Deck 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Stimulus motives provide an evolutionary disadvantage.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is defined as the ordering of needs from most basic (physiological needs such as hunger and thirst) to most elaborate and sophisticated (self-actualization).

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Masters and Johnson use the term sexual arousal cycle to describe the changes that occur in the body as men and women become sexually aroused.

Question 5

Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward.

Question 6

One's gender identity refers to one's sense of whether a person sees herself or himself as being female, male, or somewhere in between

Question 7

The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that events are first processed by the brain. Body patterns of arousal, action, and our emotional responses are then triggered simultaneously.

Question 8

The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is the "start-eating" center of the brain; the lateral hypothalamus is the "stop-eating" center of the brain.

Question 9

Men produce seven to ten times the testosterone produced by women.

Question 10

Money, food, a sexually attractive person, social approval, and attention are all examples of incentives.

Question 11

The __________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.

A)hypothalamus
B)foramen magnum
C)hippocampus
D)occipital nucleus

Question 12

Physical needs give rise to drives like hunger and thirst.

Question 13

A(n) __________ rat is characterized by excessive eating.

A)hypoglycemic
B)aphagic
C)hyperphagic
D)hypoglycemic

Question 14

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, achievement, prestige, and status are included under esteem needs.

Question 15

Research shows that eating disorders are more common when the family environment is negative, with possible history of child abuse or neglect, or exposure to high parental expectations.

Question 16

The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions cause our behavioral responses to events.

Question 17

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves, such as in response to a fight-or-flight response, is known as the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 18

Joshua wants to do well in academics to get his parents' approval and appreciation. This is an example of a physiological need.

Question 19

In a research setting when people exhibited pain through facial expressions they rated electric shocks as more painful. This is an example of the facial-feedback hypothesis.

Question 20

The psychology of motivation concerns the whys and hows of behavior.

Question 21

Which of the following is the sequence of phases for the sexual response cycle?

A)resolution, excitement, plateau, orgasmic
B)resolution, excitement, orgasmic, plateau
C)excitement, orgasmic, plateau, resolution
D)excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution

Question 22

Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through __________.

A)the drive-reduction process
B)personal choices
C)extrinsic rewards
D)the self-actualization need

Question 23

Cognitive theorists note that:

A)people represent their worlds mentally.
B)people's behavior is mechanical and primarily aimed toward survival.
C)people are motivated to reduce tension.
D)motivation is independent of environmental factors.

Question 24

The __________ is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration.

A)corpus callosum
B)peripheral nervous system
C)olfactory system
D)autonomic nervous system

Question 25

In an experiment, Jay and Alissa are injected with the same concentration of a harmless drug. The purpose of the drug is to create arousal in the subjects who are injected. After a while, the arousal manifests as anger in Jay and as happiness in Alissa. Jay felt angry that he was injected with an unknown substance, but Alissa was happy to be a part of the experiment. These experimental findings can be explained by the _________.

A)cognitive dissonance theory
B)Cannon-Bard theory
C)cognitive appraisal theory
D)James-Lange theory

Question 26

An incentive ________.

A)is purely psychological
B)always satisfies goals
C)can satisfy a need
D)can only satisfy a drive

Question 27

Which of the following is true of psychological needs?

A)Psychological needs include the need for pain avoidance and proper temperature.
B)Psychological needs are always based on states of deprivation.
C)Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another.
D)Psychological needs are the basic needs required for survival.

Question 28

Vomiting, binge eating, fasting, the use of laxatives, and engaging in prolonged exercise regimens are potentially characteristics of _________.

A)anorexia nervosa
B)bulimia nervosa
C)aphagia
D)female athlete triad

Question 29

In the context of the drive-reduction theory, which of the following is true of acquired drives?

A)They are developed through experience.
B)They are passed though genes.
C)They are the primary manifestation of physiological needs.
D)They are primarily a result of physical deprivation.

Question 30

Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and has recently lost a lot of weight. Despite this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from?

A)Anorexia nervosa
B)Hyperphagia
C)Bulimia nervosa
D)Adaptive thermogenesis

Question 31

The _________ is the second phase of the sexual response cycle.

A)resolution phase
B)orgasmic phase
C)plateau phase
D)ejaculation phase

Question 32

In the context of hunger, which of the following statements is true of the blood sugar level?

A)The level of sugar in the blood increases when we are deprived of food.
B)The increase in blood sugar starts hunger pangs.
C)The drop in blood sugar triggers feelings of satiety.
D)The drop in blood sugar is communicated to the hypothalamus.

Question 33

According to James and Lange, __________ are the cognitive representations of automatic physiological and behavioral responses.

A)needs
B)emotions
C)drives
D)incentives

Question 34

In the context of hunger, we get signals of satiety from the _________.

A)appendix
B)gall bladder
C)mouth
D)pancreas

Question 35

According to Savic and her colleagues (2010), during pregnancy sexual differentiation:

A)is determined at conception.
B)of the sex organs occurs during the last trimester of pregnancy and brain structures differentiate during the second trimester of the pregnancy.
C)of the sex organs occurs during the first two months and brain structures differentiate during the second half of the pregnancy.
D)of the sex organs occurs concurrently during the second trimester.

Question 36

When the lateral hypothalamus of a rat is destroyed, it may most likely ________.

A)eat until it doubles in size
B)search frantically for food
C)become hyperphagic
D)become aphagic

Question 37

Ophelia is in high school. She enjoys studying and does well in school. Her parents encourage her to think and act independently. Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self-satisfaction. In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a(n) _________.

A)altruistic aim
B)learning goal
C)primary need
D)extrinsic goal

Question 38

The __________ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy to the body.

A)corpus callosum
B)central nervous system
C)sympathetic nervous system
D)parasympathetic nervous system

Question 39

__________ can sabotage the efforts of overweight people to maintain a slender profile.

A)Adaptive thermogenesis
B)Adaptive mutagenesis
C)Homeostasis
D)Apostasis

Question 40

The work of McClelland (1965) found that college graduates who were high in achievement motivation:

A)sought careers that had elements of risk, decision making, business management, sales, or self-employment.
B)primarily in non-entrepreneurial positions.
C)preferred minimally challenging careers so they could have more energy for their recreational activities.
D)were often insubordinate at work

Question 41

In the case of stimulus motives, organisms __________.

A)seek to decrease states of arousal
B)maintain homeostasis
C)act to reduce external stimuli
D)seek to increase stimulation

Question 42

Which of the following is not a cognitive perspective on motivation?

A)People strive to become what their culture emphasizes of them.
B)People strive to become what they are capable of being.
C)People attempt to eliminate inconsistencies.
D)People attempt to keep their beliefs and behavior consistent.

Question 43

According to William Masters and Virginia Johnson:

A)women are less likely to want to combine sex with a romantic relationship.
B)people may be more culturally attuned to focus on sex similarities rather than differences.
C)women do not produce testosterone.
D)men and women have similar biological responses to sexual stimulation.

Question 44

In the context of hunger, if the __________ of a rat is electrically stimulated-that is, "switched on"-the rat stops eating until the current is turned off.

A)ventromedial nucleus
B)foramen magnum
C)hippocampus
D)occipital nucleus

Question 45

__________ is the swelling of the genital tissues with blood, causing erection of the penis and swelling of the area surrounding the vaginal opening.

A)Vasoconstriction
B)Myalgia
C)Myotonia
D)Vasocongestion

Question 46

In the context of hunger, which of the following is true?

A)Watching television increases the amount of food we eat.
B)Watching television makes us focus on what we are eating.
C)Psychological factors are not associated with the human hunger drive.
D)Physiological factors are not associated with the human hunger drive.

Question 47

Pansy is romantically and sexually attracted to both males and females. She is most likely to be labeled _________.

A)heterosexual
B)homosexual
C)asexual
D)bisexual

Question 48

_________ is best described as the field of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction; joy, sensual pleasure, and happiness; and optimism and hope for the future.

A)Experimental psychology
B)Positive psychology
C)Forensic psychology
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 49

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, what must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs?

A)Self-actualization
B)Safety needs
C)Love and belongingness
D)Physiological needs

Question 50

Which of the following is true of drives?

A)Psychological needs for approval, achievement, and belonging give rise to drives.
B)Psychological drives do not differ from person to person.
C)Drives tend to be weaker when we have been deprived longer.
D)The drives of hunger and thirst are examples of physiological drives.

Question 51

According to your text, one of the common complaints concerning the Kinsey reports was that ________.

A)they asked extremely personal questions
B)it was collected from a non-random sample
C)it was not valid
D)they collected too much information

Question 52

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that:

A)organisms seek to increase stimulation.
B)primary drives are triggered in a state of satiety.
C)humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal.
D)pain cannot trigger arousal and activate behavior.

Question 53

When _______ is surgically destroyed in rats they tend to eat excessively.

A)ventromedial nucleus
B)lateral hypothalamus
C)hypothalamus
D)pituitary gland

Question 54

In the context of women, which of the following is true of androgens?

A)Mammary glands produce androgens in women.
B)Ovaries produce androgens in women.
C)The pituitary gland produces androgens in women.
D)The uterus produces androgens in women.

Question 55

In the context of hunger, adaptive thermogenesis causes _________ when someone goes on a diet.

A)the body to produce more energy
B)the body to burn fewer calories
C)aphagia
D)hyperphagia

Question 56

Alina thinks that she is overweight. She often indulges in binge eating and later forcibly vomits the food. Which eating disorder is Alina most likely suffering from?

A)Porphyria.
B)Anorexia nervosa.
C)Bulimia nervosa.
D)Adaptive thermogenesis.

Question 57

Animals that have just copulated and thereby reduced their primary sex drives often show renewed interest in sex when presented with a novel sex partner. This is an example of__________.

A)stimulus motives
B)intuition
C)homeostasis
D)drive reduction

Question 58

According to your text, which of the following does not help regulate our hunger?

A)Hypothalamus
B)Blood sugar level
C)Receptors in our liver
D)Hippocampus

Question 59

During __________, female rats respond to males by hopping, wiggling their ears, and arching their backs with their tails to one side, thus enabling males to penetrate them.

A)the resolution phase
B)estrus
C)revascularization
D)the refractory period

Question 60

Jorge works for a finance company. His boss tells him that he will get a raise if he completes his work two days before the actual deadline. The raise that Jorge is being offered is referred to as a(n) _____.

A)drive
B)need
C)incentive
D)desire

Question 61

In the context of hunger, which of the following is true of human beings?

A)Physiological factors are not associated with the human hunger drive.
B)Psychological factors play an important role in the human hunger drive.
C)Human beings eat only when they are hungry.
D)In human beings, the emotional state of being bored is not associated with eating.

Question 62

The height of sexual excitement involving involuntary muscle contractions and release of sexual tensions is termed __________.

A)orgasm
B)infarction
C)stressor
D)repression

Question 63

Which of the following is true of the evolutionary perspective of motivation?

A)It states that instinctive behaviors are genetically transmitted.
B)It states that animals do not have prewired tendencies to respond to situations.
C)It states that social influences rather than heredity factors determine behavior.
D)It states that humans are the only species that displays instinctive behavior.

Question 64

According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues (2015), which of the following is true of human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones?

A)They show a decreased likelihood of developing a lesbian sexual orientation.
B)They are more likely to demonstrate possible changes in gender identity.
C)They have heightened tendencies to display submissive behavior.
D)They show decreased male-stereotyped play during childhood.

Question 65

Which of the following is one of the most common concerns about the Cannon-Bard theory?

A)The theory says that emotions do not involve cognitions.
B)The theory claims that facial expressions do not affect emotional states.
C)The theory says that emotions occur independently from the environment.
D)The theory says that emotions are produced by bodily changes.

Question 66

According to Bray and Bouchard, concerning obesity, which of the following statements is inaccurate?

A)More than two out of three adult Americans are overweight.
B)In the United States unhealthy weight gain is on the rise.
C)Obesity increases by level of education.
D)Obesity increases the risk of high cholesterol levels, stroke, heart disease and some cancers.

Question 67

In the context of the sexual response cycle, __________ is muscle tension, which causes grimaces, spasms in the hands and feet, and the spasms of orgasm.

A)vasocongestion
B)myotonia
C)ejaculation
D)refraction

Question 68

In the context of theories of motivation, birds build nests __________.

A)by instinct
B)when given extrinsic rewards
C)to fulfill self-actualization needs
D)to fulfill acquired needs

Question 69

In the context of hunger, __________ is the state of being satisfied.

A)estrus
B)vasocongestion
C)resolution
D)satiety

Question 70

When watching a horror movie, Mark was frightened by a scene; he reacted by dropping the glass of soda that he was holding. This reaction is linked to the __________.

A)ventral hypothalamus
B)sympathetic nervous system
C)parasympathetic nervous system
D)lateral hypothalamus

Question 71

Which of the following is not one of Ekman's (1980) universal emotions?

A)anger
B)happiness
C)surprise
D)confusion

Question 72

________ refers to one's sense of whether a person sees herself or himself as being female, male, or somewhere in between.

A)Sexual identity
B)Gender dysphoria
C)Gender identity
D)Sexual expression

Question 73

A(n) __________ is a state of deprivation.

A)intuition
B)instinct
C)need
D)incentive

Question 74

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the typical Body Mass Index for women is between the ranges of ________.

A)10 to 15
B)15 to 20
C)20 to 25
D)25 to 30

Question 75

Feeling states with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components are defined as ________.

A)drives
B)instincts
C)emotions
D)incentives

Question 76

__________ is a mechanism that would help preserve life in times of famine.

A)Adaptive thermogenesis
B)Adaptive mutagenesis
C)Homeostasis
D)Apostasis

Question 77

According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues (2015), human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones:

A)show a decreased likelihood of developing a lesbian sexual orientation.
B)demonstrate an increased likelihood of developing a heterosexual orientation.
C)do not demonstrate a conflict in gender identity.
D)show increased male-stereotyped play during childhood.

Question 78

Researchers have shown that sexual orientation is __________.

A)primarily genetic
B)something that is learned
C)due to unconscious processes
D)a failed love and belongingness need

Question 79

When a rat's ventromedial nucleus is destroyed, the rat will:

A)develop an aversion to food.
B)stop eating solid food.
C)begin to eat uncontrollably.
D)continue to eat the amount of food it does normally.

Question 80

After a long day of holiday shopping Ms. Jeyaraj was exhausted. The stores were absolutely packed with people and traffic was horrific. All she wanted to do now was sit in a quiet room in her house and read a book. This is best explained by which of the following theories?

A)Drive-reduction theory
B)Stimulus motive theory
C)Evolutionary theory
D)Hierarchy of needs