Deck 11: Motivation

Question 1

The Leipzig model of research involved ____, while the Paris model emphasized ____.

A) quasi-experimentation; experimentation
B) little distinction between participant and researcher; clear distinction between participant and researcher
C) operational definitions; introspection
D) clear distinction between participant and researcher; little distinction between participant and researcher

Answer 1

B

Question 2

To correct for the possibility that a high interrater reliability is actually due to different but consistent ratings from raters, a statistic called ____ can be used.

A) counterbalancing
B) multiple time series
C) Pearson's r
D) Cohen's kappa

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Biased data collection is an example of:

A) demand characteristics.
B) ecological invalidity.
C) experimenter effects.
D) the Hawthorne effect.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Ecology of the psychological experiment is concerned with the interactions among:

A) scientist, participant, and situation
B) scientist, participant, and witness
C) context, culture, and environment
D) two or more independent variables

Question 5

One perspective argues that all human experimentation is really a(n):

A) attempt to know the unknown.
B) exercise in defining the vague in concrete ways.
C) social event.
D) theoretical leap of faith.

Question 6

The term that refers to the relationship between organisms and their environment is called:

A) ethology.
B) ecology.
C) etymology.
D) entomology.

Question 7

The higher the correlation between the ratings of two independent observers in an experiment:

A) the less the ratings represent inconsistent subjective factors of the raters.
B) the more the ratings represent inconsistent subjective factors of the raters.
C) the less the ratings represent consistent subjective factors of the raters.
D) None of these

Question 8

Between-subjects and within-subjects designs are most consistent with the ____ model of ecology.

A) Geneva
B) Leipzig
C) London
D) Paris

Question 9

Differences in the observations of different scientists may be due to:

A) physiological differences.
B) psychological differences.
C) individual differences.
D) all of these

Question 10

"I want to examine my subjective reactions to environmental variables." This statement best demonstrates the ____ model.

A) Leipzig
B) Paris
C) Geneva
D) London

Question 11

If there are multiple observers used in experimental design, it is especially important to:

A) operationally define variables and provide training.
B) reduce within-subjects error.
C) counterbalance.
D) control the ecology of the design.

Question 12

One way to minimize biased data collection in an experiment is to use:

A) correlational techniques.
B) multiple observers.
C) counterbalancing.
D) all of these

Question 13

The Leipzig model was typified by the research of ____.

A) Danziger
B) Wundt
C) Petrinovich
D) none of these

Question 14

Different experimenters observe the world in different ways. This is referred to as:

A) ecological validity.
B) contextual bias.
C) the personal equation.
D) biased interaction.

Question 15

Because culture shapes the way we view the world, it is important to:

A) define constructs operationally.
B) perform experiments only in your own culture.
C) study only culturally relevant topics.
D) select participants from your own culture.

Question 16

According to Danziger, which model of ecology has most influenced experimentation in American psychology?

A) Geneva
B) Leipzig
C) Paris
D) London

Question 17

Ecological validity can be threatened by:

A) experimenter bias.
B) the Hawthorne effect.
C) demand characteristics.
D) all of these

Question 18

The consistency of observations across different individuals is evaluated by using:

A) interrater reliability.
B) correlation.
C) Cohen's Kappa.
D) all of these

Question 19

The case of Samuel George Morton is strong evidence that:

A) randomized sampling is important.
B) a scientist can subtly influence the outcome of an experiment.
C) placebo effects cannot be controlled.
D) the performance of participants can be influenced by the experimenter's nonverbal communication.

Question 20

Psychologists report that if a single recording error is made by an experimenter, it is usually:

A) an error that would lead to the failure to reject the null hypothesis.
B) in support of the experimental hypothesis.
C) due to fraud.
D) due to the personal equation.

Question 21

To reduce bias, Barber suggests that ____ should specify exactly what ____ should and should not do.

A) subjects; participants
B) ethical guidelines; subjects
C) those who plan studies; those that run those studies
D) psychologists; scientists

Question 22

If the experimenter knows which treatments the participants have been administered, but the participants do not, the study is called:

A) blind.
B) double blind.
C) placebo.
D) invalid.

Question 23

In studying animals, overinterpreting issues such as animal language or animal consciousness can:

A) increase the need for a double blind design.
B) increase external validity.
C) divert the discussion from breakthroughs in our understanding of animal cognition.
D) open doors of new, innovative research designs.

Question 24

An experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants knows which treatment has been administrated to the participant is called:

A) blind.
B) double blind.
C) placebo.
D) invalid.

Question 25

Demand characteristics can result from all of the following except:

A) the experimental situation.
B) expectations.
C) cultural bias.
D) faking.

Question 26

Research participants' performance may be altered as a result of special attention given to them rather than because of any effect of the independent variable. This is called:

A) the Hawthorne effect
B) the placebo effect
C) demand characteristics
D) a cultural effect

Question 27

You are discussing a study that is currently being conducted. The experimenter mentions that the subjects are not acting in the way that was expected. You suggest that there may be ____ operating in the study.

A) subject factors
B) Type I errors
C) randomized variables
D) ex post facto variables

Question 28

The placebo effect is:

A) purely psychological in origin.
B) purely physiological in origin.
C) both psychological and physiological in origin.
D) not real.

Question 29

A scientist can subtly influence the outcome of an experiment by making biased decisions about:

A) unintended variations in the experiment that tend to favor the hypothesis
B) whether to accept or discard a participant's data
C) conducting unplanned ad hoc analyses
D) all of these

Question 30

Participant biases may be introduced into an experiment because:

A) participants are anxious or negative about participating.
B) participants are intentionally trying to sabotage the experiment.
C) participants are trying to please the experimenter.
D) all of these

Question 31

The reason for including a placebo group in a drug study is to control for:

A) experimenter bias.
B) physiological effects of the drug.
C) participants' expectations of change.
D) the experimenter being blind.

Question 32

To control for the Hawthorne effect, you need:

A) more than one observer.
B) a control group that is not given special attention.
C) a control group that is given special treatment but does not get the experimental treatment.
D) a placebo group.

Question 33

Which of the following is not a way of avoiding experimenter bias?

A) use several different experimenters
B) test in several different situations
C) use a placebo condition
D) looking at the experiment from different perspectives

Question 34

When participants in an experiment behave in a way that they think is expected by the experimental situation, they are responding to:

A) the Hawthorne effect.
B) demand characteristics.
C) experimenter bias.
D) the independent variable.

Question 35

The cases of Cyril Burt and Walter Levy illustrate:

A) the influence of Hawthorne effect.
B) the Paris model.
C) outright fraud.
D) what can happen when a scientist's culture influences research.

Question 36

The Hawthorne effect is so named because:

A) it was examined by Daniel Hawthorne.
B) an experiment took place at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric.
C) it describes the behavior of a Greek mythical figure that is similar to how the experimenter might behave.
D) it describes the behavior of a Greek mythical figure that is similar to how subjects might behave.

Question 37

The best way to control for the placebo effect is to use:

A) counterbalancing.
B) a within-subjects design.
C) a double-blind procedure.
D) a between-subjects design.

Question 38

Fudging the data refers to:

A) unintentional altering of experimental results.
B) intentional altering of experimental results.
C) the tendency to see data as supporting your hypothesis.
D) errors in statistical analysis of data.

Question 39

Ecological validity may be threatened by the:

A) experimenter's expectations.
B) experimenter's personality.
C) experimenter's research assistant.
D) all of these

Question 40

As a suggestion to improve research, Barber advises that it is important for students to learn that:

A) one study is sufficient and that replication has limited value.
B) good research methods are invaluable in answering questions.
C) science requires flexibility and therefore the steps of the scientific method are too restrictive.
D) finding significant results is the real purpose of conducting science.

Question 41

Cultural biases are introduced into research through the acceptance of certain shared world views or approaches to science, which are called:

A) paradigms.
B) experimental methods.
C) correlational techniques.
D) demand characteristics.

Question 42

Upon entering an experimental session, participants were greeted by a student investigator who wore jeans and a shirt with gay pride symbols. Participants were asked to report their feelings about personal freedom, equality and tolerance. Interestingly, participants in this session reported greater regard for these variables than participants in the other experimental sessions where the student investigator wore khaki pants and polo shirt. These findings may be explained by ____.

A) the placebo effect.
B) the Hawthorne effect.
C) experimenter bias.
D) demand characteristics.

Question 43

Many psychological experiments are conducted in which undergraduate psychology majors are required to serve as research participants in return for course credit. Comment on what effects this type of participant selection might have on the ecological validity of the experiments.

Question 44

What do the cases of Sir Cyril Burt and Walter Levy suggest about the impact of experimenter bias on ecological validity?

Question 45

To combat cultural bias in research, the U.S. National Institutes of Health implemented a policy in 1994 that requires all federally funded research involving human participants to include:

A) women.
B) children.
C) minority groups.
D) women and minority groups.

Question 46

What are "demand characteristics?" How might they affect the ecological validity of an experiment?

Question 47

What is the Hawthorne effect? Give an example of how it could affect the outcome of a study and how could it be controlled.

Question 48

In what two ways can a research participant affect the ecology of a study?

Question 49

A design to check out the experimental condition rather than to act as a comparison group is called a:

A) quasi-control group.
B) quasi-experimental group.
C) double-blind group.
D) Hawthorne group.

Question 50

Describe how the Paris model reinforces the need for the researcher to be aware of the ecology of an experiment.

Question 51

How are some of the ways an experimenter can affect the results of study, even if the experimenter's influence is unintentional?

Question 52

What is the purpose of a double-blind study and what role does it play in controlling for subject factors?

Question 53

Individuals on a rehabilitation hospital were randomly assigned to a memory training group of a no-treatment control group. After 6 weeks of training, it was discovered that the experimental group's memory performance had improved whereas there was no change in performance of the control group. The experimenters concluded that memory training was successful. What alternative explanation might you suggest for the outcome? How would you change the experiment to eliminate this alternative?

Question 54

Demand characteristics that are especially strong may introduce error and thus threaten:

A) internal validity.
B) placebo factors.
C) the Hawthorne effect.
D) interrater reliability.

Question 55

Define ecological validity. Discuss two ways in which an experimenter may affect the ecological validity of a study.

Question 56

What is the personal equation and how could it potentially affect the outcome of a study?