Deck 8: Life Histories

Question 1

Grime proposed that combinations of life history traits in plants are mainly determined by three factors. Which is NOT one of these factors?

A) disturbance
B) herbivory
C) competition
D) stress

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Consider a species with a fast potential growth rate, reproduction at a relatively early age, allocation of a small proportion of net production to seeds, and reliance on vegetative spread. According to Grime's classification of life history traits, this species fits the profile of a

A) stress-tolerant species.
B) facilitator.
C) ruderal.
D) competitor.
E) fixed-trait strategist.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which plant life history type, fast or slow, would best describe a weed species that is a good invader of new habitats?

Answer 3

not answered

Question 4

Fecundity is the

A) number of reproductive episodes of an organism.
B) amount of overall energy expended to reproduction over the life of an organism.
C) number of offspring produced by an organism per reproductive episode.
D) period in the life of an organism when it can produce offspring.

Question 5

When adults have a high probability of survival from one year to the next and offspring survival is relatively poor, the best strategy for an adult to maximize fitness is to

A) increase fecundity at the expense of survival.
B) delay reproduction for the next cycle.
C) increase survival at the expense of fecundity.
D) invest all excess energy in having fewer but larger offspring.
E) maintain a balance of fecundity and survival.

Question 6

How does having a large number of offspring affect a parent's fitness for subsequent breeding seasons?

A) It could limit the number of offspring the adult produces in its life.
B) The increased energy needed to feed many offspring may lower adult survival in the following breeding season.
C) The energy required to feed many offspring could trigger smaller broods in the future.
D) Competition with offspring for food could reduce energy for future reproduction.

Question 7

Explain why life history variables, such as number of offspring, size of offspring, and degree of parental care, are often correlated.

Question 8

For birds, age at maturity

A) varies directly with annual survival rates of adults.
B) varies inversely with annual survival rates of adults.
C) varies with the productivity of the environment.
D) is not related to annual survival rates of adults.

Question 9

Which life history type do mammals exhibit?

A) slow
B) delayed
C) fast
D) accelerated

Question 10

Some marine snails (species L) produce large numbers of small eggs that are shed into the sea, hatch at an early stage of development, and feed on microscopic plants. Other marine snails (species S) produce few eggs that are retained for a long time within the body of the mother snail in a brood pouch, hatch at an advanced stage of development, and immediately begin to feed on the surfaces of large plants like the adults. A biologist discovers approximately equal numbers of adults of species L and S in the same area over many generations. While studying the two species of snails, the biologist hypothesizes that the two species expend approximately the same amount of energy producing young. What assumption is the biologist making?

A) Species S snails could produce as many eggs as species L snails under certain conditions.
B) An egg of species S contains more energy than an egg of species L.
C) Since species L snails produce more eggs, these eggs probably contain more energy.
D) Species S snails provide some energy to the young when they are in the brood pouch.

Question 11

Which of the following does NOT apply to determinate growth?

A) growth in body size throughout life
B) cessation of growth upon maturation (adulthood)
C) a fixed age of maturation
D) characteristic of bird and mammals
E) iteroparity

Question 12

Which does NOT have slow life history attributes?

A) oak tree
B) herbaceous weeds
C) elephant
D) giant tortoise
E) bald eagle

Question 13

Which life history trait is most likely to be fixed for a species?

A) timing of reproduction in the life span
B) number of offspring
C) survival rate of offspring
D) total energy given to reproduction
E) size of offspring

Question 14

The principle of allocation states that life history traits are adapted to maximize

A) fitness.
B) frequency of reproduction.
C) number of offspring in the population.
D) ability of offspring to start populations in new habitats.
E) fecundity.

Question 15

Consider a species with a slow potential growth rate, reproduction at a relatively late age, allocation of a small proportion of net production to seeds, and reliance on vegetative spread. According to Grime's classification of life history traits, this species fits the profile of a

A) stress tolerator.
B) facilitator.
C) ruderal.
D) competitor.
E) fixed-trait strategist.

Question 16

Explain the main life history trait that differentiates ruderals and stress-tolerators.

Question 17

Some marine snails (species L) produce large numbers of small eggs that are shed into the sea, hatch at an early stage of development, and feed on microscopic plants. Other marine snails (species S) produce few eggs that are retained for a long time within the body of the mother snail in a brood pouch, hatch at an advanced stage of development, and immediately begin to feed on the surfaces of large plants like the adults. If a biologist discovers approximately equal numbers of adults of species L and S in the same area over many generations, which of the following is most likely?

A) Young that parents care for until they reach a more advanced stage have a greater chance of survival.
B) Approximately the same percentage of young produced by each species survive to maturity.
C) Organisms that produce a greater number of offspring will likely replace organisms with fewer offspring.
D) The young of species L grow more rapidly than the young of species S.

Question 18

Which of the following does NOT apply to indeterminate growth?

A) growth in body size throughout life
B) cessation of growth upon maturation (adulthood)
C) flexible age of maturation
D) characteristic of plants and insects
E) semelparity

Question 19

Which does NOT have fast life history attributes?

A) rabbit
B) fruit fly
C) grasses
D) albatross
E) shrimp

Question 20

Which life history type, fast or slow, is more likely to describe an endangered animal species?

Question 21

Explain two significant ways in which environmental productivity and stability can influence the number of offspring produced and their probability of survival.

Question 22

Yucca plants are mostly iteroparous, but some can be semelparous. Based on the information in Figure 8.9, semelparous yuccas have a higher percentage of seed germination, which suggests high fitness. Why, then, are most yucca varieties iteroparous?

Question 23

A mature female sockeye salmon swims up to 5,000 km from her Pacific Ocean feeding ground to the mouth of a coastal river in British Columbia and then another 1,000 km upstream to her spawning ground. Once there, she lays thousands of eggs in her single reproductive event and promptly dies. The salmon's reproductive life history is

A) semelparous.
B) iteroparous.
C) annual.
D) perennial.

Question 24

According to the figure, what are the implications of producing five versus eight eggs? Which option should be favored by natural selection?

Question 25

Which variable best summarizes the response to increased predation mortality for adults and suggests that putting more energy into reproduction provides an improved fitness benefit?

A) mature male guppy size
B) offspring volume (percent of adult mass)
C) number of offspring
D) embryo weight

Question 26

What type of reproduction will be favored if adult plant survival is low because of a disturbance such as fire?

A) semelparity
B) iteroparity
C) annual
D) perennial

Question 27

How would fecundity and age at maturity be influenced by adult and juvenile survival rates?

Question 28

The number of chicks fledged in a brood may not be independent of the number of eggs produced. How might researchers test these variables independently to determine whether there is a relationship between them?

Question 29

Red foxes mature after their first year of life and may live for 5 to 10 years. Foxes often reproduce many times over their life. The term to describe this aspect of their life history is

A) opportunistic.
B) precocious.
C) iteroparous.
D) semelparous.

Question 30

In human females the increased prevalence of birth defects in offspring and of infertility after 30 years of age is one indication of

A) iteroparity.
B) semelparity.
C) senescence.
D) middle age.
E) reproductive failure.

Question 31

A gradual decrease in fecundity and increase in the probability of mortality is known as

A) logistic growth.
B) acclimation.
C) senescence.
D) semelparity.

Question 32

We might expect natural selection to favor organisms that produce more offspring. Why is this not the case for species with a high degree of parental care?

Question 33

If maintaining high survival and reproduction would increase an individual's fitness at any age, what is the most likely reason these traits decline with age in humans?

A) fewer reproductive opportunities
B) increased risk of death from childbirth
C) DNA damaged over time
D) increased exposure to toxins
E) less efficient metabolism

Question 34

Use the information in the figure to explain whether the fitness of the parent increases with more eggs produced and why.

Question 35

Compare the relative influence of determinate and indeterminate growth patterns on natural selection for adult size.

Question 36

Bet hedging (spreading reproduction over both good and bad years) has been proposed as an advantage to

A) iteroparity.
B) semelparity.
C) both iteroparity and semelparity.
D) neither iteroparity nor semelparity.

Question 37

Tropical songbirds tend to lay fewer eggs in each clutch than birds nesting at higher latitudes. David Lack of Oxford University first placed this observation in a life history context. To what relation did Lack attribute this pattern?

Question 38

Which panel best illustrates the most direct effect of predation?

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d

Question 39

What is the reproduction pattern of most insects?

A) semelparity
B) iteroparity
C) annual
D) perennial

Question 40

For seed-producing trees, what conditions might favor production of few relatively large seeds? What conditions might favor production of many relatively small seeds?

Question 41

The data in the figure show a relationship between the mean flowering date for many plant species around Concord, New Hampshire, and the mean spring temperature over a time span exceeding 150 years. However, there is a lot of scatter around the best-fit line in panel b. What information in the chapter might suggest the source of this scatter, and what does it imply about the plant species' cues for flowering?

Question 42

How might population density affect life history?

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of increased resource availability?

A) fast growth
B) early development
C) large size at maturation
D) reduced predation risk

Question 44

The number of reproductive episodes that an organism experiences is called

A) fecundity.
B) parity.
C) longevity.
D) life history.

Question 45

Explain how human fishing for larger individuals from a population of fish can reduce the average maturation time in the population.

Question 46

One might suppose that an earlier, longer summer would be beneficial for most species, because it offers a longer growing season for offspring. How might earlier offspring births in a predator species be detrimental to it?

Question 47

Many animals undergo a dramatic metamorphosis from larval to adult form. Poorly nourished animals cannot grow as fast as well-nourished animals and therefore do not reach a given mass as quickly as their well-nourished counterparts. If metamorphosis occurs when a specific minimum body mass is reached, which of the following costs is most likely incurred by a poorly nourished animal?

A) longer period of risk of predation prior to reproduction
B) reduced reproductive output as an adult
C) deformed offspring
D) offspring with poor competitive ability
E) reduced parental care

Question 48

For some organisms, warmer spring temperatures have led to

A) larger adult size.
B) larger offspring at birth.
C) later offspring production.
D) earlier offspring production.
E) delayed maturation

Question 49

Is senescence inevitable? Please explain your answer, accounting for the great variation in patterns of aging among different species.

Question 50

Explain the relationship between the two plotted variables in Figure 8.14. How can egg development and laying occur prior to the end of May if there is a relation between the mean date of laying and average temperatures for May?

Question 51

Research on frogs has shown that compared to well-nourished counterparts, poorly nourished frogs mature at

A) the same size but at a much later age.
B) the same age but at a much smaller size.
C) a somewhat later age and at a somewhat smaller size.
D) a somewhat earlier age and at a somewhat smaller size.

Question 52

The equation Y = mx + b is for a

A) parabola.
B) hypotenuse.
C) straight line.
D) intercept.

Question 53

Many life history events are matched to seasonal changes in environmental conditions, such as the onset of winter. Explain why photoperiod is a more reliable seasonal indicator for plants than air temperature.

Question 54

Describe the difference between an organism that displays determinate growth and an organism that displays indeterminate growth. Provide examples of organisms that display each growth type.

Question 55

What is meant by the principle of allocation and how is this concept related to fitness?

Question 56

Size limits for fish catches typically refer to the minimum size of individuals that can be harvested and retained. How might size limits affect the spawning strategy of a fish population compared to no size limits, assuming the fish captured are representative of the size distribution of the population?

Question 57

Using Grime's categories, describe the general environment in which one is likely to find competitors, stress tolerators, and ruderals.

Question 58

Would human removal of large fish from a population influence both the age of maturation in the population and the proportion of energy dedicated to reproduction? Explain your answer.

Question 59

The error sum of squares in a regression is based on

A) the difference between the observed and expected values of yi.
B) the degree of change in y per unit x.
C) on how close the y-intercept is relative to 0.
D) how much the best-fit line deviates from linearity.

Question 60

What environmental factor would likely lead to later maturation with an iteroparous reproductive strategy?

A) fewer interspecific competitors
B) higher rainfall over several years
C) a lower severity and frequency of disturbance
D) global warming

Question 61

Migratory birds are likely responding to what environmental cue to initiate the behavior leading to migration from the northern breeding grounds to their more southern overwintering areas?

A) changes in temperature as seasons change
B) changes in food supply as seasons change
C) changes in predator activity as seasons change
D) changes in day length as seasons change

Question 62

Birds and mammals tend to have shorter times to sexual maturity as compared to reptiles and fish. Why?

A) Endotherms grow more rapidly than ectotherms.
B) Birds and mammals have smaller surface-area-to-volume ratios than reptiles and fish.
C) Birds and mammals are internal fertilizers.
D) Birds and mammals live in more stable environments than reptiles and fish.

Question 63

The amount of light that occurs each day and changes as the seasons progress is termed

A) photosynthetic potential.
B) photosynthetic active period.
C) photoperiod.
D) seasonal photosynthetic level.

Question 64

Which of the following statements regarding semelparous and iteroparous organisms is true?

A) An organism that has an annual life history must be semelparous.
B) An organism that has a perennial life history must be iteroparous.
C) An organism that has an annual life history must be semelparous.
D) There is no general statement that can be made regarding an organism's life history and the organism's frequency of breeding.

Question 65

Research on the 17-year periodical cicada emergence pattern has shown that this semelparous organism appears to be sensitive to

A) changing soil temperature.
B) changing soil pH.
C) the reproductive cycles of the host plant it will grow on.
D) the age of the host plant that it will grow on.

Question 66

Reproductive trade-offs that an organism might face include all of the following except

A) the number of offspring produced versus the size and development of the offspring.
B) the number of offspring versus the level of parental care provided the offspring.
C) the energy expended by the parent in caring for the offspring versus energy available for the growth and survival of the parent.
D) the costs of hibernation during the nonbreeding season versus the costs of migration.