Deck 9: Reproductive Strategies

Question 1

Scientists have confirmed a rare case of a virgin female hammerhead shark giving birth to offspring that were genetically identical to the mother. What process accounts for this phenomenon?

A) binary fission
B) clonal reproduction
C) vegetative reproduction
D) parthenogenesis

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Parthenogenesis occurs when offspring are produced

A) from a parent's gonad tissue.
B) by a cell dividing into two identical cells.
C) from an unfertilized embryo.
D) from a parent's nonsexual tissue.
E) clonally.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

An individual that uses its male gametes to fertilize its female gametes is reproducing through

A) outcrossing.
B) self-fertilization.
C) cloning.
D) parthenogenesis.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Plant species with separate male and female flowers on the same individual are called _____, and plant species with only male or female flowers on an individual are called _____.

A) dioecious; monoecious
B) monoecious; dioecious
C) hermaphrodites; perfect
D) simultaneous hermaphrodites; sequential hermaphrodites

Question 5

Asexual reproduction

A) occurs when offspring are produced by two parents without copulation.
B) occurs when offspring are produced by and receive genetic material from only one parent.
C) occurs when offspring are produced by and receive genetic material from both parents.
D) is accomplished only via parthenogenesis.
E) is accomplished only via vegetative reproduction.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which organisms can purge deleterious mutations?

A) random assortment in meiosis
B) production of homozygous recessive nonviable offspring
C) random assortment in mitosis
D) production of offspring without the mutation

Question 7

Which statement best describes the Red Queen hypothesis?

A) Asexual selection allows organisms to increase survival by keeping up with the evolution of parasites.
B) Sexual selection allows organisms to increase survival by keeping up with the evolution of parasites.
C) Parasites evolve at such a rapid a rate that organisms cannot evolve countermeasures.
D) Organisms are able to survive parasites because they evolve at a more rapid rate than parasites.

Question 8

Hermaphrodism is

A) rare in species that engage in brood care.
B) common in mobile aquatic animals.
C) common in species that actively seek mates.
D) rare in flowering plants.

Question 9

Production of offspring from the nonsexual tissues of a parent is called

A) mitosis.
B) binary fission.
C) clonal duplication.
D) vegetative reproduction.
E) parthenogenesis.

Question 10

Which statement best describes the cost of meiosis?

A) Production of haploid gametes for sexual reproduction has a higher energy cost than direct production of diploid offspring.
B) Males pass on only 75 percent of their genetic material through sexual reproduction rather than 100 percent through asexual reproduction.
C) Sexual reproduction puts individuals at greater risk for predation.
D) Females pass on only 50 percent of their DNA through sexual reproduction rather than 100 percent through asexual reproduction.
E) Sexual reproduction results in fewer offspring than asexual reproduction.

Question 11

All of the following are benefits of sexual reproduction EXCEPT that

A) mutations are more likely to be purged.
B) offspring are more likely to possess traits to help cope with future environmental challenges.
C) offspring are likely to have greater fitness than asexually produced offspring.
D) offspring are able to evolve to overcome the ever-evolving pathogens and parasites (i.e., fight the evolutionary arms race).

Question 12

What process produces gametes for sexual reproduction?

A) mitosis
B) binary fission
C) clonal duplication
D) meiosis
E) parthenogenesis

Question 13

In sexual reproduction, meiosis produces _____ cells from one parent that join with _____ cells from the other parent to form a _____ zygote.

A) haploid; diploid; diploid
B) haploid; haploid; diploid
C) diploid; diploid; haploid
D) haploid; diploid; haploid
E) diploid; diploid; diploid

Question 14

Evolution favors hermaphrodism when fitness of the hermaphrodite is _____ the fitness of the _____.

A) less than; male
B) less than; female
C) less than; male or female
D) greater than; male or female
E) equal to; male or female

Question 15

Which describes a plant species with perfect flowers?

A) Individuals of a plant have flowers that contain either female structures or male structures but not both, yet both types of flowers can be found on the same individual.
B) Some individual plants have flowers that contain only female structures, and other separate individuals have flowers that contain only male structures.
C) Individual plants have flowers that contain neither female nor male structures.
D) Individual plants have flowers that contain both female and male structures.

Question 16

In honeybees, drones arise from _____ eggs, and workers arise from _____ eggs.

A) diploid; fertilized haploid
B) unfertilized haploid; diploid
C) unfertilized haploid; fertilized diploid
D) fertilized haploid; unfertilized haploid

Question 17

An organism starts out its life as female but later changes into a male. This is an example of

A) sequential hermaphrodism.
B) simultaneous hermaphrodism.
C) monoecism.
D) dioecism.

Question 18

Clones are offspring produced _____ and have the same _____ as the parent.

A) sexually; phenotype
B) sexually; genotype
C) asexually; phenotype
D) asexually; genotype

Question 19

Reproduction in which offspring receive genetic material from two parents is called

A) asexual reproduction.
B) parthenogenesis.
C) vegetative reproduction.
D) sexual reproduction.
E) binary fission.

Question 20

Organisms can avoid self-fertilization by

A) sequential hermaphrodism.
B) simultaneous hermaphrodism.
C) cloning.
D) binary fission.

Question 21

In most species, what process is responsible for sex ratios of approximately one to one?

A) genetic sex determination
B) frequency-dependent selection
C) environmental sex determination
D) selective abortion

Question 22

In genetic sex determination, if a genotype of XX is female and XY is male, what will be the natural percentage of female offspring?

A) 25
B) 75
C) 50
D) 80

Question 23

What is the most common factor in environmental sex determination?

A) pH
B) ambient light level
C) humidity
D) temperature

Question 24

What is the main difference between promiscuity and polygamy?

A) Polygamy entails the establishment of a long-term social bond, whereas promiscuity does not.
B) Promiscuity entails the establishment of a long-term social bond, whereas polygamy does not.
C) Polygamy always involves one male with multiple females, whereas promiscuity can involve one female with multiple males.
D) Promiscuity and polygamy are the same mating system.

Question 25

Scientists have demonstrated that as herbivory on orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) flowers increases, the proportion of selfing to outcrossing flowers increases. This occurs because

A) herbivores prefer the nectar of outcrossing flowers because of their increased sugar content.
B) the plant requires rapid reproduction to compensate for biomass loss due to herbivory.
C) selfing flowers contain more phenolics and tannins that herbivores avoid.
D) the loss of resources due to herbivory causes plants to make less expensive selfing flowers.

Question 26

Salmon reproduce when many males and females release large quantities of their gametes into a stream. This process, spawning, is a type of

A) monogamy.
B) polyandry.
C) promiscuity.
D) polygyny.

Question 27

In some perfect flowers, the receptiveness of the stigma is delayed until after its anthers have released pollen. This delay prevents

A) outcrossing.
B) self-incompatibility.
C) parthenogenesis.
D) self-fertilization.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a genetic mechanism for sex determination?

A) There are two sex chromosomes, W and Z, and ZZ results in a male and ZW results in a female.
B) Fertilized eggs develop into females, and unfertilized eggs develop into males.
C) Eggs incubated at higher temperatures develop into females, and eggs incubated at lower temperatures develop into males.
D) Individuals with two sex chromosomes are female, and individuals with one sex chromosome are male.

Question 29

Female red deer (Cervus elaphus) of different ages were found to give birth to fawns of differing sex ratios by means of

A) temperature-dependent sex determination.
B) frequency-dependent selection.
C) local mate competition.
D) selective abortion.

Question 30

Why might an organism self-fertilize rather than outcross?

A) Self-fertilization reduces inbreeding depression.
B) Self-fertilization produces more viable offspring than outcrossing.
C) Attracting mates is expensive.
D) Self-fertilization produces more offspring than outcrossing.

Question 31

Which of these terms describes a general mating system in which individuals mate with multiple partners without a lasting social bond?

A) polyandry
B) promiscuity
C) polygamy
D) polygyny
E) monogamy

Question 32

What is the main difference between polygyny and polyandry?

A) Both are forms of polygamy; polygyny occurs when one male mates with multiple females, and polyandry occurs when one female mates with multiple males.
B) Polyandry involves the establishment of a long-term social bond, whereas polygamy does not.
C) Polygamy always involves one male with multiple females, whereas polyandry can involve one female with multiple males.
D) Polyandry and polygamy are the same mating system.

Question 33

An animal begins its life as a female. Later the dominant male dies and the female changes sex to become male. This is an example of

A) environmental sex determination.
B) frequency-dependent selection.
C) genetic sex determination.
D) frequency-independent selection.

Question 34

When researchers studied sex ratios in red deer (Cervus elaphus), they found that yearling females selectively aborted male offspring because males

A) were more expensive to raise.
B) were less reproductively valuable.
C) required longer gestation periods.
D) required longer periods of parental care.

Question 35

Which type of mating strategy is most likely to result in self-fertilization?

A) sequential hermaphrodite
B) simultaneous hermaphrodite
C) dioecious plant
D) binary fission

Question 36

Spermatophores are often involved in

A) promiscuity.
B) polygyny.
C) polyandry.
D) monogamy.

Question 37

Which mating system do honeybees employ?

A) monogamy
B) polygyny
C) promiscuity
D) polyandry

Question 38

Fig wasp populations contain a high proportion of females to males because of local mate competition. This occurs because

A) most of the females do not mate, so fewer males are required.
B) a large number of females can mate with a single male.
C) females reproduce asexually, which does not require males.
D) higher temperatures inside figs result in mostly female offspring.

Question 39

Some species of anglerfish have a unique mating strategy. Males are significantly smaller than females, and early in development they permanently attach to females. A female usually has multiple males attached, and when the female is ready to reproduce, one of the attached males provides sperm for fertilization. This mating strategy is an example of

A) polyandry.
B) promiscuity.
C) polygyny.
D) monogamy.

Question 40

Natural selection favoring the rarer sex in a population leads to evolution of sex ratios. This process is the result of

A) environmental sex determination.
B) frequency-dependent selection.
C) genetic sex determination.
D) frequency-independent selection.

Question 41

The evolution of physical traits of males to attract females or to compete with other males to mate with females is known as

A) sexual dimorphism.
B) sexual selection.
C) sexual polymorphism.
D) mate guarding.

Question 42

Which organisms are most likely to form monogamous relationships?

A) mammals
B) birds
C) insects
D) reptiles

Question 43

Which is TRUE about monogamy?

A) Insects often form monogamous relationships because males provide significant parental care to offspring.
B) Monogamous relationships are favored when males provide significant parental care to offspring.
C) Animals in monogamous relationships do not mate outside of the relationship.
D) Birds rarely form monogamous relationships because offspring require less parental care.

Question 44

In ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), long spurs on the lower legs of males are genetically linked to a gene that influences the bird's susceptibility to disease (birds with longer spurs have histocompatibility complex genes that are linked to longer life spans). This is called

A) an honest signal.
B) a true signal.
C) the handicap principle.
D) the good health hypothesis.

Question 45

Infanticide by a new dominant male lion confers which primary benefit to the dominant male?

A) Resources are not spent on cubs not related to the dominant male.
B) The dominant male does not have to care for unrelated cubs.
C) The aggressiveness of the act establishes the male's dominance in the pack.
D) Female lions are ready to breed again sooner when they are not caring for cubs.

Question 46

Which is NOT a benefit of extra-pair copulation?

A) increased fitness of offspring due to better genotype
B) increased fitness of extra male due to increased numbers of offspring
C) increased fitness of monogamous female due to greater fitness of offspring
D) increased fitness of monogamous male due to less energy expended on reproduction

Question 47

The male golden orb-weaving spider (Nephila clavipes) dies while still joined with the female following copulation. This is an example of

A) extra-pair copulation.
B) mate guarding.
C) monogamy.
D) the handicap principle.

Question 48

Which of the following is a primary sexual characteristic?

A) testicles of males
B) manes of male lions
C) antlers in male elk
D) male birds having more colorful feathers than females

Question 49

Mate guarding is selected for as a result of extra-pair copulation in

A) polygyny.
B) polyandry.
C) polygamy.
D) monogamy.

Question 50

Scientists have found that offspring of male tree frogs with long calls spend more time feeding and grow faster than offspring of male tree frogs with short calls. This supports the

A) good health hypothesis.
B) good genes hypothesis.
C) concept of runaway sexual selection.
D) handicap principle.

Question 51

What is the idea that a female selects the mate with a superior genotype called?

A) the handicapped principle
B) the good genes hypothesis
C) the good health hypothesis
D) the runaway sexual selection concept

Question 52

Sexual traits that are disadvantageous to male survival may be attractive to a female because they suggest the male possesses a superior genotype to counteract the disadvantageous trait. This is known as

A) runaway sexual selection.
B) the handicap principle.
C) the good genes hypothesis.
D) the good health hypothesis.

Question 53

According to the handicap principle, if an honest signal, the perceived advantage linked to the disadvantageous trait is

A) directly beneficial to the female.
B) genetically linked to the sexual trait.
C) inherited by offspring.
D) not inherited by offspring.

Question 54

Traits such as the large, colorful tail feathers of male peacocks are known as _____ because they are related to _____.

A) primary sexual characteristics; fertilization
B) primary sexual characteristics; courtship
C) secondary sexual characteristics; fertilization
D) secondary sexual characteristics; courtship

Question 55

Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic?

A) testicles of males
B) mammary tissues of females
C) fallopian tubes of females
D) tusks of male elephants

Question 56

When compared to asexual reproduction, costs of sexual reproduction potentially include all of the following EXCEPT

A) increased numbers of genes passed on to one's offspring.
B) increased predator exposure risks.
C) increased energy costs involved in reproductive organs.
D) increased energy costs involved with mating behaviors.

Question 57

Which partner in a monogamous relationship might participate in extra-pair copulation?

A) paired females
B) paired males
C) paired males and paired females
D) unpaired males and females

Question 58

A peacock is significantly more colorful than a peahen and has a much larger tail. These traits allow the peacock to attract a mate but also make the peacock more visible to predators. This is an example of

A) runaway sexual selection.
B) sexual conflict.
C) the good health hypothesis.
D) the good genes hypothesis.

Question 59

Which of the following traits would NOT be considered a material benefit?

A) quality nesting site
B) high-quality territory
C) long tail feathers
D) abundant food

Question 60

Why has the microbe Wolbachia evolved mechanisms to alter the sex ratio of fruit flies and mosquitos?

A) Wolbachia are passed only through infected eggs.
B) Wolbachia reproduce only in males.
C) Females are more susceptible to Wolbachia than males.
D) Males are more susceptible to Wolbachia than females.

Question 61

What is the idea that a female selects the healthiest mate called?

A) the handicapped principle
B) the good genes hypothesis
C) the good health hypothesis
D) the runaway sexual selection concept

Question 62

In many species females are different from males in appearance. This difference in phenotype between the sexes is called

A) sexual selection.
B) sexual dimorphism.
C) sexual diversity.
D) sexual richness.

Question 63

Research using DNA analysis has shown that, with most bird species, the eggs within a nest being incubated at the same time may be the product of a single female and more than one male. This is finding is evidence of

A) polygyny.
B) polyandry.
C) extra-pair copulation.
D) promiscuity.

Question 64

An organism at times mates by outcrossing and other times mates by self-fertilization. What might the organism be responding to?

A) changes in daily temperature profile
B) changes in mate availability
C) changes in age of the organism
D) seasonal changes

Question 65

The idea that when selection for a preference by the female of a sexual trait and selection for that trait continue to reinforce each other and lead to extreme traits manifested in the male is called what?

A) the handicapped principle
B) the good genes hypothesis
C) the good health hypothesis
D) the runaway sexual selection concept