Deck 3: Adaptations to Terrestrial Environments　

Question 1

What soil would you expect to have the highest field capacity?

A) loam
B) silty clay
C) silt
D) sandy loam
E) silt loam

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Explain why loam is good for agriculture.

Answer 2

not answered

Question 3

How can soil type affect salinization?

Answer 3

not answered

Question 4

The wavelengths of light suitable for photosynthesis are

A) 220 to 600 nm.
B) 300 to 850 nm.
C) 400 to 700 nm.
D) 100 to 340 nm.
E) 500 to 600 nm.

Question 5

The attraction between water molecules causes

A) root pressure.
B) xylem.
C) tension.
D) cohesion.

Question 6

Root cell adaptation to prevent the cell solutes from equilibrating with the water in the soil includes
I) semipermeable membranes that prevent the transfer of large molecules.
II) cell membranes that can prevent the transfer of water out of the cell.
III) cell membranes that can actively transport ions across the gradient.

A) I and II only
B) I and III only
C) II and III only
D) III only
E) I, II, and III

Question 7

The potential energy generated by the attractive forces between water molecules and soil particles is

A) osmotic potential.
B) water potential.
C) soil potential.
D) matric potential.

Question 8

Salinization

A) can be caused by repeated irrigation.
B) is a process resulting in sandy soil.
C) increases the water potential.
D) leaches away the nutrients in soil.

Question 9

Which soil has the largest particles?

A) clay
B) sand
C) loam
D) silt

Question 10

Which electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength?

A) microwaves
B) infrared rays
C) ultraviolet rays
D) radio waves

Question 11

Which is NOT a nutrient that plants obtain from the soil?

A) carbon
B) nitrogen
C) calcium
D) phosphorus

Question 12

Which is NOT an adaptation by camels to low water availability?

A) the ability to store excess water
B) high surface-area-to-volume ratio
C) increased tolerance for high body temperature
D) increased cooling of the blood for the brain

Question 13

Why are stomata necessary? What benefit do they provide, and how?

Question 14

A plant with a high number of stomata

A) has a high root pressure.
B) is resistant to salinization.
C) has a low rate of photosynthesis.
D) has a high rate of transpiration.
E) can survive high water potential conditions.

Question 15

Transpiration is the

A) movement of water from the soil to a plant's roots.
B) absorption of carbon dioxide.
C) evaporation of water from a leaf.
D) loss of energy due to respiration.

Question 16

In which soil would the percentage of water be the highest at the wilting point?

A) silty clay
B) sandy clay loam
C) loam
D) sandy loam

Question 17

The specialized organelles used in photosynthesis are called

A) thylakoids.
B) chloroplasts.
C) carotenoids.
D) RuBisCOs.

Question 18

One factor that drives the movement of water from roots to leaves is

A) gravity.
B) tension.
C) concentration differentials.
D) osmotic potential.

Question 19

The field capacity of the soil is the

A) number of plants it can support.
B) amount of water held against gravity.
C) amount of nutrients the soil can hold.
D) nutrients accessible to plants.

Question 20

Which statement about electromagnetic wavelength is TRUE?

A) As wavelength increases, energy decreases.
B) The longest wavelength is approximately one meter.
C) About half of electromagnetic wavelengths are visible to the human eye.
D) Gamma radiation is the fastest-moving wavelength.

Question 21

The development of small leaves with many veins is primarily for

A) reduced evaporation.
B) increased water absorption.
C) increased heat dissipation.
D) embolism prevention.

Question 22

Which is NOT used by animals to remove excess nitrogen?

A) urea
B) ammonia
C) uric acid
D) nitrite

Question 23

A unique feature of CAM photosynthesis (crassulacean acid metabolism) is

A) the use of oxaloacetic acid.
B) a daily cycle of photosynthesis.
C) increased photosynthesis at high temperatures.
D) the ability to use both phosphoenolpyruvic acid and RuBisCO.

Question 24

Explain why most plants are green.

Question 25

Which organ is responsible for removing salts from mammals?

A) liver
B) kidney
C) lower intestine
D) thyroid

Question 26

Explain why the C4 pathway accounts for a high proportion of photosynthesis worldwide and why this is unexpected.

Question 27

The Calvin cycle in CAM photosynthesis occurs in

A) xylem cells.
B) mesophyll cells.
C) bundle sheath cells.
D) lower epidermis cells.

Question 28

An organism's ability to maintain constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external environment is called

A) thermoregulation.
B) metabolism.
C) active regulation.
D) homeostasis.
E) negative feedback.

Question 29

Which photosynthesis method is best suited to warm, dry environments?
I) C3 fixation
II) C4 fixation
III) CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)

A) I only
B) I and II only
C) II only
D) II and III only
E) III only

Question 30

What is the primary cause of increased nitrogen in animals?

A) absorption by the blood during respiration
B) high concentrations in water sources
C) inability to metabolize nitrogen gas
D) the consumption of proteins

Question 31

Which compound is NOT used to store energy in photosynthesis?

A) ATP
B) NADPH
C) PEP
D) OAA

Question 32

Why does limited water increase an organism's effort to maintain homeostasis?

Question 33

Photosynthesis primarily allows plants to produce

A) glucose.
B) oxygen.
C) nitrogen.
D) carbon dioxide.

Question 34

Carbon-3 photosynthesis

A) is the most common form of photosynthesis.
B) uses malic acid during the Calvin cycle.
C) does not require RuBisCO.
D) is common in succulent plants.

Question 35

Explain how the C4 pathway reduces reliance on water.

Question 36

In which soil types would a CAM pathway plant have an advantage over a C3 pathway plant? Explain why.

Question 37

Explain the similarities and differences between the C4 pathway and CAM pathway for photosynthesis.

Question 38

Accessory pigments in photosynthesis include

A) carotenoids.
B) stroma.
C) thylakoids.
D) chlorophyll a.

Question 39

The first compound formed after light is absorbed by a plant is

A) RuBisCO.
B) ATP.
C) Glucose.
D) PEP.

Question 40

What adaptation has occurred in species with limited access to fresh water?

A) modified tear glands
B) increased skin surface area
C) enlarged liver
D) small loop of Henle

Question 41

How are independent variables used in scientific experiments? What is an example of an independent variable and a related experiment?

Question 42

How does fur affect heat transfer?

Question 43

Which heat transfer method occurs with contact?

A) convection
B) evaporation
C) radiation
D) conduction

Question 44

The amount of heat due to radiation increases with the ______ power of absolute temperature.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth
E) fifth

Question 45

Explain how water moves up in a plant from the roots to the leaves against the pull of gravity.

Question 46

How does size affect heat exchange in animals?

Question 47

Which of the following is an endotherm?

A) an ant
B) a whale
C) a tree
D) a snake

Question 48

Which heat transfer method in organisms causes only cooling?

A) convection
B) evaporation
C) radiation
D) conduction

Question 49

Wind causes heat transfer by

A) convection.
B) evaporation.
C) radiation.
D) conduction.

Question 50

Explain the benefits and costs of increased transpiration in cotton.

Question 51

The primary source of heat on Earth is

A) evaporation.
B) convection.
C) radiation.
D) conduction.

Question 52

Explain why uric acid is more costly to excrete than urea.

Question 53

Which of the following is a categorical variable?

A) color
B) pressure
C) light
D) energy

Question 54

Which is an adaptation to manage cold in extremities?

A) blood shunting
B) concurrent circulation
C) lack of precapillary sphincters
D) increased insulation

Question 55

Which method of heat transfer is used to assist in population estimates?

A) conduction
B) convection
C) evaporation
D) radiation

Question 56

Which is NOT an adaptation for cotton growing in Texas?

A) C4 pathway photosynthesis
B) an earlier planting date
C) the use of cytokinin
D) RuBisCO variations

Question 57

What characteristic of an organism would increase the energy required to maintain its temperature?

A) high thermal inertia
B) low surface area
C) a large temperature difference
D) a thick boundary layer

Question 58

Explain negative feedback with an example.

Question 59

A nominal variable is also known as

A) dependent.
B) independent.
C) categorical.
D) continuous.

Question 60

An organism that does not maintain a constant body temperature is a(n)

A) ectotherm.
B) endotherm.
C) homeotherm.
D) poikilotherm.

Question 61

Which is NOT a true statement?

A) All ectotherms are poikilotherms.
B) Ectotherms tend to have lower metabolic rates than endotherms.
C) Ectotherms are able to alter their body temperature.
D) Ectotherms have body temperatures that are determined largely by their external environment.

Question 62

Which is NOT a characteristic of the plant known as skunk cabbage?

A) It is an ectotherm.
B) It flowers late in the fall when temperatures drop below freezing.
C) It generates metabolic heat by burning glucose in its mitochondria.
D) At times it acts like an endotherm.

Question 63

To maintain homeostasis in terms of body heat, an organism would need to potentially balance all of the following except

A) increased conductive heat loss.
B) increased convective heat loss.
C) increased radiative heat gain.
D) increased evaporative heat gain.

Question 64

Which is NOT an adaptation that plants may have to deal with hot, dry conditions?

A) waxy cuticles on the leaf surface
B) individual leaves with large surface area
C) fine hairs on the surface of the leaf
D) no leaves on the plant

Question 65

Describe the adaptations that a desert animal may possess to survive in such a dry environment.

Question 66

Some species of birds have specific adaptations of their circulatory system to decrease heat loss to the environment. Those adaptations include which of the following?

A) increased red blood cell count
B) an enlarged spleen
C) countercurrent blood circulation
D) hemoglobin with a higher affinity for oxygen

Question 67

If you were designing a pair of chest waders for people fly fishing in cold mountain streams, what would be an aspect of your design to decrease convective heat loss?

Question 68

An animal curling up into a ball on a cold winter night is attempting to

A) increase radiative heat gain.
B) increase convective heat gain.
C) decrease evaporative cooling.
D) decrease conductive heat loss.

Question 69

All things being equal, which organism would potentially lose body heat at a greater rate?

A) moose
B) elephant
C) fox
D) mouse