Deck 12: Classroom Management

Question 1

Correlational designs allow for:

A) determining causation.
B) cause and effect relationships.
C) determining how the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
D) confirming predictions.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

One of the concerns regarding internal versus external validity is the trade-off between:

A) correlation and causation.
B) main effects and interaction effects.
C) inferential and descriptive statistics.
D) control and more real world relevancy.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

As we move from the laboratory to real-life situations to conduct research, we move in a direction of:

A) greater precision.
B) greater relevance.
C) greater external validity.
D) both greater relevance and greater external validity.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Dr. Jeremiah wishes to use birth records that are stored at the local courthouse for a study. Since these records were collected before the study, he is conducting:

A) single case research.
B) construct research.
C) archival research.
D) double blind research.

Question 5

As experimental control increases:

A) external validity decreases.
B) external validity increases.
C) the more relevant the study to real-world problems.
D) we become less able to rule out alternative hypotheses.

Question 6

The question of whether results of an experiment generalize to other groups, settings, and participants is a question of:

A) external validity.
B) ecological validity.
C) internal validity.
D) experimental control.

Question 7

In quasi-experimental designs, you may not be able to:

A) manipulate the independent variable.
B) control potentially confounding variables.
C) assign participants randomly to treatment groups.
D) all of these

Question 8

An environment in which important variables can be controlled is called a(n):

A) open system.
B) closed system.
C) quasi-experimental design.
D) field experiment.

Question 9

To interpret the results of quasi-experimental designs:

A) we may rely more on control than on logic.
B) we may rely more on logic than on control.
C) we must use control groups.
D) we need to confirm findings in a laboratory setting.

Question 10

Research that takes place in an open system as compared to a closed system has:

A) greater control.
B) less ability to rule out alternative explanations.
C) has greater internal validity.
D) all of these

Question 11

For a study conducted in a closed system, there is ____ compared to an open system.

A) more control
B) less control
C) more external validity
D) less internal validity

Question 12

An educational psychologist seeks to obtain and analyze the academic records of students at a community college. This is an example of:

A) experimental research.
B) archival research.
C) a naturalistic observation.
D) none of these

Question 13

B.F. Skinner's operant chamber (i.e., Skinner box) illustrates:

A) a closed system.
B) an open system.
C) a multiple time series design.
D) archival research.

Question 14

Quasi-experimental research, correlational procedures, and naturalistic observation are all examples of:

A) research conducted outside the laboratory.
B) mixed designs.
C) closed systems.
D) procedures with high internal validity.

Question 15

Quasi-experimental research:

A) tends to have greater internal validity than true experimental research.
B) tends to have greater external validity than true experimental research.
C) does not differ from true experimental research in internal and external validity.
D) is less relevant than true experimental research.

Question 16

____ is not controlled for in time series designs.

A) Normal fluctuation.
B) Changes between pretest and posttest.
C) Ex post facto confounding.
D) Attrition of subjects.

Question 17

A time-series design is:

A) a within-subjects design.
B) a between-subjects design.
C) a mixed design.
D) none of these

Question 18

As we move from real-life situations to the laboratory to conduct research, we move in a direction of:

A) lesser precision.
B) lesser relevance.
C) lesser external validity.
D) both lesser relevance and lesser external validity.

Question 19

An interrupted time-series design controls for ____ but not for ____.

A) history; the Hawthorne effect
B) history; normal fluctuation
C) normal fluctuation; how one variable influenced others
D) maturation; normal fluctuation

Question 20

Research is conducted in the field rather than in the laboratory in order to:

A) increase experimental control.
B) rule out alternative explanations.
C) answer more complex questions about psychological processes.
D) all of these

Question 21

The nonequivalent before-after design controls for ____ but not for ____.

A) history; maturation
B) history; selection-maturation
C) maturation; history
D) selection-maturation; the Hawthorne effect

Question 22

The design that uses a single group with several pretest and posttest measurements is called a(n):

A) multiple group pretest-posttest design.
B) multiple time-series design.
C) interrupted time-series design.
D) nonequivalent before-after design.

Question 23

Although they cannot indicate causality, correlation studies can:

A) lead to hypotheses that can be tested with experiments.
B) rule out the possibility of causality.
C) allow predictions to be made about the relationship of variables.
D) all of these

Question 24

The purpose of naturalistic observation is to:

A) describe a little known phenomenon.
B) discern general patterns in a phenomenon.
C) try to gain some understanding of complex situations.
D) all of these

Question 25

If it is revealed that a new drug is correlated with cancer, it means that the drug:

A) causes cancer.
B) probably causes cancer.
C) may cause cancer.
D) does not cause cancer.

Question 26

If a high positive correlation was found between the number of churches in a city and the number of murders, the most likely explanation would be that:

A) more churches are needed in a city with a lot of murders.
B) increasing the number of churches in a city will also increase the number of criminals.
C) the number of churches and the number of murders in a city are both being influenced by a third unspecified variable.
D) criminals prefer to live in places where there are a lot of churches.

Question 27

To discover whether two variables are associated (but not necessarily causally), the type of research you would do is:

A) experimental.
B) correlational.
C) observational.
D) time-series.

Question 28

If your hypothesis involves a relationship between two variables, then you would be advised to use a(n) ____ design.

A) experimental
B) observational
C) correlational
D) time-series

Question 29

Correlational designs:

A) may allow one to infer causal relations between variables.
B) do not allow one to confirm predictions about relations between variables.
C) may allow one to disconfirm potential causal relations between variables.
D) may allow neither confirmation nor disconfirmation of causal relations between variables.

Question 30

If you wanted to know whether people who have strokes were more likely to have a history of hypertension, you would likely use a(n):

A) nonequivalent before-after design.
B) retrospective design.
C) interrupted time-series design.
D) multiple time-series design.

Question 31

In a correlational design that compared the voting behavior of men and women, what variable is being manipulated?

A) gender
B) voting behavior
C) gender and voting behavior
D) no variables are being manipulated

Question 32

Which of the following is not true about correlational research?

A) If there is no correlation between variables, there could still be causality between the variables.
B) Whether or not a causal conclusion may be true, correlational results must be interpreted in correlational terms.
C) A lack of correlation rules out any possibility of causality.
D) There are no independent or dependent variables.

Question 33

Which of the following is a quasi-experimental design?

A) ex post facto
B) multiple time series
C) nonequivalent before-after
D) all of these

Question 34

If we want to make comparisons between two groups that we know are different at the start of the experiment, the design to use is:

A) nonequivalent before-after.
B) multiple time-series.
C) ex post facto.
D) interrupted time-series.

Question 35

The work of Darwin, Lorenz, and Tinbergen are examples of:

A) experimental research.
B) correlational research.
C) naturalistic observational research.
D) quasi-experimental design.

Question 36

In a nonequivalent before-after design, we compare:

A) the pretest and posttest scores of the experimental group.
B) the pretest scores of the experimental and control groups.
C) the posttest scores of the experimental and control groups.
D) the change in scores from pretests to posttest for the experimental and control groups.

Question 37

Research that uses information collected in the past is called:

A) archival.
B) ex post facto.
C) retrospective.
D) all of these

Question 38

Which of the following is a one-group design?

A) interrupted time-series design
B) multiple time-series design
C) nonequivalent before-after design
D) none of these

Question 39

If it was discovered that drinking fine wine was associated with good health, one could:

A) conclude that people who can afford to drink wine can also afford good health care.
B) conclude that only healthy people drink wine.
C) predict that people who drink fine wine will tend to be healthier.
D) conclude that some chemical in the wine caused improved bodily functions.

Question 40

The multiple time-series design is considered a:

A) between-subjects design.
B) within-subjects design.
C) correlational design.
D) single-subject design.

Question 41

Although correlation does not demonstrate causality, what can it tell us that is useful?

Question 42

Explain why the multiple time series design is a between-subjects design.

Question 43

One way to help increase the accuracy of observations during a naturalistic observation is to use:

A) selective perception.
B) untrained observers.
C) multiple observers.
D) record uncommon behaviors first

Question 44

In analysis of data from naturalistic observation, why is it a good strategy to focus on common or invariant behavior?

Question 45

What is the nonequivalent before-after design and why is it commonly used in education research?

Question 46

Describe how the interrupted time series design addresses the shortcomings of the time series design.

Question 47

Under what conditions would a researcher use naturalistic observation as a research strategy?

Question 48

What types of scientists might want to use archival research and why? What are the benefits and drawbacks of using this type of research?

Question 49

Accuracy of observations is affected by:

A) selective perception.
B) training of the observers.
C) the number of observers.
D) all of these

Question 50

If a naturalistic observation study is being conducted, and the observer is suddenly revealed by accident, the study is:

A) no longer naturalistic.
B) now an experiment.
C) lacking in control.
D) now correlational.

Question 51

In naturalistic observation, researchers may try to avoid interfering with the process under study by:

A) making unobtrusive observations.
B) making selective perceptions.
C) using trained observers.
D) avoiding reactive behaviors.

Question 52

Discuss the issue of whether scientists should take an active role and participate in naturalistic observation.

Question 53

Describe the rationale behind closed systems. Why would a researcher want to create an open system in an experimental setting?

Question 54

How do quasi-experimental designs differ from true experimental designs and under what conditions would you use a quasi-experimental design?

Question 55

If a participant's behavior is influenced by the presence of an observer, this is called:

A) responsive behavior.
B) reactive behavior.
C) obtrusive behavior.
D) selective perception.

Question 56

One disadvantage of naturalistic observation is:

A) it tends to be quantitative.
B) it tends to rely more on the subjective judgment of the experimenter.
C) it requires the participation of the experimenter in the process.
D) it is concerned with ongoing behavioral patterns.

Question 57

Describe the multiple time-series design and explain the logic of control of confounds in this design.

Question 58

In analyzing data from naturalistic observation, a good strategy is to:

A) avoid using inferential statistics.
B) avoid using descriptive statistics.
C) start with common behavior and then move to uncommon behavior.
D) analyze uncommon behavior first, and then common behavior.

Question 59

Explain the statement, "Correlation does not demonstrate causality."