Deck 6: Protein

Question 1

Which of the following is true about high-protein diets?

A) High-protein diets tend to promote long-term weight loss better than diets with less protein.
B) High-protein diets reduce hunger and increase satiety between meals.
C) High-protein diets reduce cardiovascular disease risk more than other diets.
D) High-protein diets are characterized by protein intakes comprising 10% to 35% of total calories.
E) All of these are correct.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which condition is most likely to produce negative nitrogen balance?

A) the third trimester of pregnancy
B) growth during puberty
C) an individual starting resistance exercise training
D) an older person bedridden because of a hip fracture
E) recovery from a burn

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which contributes high-quality protein with the lowest amount of saturated fat?

A) a 1-ounce slice of American cheese
B) a 3-ounce ground beef patty
C) 3 ounces of turkey breast
D) a cup of whole milk
E) 3 ounces of grilled salmon

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which food is considered a low-quality source of protein?

A) quinoa
B) soy products
C) low-fat dairy products
D) egg whites
E) brown rice

Question 5

A child suffering from protein malnutrition has a swollen belly appearance due to:

A) eating too many fatty foods.
B) eating too many starchy foods.
C) not eating enough protein for tissue fluid balance.
D) not eating enough protein for pH balance in the blood.
E) not eating enough protein for lean body mass.

Question 6

To prevent toxic buildup of ammonia in the body with high protein intake:

A) the kidneys convert ammonia to the less toxic uric acid.
B) the kidneys convert ammonia to the less toxic urea.
C) the muscles convert ammonia to urea for use as fuel.
D) the liver stores the ammonia.
E) the liver converts ammonia to the less toxic urea.

Question 7

What two steps are required for protein synthesis?

A) translation and protein folding
B) transcription and translation
C) transcription and translocation
D) translation and denaturation
E) transcription and deamination

Question 8

If a weight lifter consumes protein drinks beyond her protein and caloric needs, what will happen to the extra protein?

A) Extra protein will increase lean body mass.
B) Extra protein will be stored as amino acids in the muscle.
C) Extra protein will be cause kidney damage.
D) Extra protein will be transformed into fat and stored.
E) Extra protein will cause edema and fatty liver.

Question 9

A patient with low protein intake has brittle hair and nails. You suspect this symptom may be due to the patient consuming insufficient protein for:

A) hormone regulation.
B) antibody synthesis.
C) tissue fluid balance.
D) proper blood pH balance.
E) collagen synthesis.

Question 10

Before converting protein to glucose or fat, the _____ must be removed.

A) amino group
B) carbon skeleton
C) oxygen group
D) hydrogen group
E) None of these.

Question 11

In the stomach, protein is digested by:

A) amino transporters and aminopeptidase.
B) hydrochloric acid and salivary proteases.
C) pepsin and pancreatic proteases.
D) salivary proteases and pepsin.
E) hydrochloric acid and pepsin.

Question 12

Which substance is NOT involved in protein digestion?

A) pepsin
B) hydrochloric acid
C) salivary proteases
D) brush border enzymes
E) pancreatic proteases

Question 13

Which adult individual does not require a greater amount of protein than the RDA (0.8 g protein per kg of body weight per day)?

A) an endurance and strength athlete
B) a middle-age individual starting a fitness program
C) a pregnant woman
D) an elderly individual with muscle atrophy
E) a patient with a burn injury

Question 14

All of these are included in the calculation of nitrogen balance EXCEPT:

A) urinary nitrogen loss.
B) fecal nitrogen loss.
C) protein intake.
D) musculoskeletal composition.
E) nitrogen loss from skin, sweat, and hair.

Question 15

What happens if the shape of a protein is altered?

A) Protein function is affected.
B) Nutritional value is decreased.
C) Nutritional value is increased.
D) The protein is rendered indigestible.
E) Caloric value is changed.

Question 16

Which is NOT true about a child with kwashiorkor?

A) The child's protein requirements are not met.
B) The child's caloric needs may be met.
C) The child has a plump appearance because of edema.
D) The child is at higher risk of infections.
E) The child is likely to be breastfed.

Question 17

Which of the following is true about protein consumption in athletes?

A) Many athletes use high-protein bars and shakes to supplement their protein intake.
B) There is a consensus among experts that athletes need more protein than they are currently consuming.
C) Evidence suggests that athletes may be less efficient than nonathletes at using amino acids, contributing to a higher need for protein.
D) Protein intake is the single most important factor contributing to an athlete's performance.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 18

Which of the following are plant foods that are considered high-quality protein sources?

A) fruits (avocado, banana)
B) tofu and quinoa
C) broccoli and squash
D) peanuts and tree nuts
E) enriched white rice

Question 19

Pancreatic proteases in the small intestines break polypeptides into:

A) transport proteins.
B) amino acids.
C) proteases.
D) peptide fragments.
E) actin.

Question 20

Which of the following is true about insect consumption?

A) Edible insects are a significant source of protein globally.
B) Ounce for ounce, some insects have a higher protein content than beef.
C) Insects produce a lower amount of greenhouse gases than traditional animal sources of protein.
D) In some African communities, insects make up about 10% of total protein intake.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 21

Which list orders peptides from largest to smallest?

A) polypeptides, dipeptides, tripeptides, amino acids
B) amino acids, polypeptides, tripeptides, dipeptides
C) polypeptides, tripeptides, dipeptides, amino acids
D) tripeptides, dipeptides, polypeptides, amino acids
E) tripeptides, amino acids, polypeptides, dipeptides

Question 22

Making certain that nitrogen intake is equal to nitrogen output is appropriate for:

A) a patient to recover from severe burns.
B) an inactive elderly individual with muscle atrophy.
C) a growing toddler.
D) a woman in the second trimester of pregnancy.
E) maintenance in a healthy-weight adult.

Question 23

The interactions between _____ causes proteins to fold into a particular shape.

A) proteases
B) amino acid side chains
C) pepsin
D) antibodies
E) ribosomes

Question 24

In developed countries, a protein deficiency would most commonly occur in:

A) a weight lifter who is not taking protein supplements.
B) a freshman with poor dietary habits.
C) a child who is allergic to dairy.
D) an alcoholic who swaps food for alcohol.
E) an endurance runner who is vegetarian.

Question 25

Amino acids differ based on:

A) their peptide bonds.
B) their central carbon location.
C) their number of hydrogen groups.
D) their side chain.
E) their amino group.

Question 26

Which list contains only nonessential amino acids?

A) tryptophan, valine, phenylalanine
B) methionine, threonine, histidine
C) glycine, serine, arginine
D) isoleucine, leucine, lysine
E) arginine, histidine, lysine

Question 27

Across the globe, about _____ of protein intake comes from animal sources.

A) 1/4
B) 1/3
C) 1/2
D) 2/3
E) 3/4

Question 28

A patient with low protein intake has frequent illness and infections. You suspect this may be due to:

A) not enough protein to support wound healing.
B) not enough protein for antibody synthesis.
C) not enough protein for tissue fluid balance.
D) not enough protein for proper pH balance in the blood.
E) not enough protein for hormone regulation.

Question 29

Proteases known as brush border enzymes in the intestinal mucosa break peptides into:

A) polypeptides.
B) transport proteins.
C) actin.
D) pepsin.
E) tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids.

Question 30

All of these conditions can cause protein denaturation EXCEPT:

A) high temperatures from cooking.
B) digestion by pancreatic proteases.
C) the presence of hydrochloric acid.
D) extreme changes in blood pH.
E) an increase in body temperature due to high fever.

Question 31

Which food group provides the least protein?

A) grain and grain products
B) milk and dairy products
C) cooked vegetables
D) fruits
E) legumes

Question 32

Wheat does not contain enough lysine for protein synthesis. Therefore, wheat is:

A) a nonessential protein.
B) an incomplete protein.
C) a limiting amino acid.
D) an inadequate amino acid.
E) a dispensable protein.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a major function of protein?

A) transportation of nutrients in the blood
B) enzyme function
C) maintaining a proper pH via buffers
D) nerve impulse transmission
E) structure and movement

Question 34

In transcription, information from DNA is transferred to:

A) mDNA.
B) mRNA.
C) tRNA.
D) rRNA.
E) nucleic acids.

Question 35

Which individual is most likely to be in positive nitrogen balance?

A) a patient with burns
B) an inactive older adult
C) a rapidly growing infant
D) a healthy-weight, moderately active adult
E) an astronaut on a space mission

Question 36

Which list contains only essential amino acids?

A) aspartic acid, alanine, proline
B) methionine, tryptophan, valine
C) glycine, serine, arginine
D) tyrosine, cysteine, alanine
E) arginine, glutamic acid, glutamine

Question 37

Which is the most important factor for determining an adult's protein requirement?

A) age
B) height
C) weight
D) gender
E) muscle and fat mass

Question 38

Which combination provides an example of protein complementation?

A) eggs and whole-grain toast
B) rice and mashed potatoes
C) pasta and breadsticks
D) peanut butter sandwich
E) tossed salad with cranberries

Question 39

The processes by which proteins are continuously broken down and resynthesized is known as:

A) protein balance.
B) protein synthesis.
C) protein turnover.
D) protein transcription.
E) protein translation.

Question 40

What is the role of the kidneys in preventing increased blood ammonia with high protein intake?

A) conversion to urea and excretion in urine
B) conversion to uric acid and excretion in the urine
C) filtering of blood and excretion of urea in the urine
D) excretion of ammonia and extra protein in the urine
E) neutralization of uric acid to urea followed by excretion in the urine

Question 41

Compare and contrast kwashiorkor and marasmus. Connect the physiological changes seen in kwashiorkor with protein function.

Question 42

How many grams of protein should a frail 75-year-old man with muscle atrophy weighing 65 kg consume each day? Show your calculation.

Question 43

The average American man consumes 100 g of protein per day, and the average American woman consumes 70 g of protein per day. Are these within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for protein intake while on a 2000 kcal diet? Show your calculations.

Question 44

How many grams of protein does a healthy 25-year-old female weighing 65 kg need each day? Show your calculation.

Question 45

Plants generally contain low-quality protein. How can vegans prevent protein deficiency without having to rely on consuming soy or soy products?

Question 46

Margaret is 55 years old, weighs 55 kg, and is worried about becoming frail, like her elderly mother, Martha. She is not active, but she consumes a high-protein diet of 1.5 g per kg of body weight per day from animal protein sources. What suggestions would you make for Martha's protein intake? What arguments would you use to convince Margaret that implementation of your suggestions will improve her health?

Question 47

What is the range of daily protein intake (g) for a female competitive long distance runner weighing 50 kg? Show your calculations.

Question 48

Martha is 80 years old, weighs 47 kg, and is inactive. She is experiencing a loss of appetite and muscle mass but is not interested in expensive protein supplements or drinks. Determine her protein requirements and come up with a menu plan that she can easily implement to increase her protein intake.

Question 49

Describe protein digestion in the stomach.

Question 50

What are some potential safety concerns about high-protein diets?

Question 51

How can a low-carbohydrate diet result in muscle loss?

Question 52

George is 21 years old, weighs 90 kg, and is a strict vegan. He has recently become a competitive bodybuilder. Determine his protein requirements and come up with a menu plan to fit his lifestyle.

Question 53

Discuss potential environmental impacts of emphasizing high intakes of animal protein foods.