Deck 1: What Is Psychology

Question 1

Jalen wondered how many blueberries are necessary for the perfect-tasting pancake. In this example, changing the number of blueberries would be considered the dependent variable.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In the context of psychological research, debriefing is the process of explaining the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

John B. Watson developed the social-cognitive perspective, arguing for the influence of social factors over cognition.

Question 5

Paulina is a kindergarten teacher. Every time one of her students answers correctly during her alphabet classes, she uses phrases like "Well done" and "Keep it up." Her behavior exemplifies reinforcement.

Question 6

According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.

Question 7

Many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them.

Question 8

Structuralists tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"

Question 9

Ravi is unable to choose the right career path after completing his college education. He plans to visit a psychologist who might help him find the right career. In this scenario, Ravi is most likely to visit a human factors psychologist.

Question 10

Psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

Question 11

A sample consists of multiple populations.

Question 12

Correlations allow us to determine causality.

Question 13

Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud.

Question 14

As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.

Question 15

Erik Erikson focused more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction.

Question 16

Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units.

Question 17

Sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind.

Question 18

In a study conducted to test the effect of a medicine, one group of participants is given the medicine while another group is not. The latter would be considered an experimental group.

Question 19

Structuralists emphasized the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.

Question 20

In the 1940s and 1950s, psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy.

Question 21

Identify a true statement about social-cognitive theorists.

A)They believe that people are typically good and are predisposed to exhibit ethical conduct.
B)They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others.
C)They define psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes.
D)They believe that human social behavior is solely based on hereditary principles.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists?

A)Counseling psychologists deal exclusively with clients who suffer from serious psychological disorders.
B)Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior.
C)School psychologists focus on planning instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children.
D)Health psychologists apply psychology to the criminal justice system.

Question 23

Functionalism was influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution which:

A)accepted the belief of random mutations.
B)considered humans as another form of animal.
C)believed adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained.
D)stated it takes thousands of years for species to evolve.

Question 24

Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from earlier psychodynamic practitioners in that they:

A)emphasized on environmental influences and the learning of habits through repetition.
B)focused less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction.
C)focused on the evolution of behavior in order to understand the human psyche.
D)believed that people perceive separate pieces of information as integrated wholes.

Question 25

Julie's research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months. She needs to gather data about the sample group's attitude toward certain situations through a questionnaire, but she has limited time to gather the information. Which of the following methods should Julie use to gather the required information?

A)The survey method.
B)The placebo method.
C)Naturalistic observation.
D)The experimental method.

Question 26

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of biologically-oriented psychologists?

A)They believe that self-awareness, experience, and choice permit us to invent ourselves and our ways of relating to the world as we progress through life.
B)They study the influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes.
C)They investigate the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgments, make decisions, and use language.
D)They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.

Question 27

Which of the following is a drawback of case studies?

A)Interviewers may influence participants to give responses that suit their expectations.
B)Case studies are not descriptive and hence do not offer substantial information about participants.
C)Interviewers are required to disclose personal information about clients.
D)Case studies do not collect information about small groups.

Question 28

In every experiment, the ______ is what the researcher is trying to determine has changed or not.

A)dependent variable
B)confounding variable
C)correlation coefficient
D)stratified sample

Question 29

Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution. Brandon's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ perspective.

A)psychodynamic
B)cognitive
C)biological
D)humanistic-existential

Question 30

Since 15 percent of a university is comprised of Asian-American students, a sample for a study was chosen in such way that it, too, consisted of 15 percent Asian Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a __________.

A)random sample
B)static sample
C)crowd sample
D)stratified sample

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true of William James's contribution to psychology?

A)He argued that the stream of consciousness was fluid and continuous.
B)He theorized that experience can be broken down into objective sensations and subjective feelings.
C)He pointed out that people were social creatures who influenced one another.
D)He believed that organisms learn to behave only through reinforcement.

Question 32

Which of the following is true of Aristotle's contribution to psychology?

A)He held that people's behavior should be analyzed subjectively and not objectively.
B)He suggested that one could think of behavior in terms of a body and a mind.
C)He argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws.
D)He pointed out that people's behavior is solely influenced by external stimulation.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research?

A)In the experimental method of research, participants in control groups obtain the treatment being tested.
B)The experimental method fails to answer questions about cause and effect.
C)In the experimental method of research, participants in experimental groups do not obtain the treatment being tested.
D)The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect.

Question 34

Wilhelm Wundt used __________ to try to discover the basic elements of experience.

A)introspection
B)reinforcement
C)psychoanalysis
D)existentialism

Question 35

Ned is feeling stressed because of his workload at the office. He is also experiencing insomnia with rapid weight loss. Ned's condition is an example of a __________ correlation.

A)horizontal
B)negative
C)lateral
D)positive

Question 36

__________ are different from clinical psychologists in that their clients typically have adjustment problems, such as trouble making academic or vocational decisions or making friends in college, but not serious psychological disorders.

A)Personality psychologists
B)Organizational psychologists
C)Developmental psychologists
D)Counseling psychologists

Question 37

As discussed in your text, the Literary Digest incorrectly predicted Alf Landon to win the 1936 presidential election over Franklin D. Roosevelt. What is believed to be the primary source of their error?

A)The control group.
B)The dependent variable.
C)The placebo group.
D)The sample.

Question 38

Which of the following psychologists might treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes?

A)Forensic psychologists
B)Clinical psychologists
C)Personality psychologists
D)Experimental psychologists

Question 39

_____ was a founder of the school of functionalism.

A)B.F.Skinner
B)Wilhelm Wundt
C)William James
D)Kurt Koffka

Question 40

A(n) _____ primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work.

A)industrial psychologist
B)human factors psychologist
C)forensic psychologist
D)consumer psychologist

Question 41

One of the advantages of __________ is that by distributing questionnaires and analyzing answers with a computer, psychologists can study many thousands of people at a time.

A)surveys
B)case studies
C)interviews
D)simulation techniques

Question 42

Which of the following is true of B. F. Skinner's contribution to behaviorism?

A)He believed that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so.
B)He focused on the relation between conscious experience and behavior in shaping the human psyche.
C)He used introspection to try to discover the basic elements of experience that influenced human behavior.
D)He stated that psychology should be defined as the study of behavior and mental processes.

Question 43

Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is most likely a(n) ________.

A)health psychologist
B)forensic psychologist
C)industrial psychologist
D)environmental psychologist

Question 44

According to the biological perspective of psychology, __________ interact with inherited factors to determine specific behavior and mental processes.

A)goals set by people
B)cognitive factors
C)dreams experienced by people
D)environmental factors

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true of clinical psychologists?

A)They study ways to encourage people to recycle and to preserve bastions of wilderness.
B)They evaluate problems such as anxiety and depression through interviews and psychological tests.
C)They deal with clients who have minor adjustment problems but not with clients who have serious psychological disorders.
D)They deal with legal matters such as whether a defendant was sane when committing a crime.

Question 46

While industrial psychologists focus on the relationships between people and work, __________ study the behavior of people in workplaces such as businesses.

A)organizational psychologists
B)forensic psychologists
C)developmental psychologists
D)personality psychologists

Question 47

According to the American Psychological Association's Handbooks of Ethics in Psychology, which of the following criteria must be met for psychologists to use deception in their experiments?

A)The participants are debriefed afterward.
B)They believe the individuals might not be willing to participate.
C)Only if the names of participants are kept anonymous.
D)They collect stratified samples.

Question 48

A person has trouble adjusting with the new students in his classroom. He does not have any serious psychological disorders but has trouble making new friends. A(n) _______ would most likely be consulted to help the person.

A)environmental psychologist
B)human factors psychologist
C)developmental psychologist
D)counseling psychologist

Question 49

Erica is part of a research group that is studying a group of software executives. She is trying to determine the relationship between workplace stress and cancer. As part of the same study, she also advises her subjects on ways to counter workplace stress. Erica is most likely a _________.

A)forensic psychologist
B)personality psychologist
C)health psychologist
D)human factors psychologists

Question 50

Identify the neoanalyst among the following.

A)Aristotle
B)Erik Erikson
C)B.F.Skinner
D)Carl Rogers

Question 51

_______ is the founder of Behaviorism.

A)William James
B)Sigmund Freud
C)John B.Watson
D)Wilhelm Wundt

Question 52

A _____ is a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn for an experiment.

A)random sample
B)segment
C)population
D)stratified sample

Question 53

Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He follows the principle that people are responsible for choosing their conduct. Erik's beliefs best exemplify the _______ perspective.

A)psychodynamic
B)humanistic-existential
C)biological
D)sociocultural

Question 54

The construction of a factory near Valley Mont Elementary School adversely affected the concentration of the students in the school. In order to help the students cope with this problem, the principal of the school invited a(n) _____ who was experienced in dealing with humans and their interactions with their surroundings.

A)forensic psychologist
B)social psychologist
C)environmental psychologist
D)industrial psychologist

Question 55

__________ psychologists are particularly concerned with issues related to the design of self-driving vehicles.

A)Human factors
B)Personality
C)Forensic
D)Industrial

Question 56

In Gestalt psychology, learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished primarily by ________.

A)repetition
B)insight
C)continuous practice
D)mechanical reinforcement

Question 57

Which of the following is not necessarily a part of the scientific method?

A)Formulating a research question.
B)Testing a hypothesis.
C)Calculating correlations.
D)Modifying theories.

Question 58

Social-cognitive theorists:

A)suggest that people can modify and create their environments.
B)primarily emphasize environmental influences and the learning of habits through repetition.
C)primarily emphasize environmental influences and the learning of habits through reinforcement.
D)suggest that people cannot engage in intentional learning.

Question 59

______ psychologists believed that learning consisted of both overt behaviors and meaningful "wholes."

A)Functionalists
B)Behaviorists
C)Humanists
D)Gestalt

Question 60

According to the psychoanalytic approach, a good majority of what influences our behavior is:

A)an emphasis on unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts.
B)equally divided up between our objective sensations and subjective feelings.
C)how we were reinforced as young adults.
D)our drive towards self-actualization.

Question 61

When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspectives?

A)Functionalist
B)Cognitive
C)Behaviorist
D)Biological

Question 62

Which of the following is a goal of psychology?

A)To establish behavioral and moral standards.
B)To explain behavior and mental processes.
C)To change social norms.
D)To ultimately control human behavior.

Question 63

What similarity did Wilhelm Wundt share with Aristotle?

A)Both used introspection to try to discover the basic elements of experience.
B)Both saw the mind as a natural event that could be studied scientifically, like light and heat.
C)Both believed that physical events were not related to psychological sensation and perception.
D)Both agreed on the relation between the unconscious mind and behavior.

Question 64

Psychologists with a __________ perspective are most likely to explore how individuals find meaning in their lives and seek personal growth.

A)cognitive
B)behaviorist
C)humanistic-existential
D)sociocultural

Question 65

Which of the following people helped conduct pioneering research that added to the Supreme Court decision in 1954 (Brown versus Board of Education) to end inequalities in public schools?

A)Kenneth Clark and Mamie Clark
B)John Watson and Mary Calkins
C)William James and Mary Ainsworth
D)Jorge Sanchez and Elizabeth Loftus

Question 66

Which of the following is true of behaviorism?

A)Behaviorists define psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes.
B)Behaviorism emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind over conscious actions and behavior.
C)Behaviorism holds that the mind functions by combining the objective and subjective elements of experience.
D)Behaviorism explains the relationship between the brain, hormones, evolution, heredity, and behavior.

Question 67

Kohler's pioneering work with chimpanzees revealed:

A)that sometimes learning occurs suddenly.
B)that they are unable to problem solve.
C)a slow and methodical approach to problem solving.
D)that they need to see every step involved in the problem-solving process.

Question 68

Raoul is one of the best football players in Newborn Warriors. However, his stamina has been reducing and he has been unable to sustain an entire game due to his habit of smoking cigarettes. In order to improve his performance, Raoul is most likely to consult a __________.

A)developmental psychologist
B)human factors psychologist
C)health psychologist
D)social psychologist

Question 69

__________ is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence.

A)Introspection
B)Critical thinking
C)Reinforcement
D)Conditioning

Question 70

_____ refers to the culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity.

A)Gender
B)Sexuality
C)Class
D)Race

Question 71

An association among variables is known as __________.

A)a constant
B)a sample
C)volunteer bias
D)correlation

Question 72

The _______ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams-and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species-are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain.

A)cognitive
B)biological
C)humanistic-existential
D)psychodynamic

Question 73

__________ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making.

A)Behaviorism
B)Humanism
C)Structuralism
D)Functionalism

Question 74

Which of the following is an important factor emphasized by the sociocultural perspective in understanding behavior and mental processes?

A)Superego
B)Gender
C)Mutation
D)Ego

Question 75

You have always wanted to know how your friend performs so well on her college exams. To find out how she studies, you decide to study with her for your next exam. This approach is most similar to:

A)surveys.
B)experiments.
C)naturalistic observation.
D)case studies.

Question 76

Which of the following statements is true of applied research?

A)It is categorized as research for its own sake.
B)It is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems.
C)It has no immediate application to personal or social problems.
D)It is broad and nonspecific in its approach.

Question 77

_______ were the first to believe that the mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience.

A)Structuralists
B)Functionalists
C)Behaviorists
D)Psychoanalysts

Question 78

Sujay is conducting a research on a group of factory machinists as part of a study on workplace stress and heart disease. Before conducting his study, he explains the objective of the study to the subjects and tells them what they would need to do. He gives them the opportunity to choose if they want to participate or not. In other words, Sujay is seeking __________.

A)reinforcement
B)informed consent
C)a placebo effect
D)participant exclusion

Question 79

__________ allows psychologists and other scientists to observe behavior where it happens, or "in the field."

A)Experimental observation
B)Controlled observation
C)Naturalistic observation
D)Introspective observation

Question 80

Amelia is a general physician. One of her patients claimed to be suffering from constant stomach aches. After running some tests, Amelia concludes that the patient is not suffering from any medical disorder. However, the patient insisted that she has stomach cancer. The patient then volunteered for a medical trial where she was given a pill with a new medication while participants in the trial were given sugar pills. This best exemplifies _____.

A)a volunteer bias
B)a placebo
C)a nocebo
D)debriefing