke tells of an elephant that walks into a bar and tells the bartender, "Boy, have I got a problem. Elephants are supposed to have good memories and I can't remember a thing." "That's too bad," says the bartender, "Maybe I can help you with your problem." "What problem?" asks the elephant. The elephant in the story is demonstrating a deficiency in ________.

A) eidetic memory
B) sensory processing
C) short-term memory
D) long-term memory

Question 38

When you listen to a conversation or watch a television show, you are using ________ to hold onto and think about new information coming in from the sensory registers.

A) shadow memory
B) long-term memory
C) memory icons
D) short-term memory

Question 39

Information is grouped for storage in short-term memory through the process of ________.

A) cueing
B) categorizing
C) rote rehearsal
D) chunking

Question 40

Which of the following pairs of letters would most likely be confused in an experiment on short-term memory?

A) P and R
B) B and V
C) V and Y
D) O and Q

Question 41

When remembering verbal messages, we usually remember the ________.

A) exact words
B) exact verbs but not the exact nouns
C) meaning of the message but not the exact words
D) exact nouns but not the exact verbs

Question 42

When we are pricing items in an electronics store, and we attempt to remember the prices of three different computers by repeating them again and again, the information is being held in ________.

A) secondary memory
B) the sensory registers
C) short-term memory
D) long-term memory

Question 43

When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the last items on the list. This is known as the ________.

A) recency effect
B) primacy effect
C) phi phenomenon
D) chunking effect

Question 44

Remembering the hike you took in the park and the trees you saw, and comparing them to the ones you saw on the nature video at the visitor's center is ________ rehearsal.

A) narrative
B) elaborative
C) retrograde
D) rote

Question 45

When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list. This is known as the ________.

A) phi phenomenon
B) recency effect
C) primacy effect
D) chunking effect

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Repetition without any intent to learn does not enhance long-term memory.
B) Rote rehearsal is not effective in learning items such as ABCs.
C) Extensive rote rehearsal is as efficient as elaborative rehearsal for permanent memory.
D) The more an item is repeated, the more improvement will be shown in later recall.

Question 47

A mental representation of an event, an object, a situation, a person, a process, or a relationship that is stored in memory and that leads you to expect your experience to be organized in certain ways is a(n) ________.

A) concept
B) archetype
C) schema
D) icon

Question 48

An item is easier to remember ________.

A) if it is part of our episodic memory
B) the fewer links or associations it has in long-term memory
C) if it is stored in short-term memory
D) the more links or associations it has in long-term memory

Question 49

The portion of memory that is more or less permanent and that corresponds with everything we "know" is called ________ memory.

A) primary
B) working
C) eidetic
D) long-term

Question 50

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) A mnemonic technique may be based on rhyme.
B) Rote memorization is just as effective as mnemonic techniques for getting information into long-term memory.
C) Mnemonic techniques may involve visualization.
D) Mnemonic techniques are methods of encoding material that help us to remember.

Question 51

Material is transferred and linked from short-term to long-term memory through ________.

A) rote rehearsal
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) categorizing
D) chunking

Question 52

The finding that when asked to recall a list of unrelated items memory is better for the items at the beginning and at the end of the list is known as the ________.

A) implicit memory effect
B) sequestering effect
C) serial position effect
D) phi phenomenon

Question 53

Elaborative rehearsal is the process through which ________.

A) material in STM is transferred to LTM
B) new material is entered into the sensory registers
C) material is held indefinitely in STM
D) material passes from the sensory registers into STM

Question 54

Remembering that the French word "maison" means house by connecting maison with the English word "masonry" illustrates the use of ________.

A) semantic rehearsal
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) chunking
D) rote rehearsal

Question 55

If you want to remember something for a couple of minutes, the most effective device is ________.

A) elaborative rehearsal
B) rote rehearsal
C) visual imagery
D) tactile imagery

Question 56

Marcello thinks about what his new doctor's office will look like. He expects an exam area, a side chair, and a desk for the doctor to sit in. Marcello's image of the doctor's office is a(n) ________.

A) mnemonic
B) icon
C) archetype
D) schema

Question 57

In one study, adults who had graduated from high school more than 40 years earlier were able to recognize about ________ percent of their classmates.

A) 75
B) 100
C) 50
D) 25

Question 58

Mnemonics are ________.

A) feelings that promote retroactive interference
B) learned techniques which make material easier to remember
C) thoughts that promote proactive interference
D) inborn memory storage structures

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Sentences are stored verbatim in long-term memory.
B) Material stored by meaning can usually be retrieved word-for-word.
C) Material is usually stored in long-term memory according to meaning.
D) Material is usually stored in short-term memory according to meaning.

Question 60

Chang searched for a phone number to his favorite sandwich shop, so that he could place a pick-up order. He finally found the number in an old phone book, but he had left his phone in the other room. He repeated the number again and again until he got his phone and was able to put the number in. This memory tactic is called ________.

A) deep processing
B) maintenance rehearsal
C) elaborative rehearsal
D) distractor inhibition

Question 61

Implicit memory includes ________ memories.

A) procedural and emotional
B) emotional and episodic
C) semantic and procedural
D) episodic and semantic

Question 62

Leslie is shown the word "tour." Later, she is shown a list of word fragments, such as "___ou___," and asked to fill in the blanks. She is more likely to complete the word as "tour," than are other people who had not been previously shown the word "tour." This is an example of ________.

A) muscle learning
B) automaticity
C) reactivity
D) priming

Question 63

Explicit memory includes ________ memories.

A) episodic and semantic
B) emotional and episodic
C) semantic and procedural
D) procedural and emotional

Question 64

When Rip Van Winkle returns to his native village after 20 years of sleeping in the mountains, he goes immediately to the location of his former house and asks for his wife and children by name. The kind of memory he is exhibiting by remembering his home's location and the names of his wife and children is ________ memory.

A) semantic
B) procedural
C) emotional
D) episodic

Question 65

The type of memory that is most like an encyclopedia or a dictionary is ________ memory.

A) episodic
B) emotional
C) procedural
D) semantic

Question 66

The portion of long-term memory that stores specific information of personally experienced events is called ________ memory.

A) semantic
B) emotional
C) procedural
D) episodic

Question 67

Memory for information that was intentionally retrieved from memory is called ________ memory.

A) procedural
B) eidetic
C) implicit
D) explicit

Question 68

Memories of personal experience, such as what you did last Tuesday, or how you celebrated your birthday, are stored in ________.

A) episodic memory
B) semantic memory
C) procedural memory
D) emotional memory

Question 69

Each of the following is recommended by your text for improving your memory except ________.

A) develop motivation
B) use mental imagery
C) ignore retrieval cues
D) rely on more than memory alone

Question 70

Our memories of general knowledge items such as the meanings of words or the dates of famous historical events are stored in ________ memory.

A) procedural
B) emotional
C) semantic
D) episodic

Question 71

Using repetition and deliberate practice to master skills and habits is essential to ________ memories.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) emotional
D) procedural

Question 72

In a quiz bowl game, Samantha is asked to name the largest of the Great Lakes. This information is most likely stored in ________ memory.

A) emotional
B) episodic
C) semantic
D) procedural

Question 73

Each of the following is true of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon except ________.

A) its frequent occurrence is linked to early-stage Alzheimer's disease
B) it is more likely to occur as people get older
C) the harder you try to recall the word, the worse it becomes
D) it is more likely to occur during stressful situations

Question 74

The type of memory that stores information relating to skills, habits, and other complex physical tasks is ________ memory.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) semantic
D) emotional

Question 75

He: "We met at nine." She: "We met at eight."
He: "I was on time."
She: "No, you were late."
In these lyrics from the Lerner and Loewe musical Gigi, a couple tries to recall the first time they met. The information they are seeking is part of ________ memory.

A) eidetic
B) semantic
C) procedural
D) episodic

Question 76

Becoming instantly enraged at the sight of a Nazi swastika is an example of a(n) ________ memory.

A) procedural
B) semantic
C) emotional
D) episodic

Question 77

Memory for information that cannot be intentionally retrieved from memory is called ________ memory.

A) explicit
B) eidetic
C) procedural
D) implicit

Question 78

Short-term and long-term memories seem to involve ________.

A) the same neural structures but different neural pathways
B) the same neural pathways, but different neural structures
C) the same neural structures and pathways
D) different neural structures and pathways

Question 79

Remembering how to make coffee in your own coffeemaker, or how to drive a car are examples of ________ memory.

A) episodic
B) procedural
C) semantic
D) emotional

Question 80

Someone asks you who the twenty-second president of the United States was and you can't remember. To aid your memory, the person then tells you that the person's name is the same as that of a large city on Lake Erie, but you still can't remember it. The person then tells you it is either John Sherman, Thomas Bayard, or Grover Cleveland. Upon hearing the names, you instantly recognize that Grover Cleveland is the answer. In this situation, the name Grover Cleveland acted as a(n) ________.

A) retrieval cue
B) cross code
C) elaborative rehearsal
D) structural cue