Deck 11: Families and Intimate Relationships

Question 1

Having engaged in a homosexual behavior does not necessarily classify a person as homosexual.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Most cross-dressers are homosexual men.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Gender belief systems, which are made legitimate by religion, science, law, and social values, may change over time as gender roles change.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Gender refers to the socially constructed differences between males and females.

Question 5

Research shows that unintentional gender bias occurs in virtually all educational settings.

Question 6

As societies begin to industrialize, women's status tends to decline further.

Question 7

The Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination in housing against members of the LGBT community.

Question 8

Most of the world's population no longer lives in agrarian societies.

Question 9

Gender is not one of the major ways by which social life is organized in all sectors of society.

Question 10

A person's earnings depend a great deal on where the person is located in the occupational structure of the labor market.

Question 11

A transgender person is an individual whose gender identity does not match the person's assigned identity.

Question 12

Sexism is interwoven with patriarchy-a hierarchal system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men.

Question 13

During adolescence, adults are more effective agents of gender socialization than peers.

Question 14

A lack of official statistics makes it difficult to determine how many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT).

Question 15

Eating disorders only affect women.

Question 16

Men and women can both be victims of sexism.

Question 17

Across cultures, girls are preferred to boys, especially when the number of children that parents can have is limited by law or economic conditions.

Question 18

Gender inequality and male dominance are uncommon in the twenty-first century.

Question 19

Society distinguishes between males and females, yet evaluates each according to the same standards.

Question 20

Intersexed anatomy is always apparent at birth.

Question 21

Each of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic in men except:

A) the penis
B) a more muscular build
C) a deeper voice
D) more body and facial hair

Question 22

Most cross-dressers are _.

A) lesbian women
B) gay men
C) heterosexual women
D) heterosexual men

Question 23

At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An XX chromosome pairing is associated with a .

A) hermaphrodite embryo
B) male embryo
C) heterosexual embryo
D) female embryo

Question 24

Women's increased participation in paid employment has resulted in radical changes in the division of household labor.

Question 25

Some people may be genetically of one sex but have a gender identity of the other. These people are termed , in which the sex-related structure of the brain that defines gender identity is opposite from the physical sex organs of the person's body.

A) hermaphrodite
B) transgendered
C) transvestite
D) homosexual

Question 26

At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An XY chromosome generally means a .

A) heterosexual embryo
B) male embryo
C) hermaphrodite embryo
D) female embryo

Question 27

At birth, male and female infants are distinguished by , the genitalia used in the reproductive process.

A) tertiary sex characteristics
B) primary sex characteristics
C) cultural tendencies
D) secondary sex characteristics

Question 28

At puberty, an increased production of hormones results in the development of , the physical traits (other than reproductive organs) that identify an individual's sex.

A) primary sex characteristics
B) hormonal correlates
C) secondary sex characteristics
D) tertiary sex characteristics

Question 29

One dimension of the objectification of women is that .

A) women tend to be responded to as "females," and their personal qualities and accomplishments are of secondary or very little importance
B) women are seen as being "all different," with an emphasis on their unique body parts
C) women are seen as independent, aloof, and without regard for the needs of others.
D) women are seen as difficult to ignore, are dismissed, or are trivialized

Question 30

Sex is not always clear-cut. Occasionally, a hormone imbalance before birth produces a person who is , in whom sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete.

A) transsexual
B) intersexed
C) transvestite
D) homosexual

Question 31

Each of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic in women except:

A) enlarged breasts
B) wider hips
C) menstruation
D) the vagina

Question 32

Hijra, xanith, and berdache are all examples of a(n) .

A) "third sex"
B) transvestite
C) homosexual
D) intersexed person

Question 33

The text uses the term for men or women who do not alter their genitalia but who live as members of the opposite sex.

A) cross-dresser
B) transsexual
C) transgender
D) homosexual

Question 34

refers to an individual's preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).

A) Sexism
B) Gender identity
C) Sexual identification
D) Sexual orientation

Question 35

A chromosomally normal (XY) male was born with a penis just one centimeter long and a small opening similar to that of a female vagina. This individual would be referred to as .

A) transsexual
B) bisexual
C) intersexed
D) transvestite

Question 36

Although men's average wages vary depending upon age, women's average wages are always lower than those of men in the same age group, and the older that women get, the greater the gap.

Question 37

refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.

A) Sex
B) Primary distinction
C) Gender
D) Secondary distinction

Question 38

In a definitive study of sexuality in the mid-1990s, researchers at the University of Chicago established three criteria for identifying people as homosexual or bisexual. Which of the following is not one of the criteria they identified?

A) sexual attraction to persons of one's own gender
B) having engaged in a homosexual encounter at a young age
C) sexual involvement with one or more persons of one's own gender
D) self-identification as a gay, lesbian, or bisexual

Question 39

The term refers to individuals whose appearance, behavior, or self-identification does not conform to their assigned sex and identification by others as male or female.

A) multigender
B) transvestite
C) transsexual
D) transgender

Question 40

The term refers to the process of treating people as if they were things, not human beings. Typically, this occurs when we judge people on the basis of their physical appearance rather than on the basis of their individual qualities or actions.

A) objectification
B) reification
C) mechanization
D) rationalization

Question 41

is a person's perception of the self as female or male. Typically established between eighteen months and three years of age, it is a powerful aspect of our self-concept.

A) Gender identity
B) Sexual identity
C) Gender role
D) Body consciousness

Question 42

refers to a person binge-eating, then purging the food by induced vomiting, excessive exercise, laxatives, or fasting.

A) Anorexia
B) Obesity
C) Bulimia
D) Gestation

Question 43

The term refers to a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by women. Few, if any, societies have been organized in this way.

A) oligarchy
B) patriarchy
C) matriliny
D) matriarchy

Question 44

Various organizations of gays, lesbians, and transgendered persons have been unified in their desire to reduce hate crimes and other forms of -the extreme prejudice directed at gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and others who are perceived as not being heterosexual.

A) homosexism
B) homophobia
C) heterophobia
D) misogyny

Question 45

Which of these would be the subject of a microlevel analysis of gender?

A) the way gender is embedded in language
B) policies for gender roles in social institutions such as the military
C) the messages a mother or father gives to his or her child about "being a man"
D) religious doctrine that addresses gender

Question 46

The is the level of technology and the organization of the economy in a given society.

A) subsistence
B) division of labor
C) technoeconomic base
D) adaptive strategy

Question 47

Which of these countries was the last to offer legal recognition of gay and lesbian marital relationships?

A) Canada
B) Netherlands
C) Switzerland
D) United States

Question 48

Which of these would the subject of a macrolevel analysis of gender?

A) how two female best friends talk to each other
B) the messages a father gives his son about being a man
C) how a mother discusses menstruation with her daughter
D) how gender is embedded in language

Question 49

When sexual harassment is reported to teachers, .

A) immediate disciplinary action usually follows
B) the problem is often ignored
C) the status of women in the school rises
D) the federal government must get involved

Question 50

According to the text, three factors are important in determining the gendered division of labor in a society, including the _.

A) type of subsistence base
B) percentage of governance that is female
C) product being produced by society
D) presence of a second shift

Question 51

refers to the means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life, including food, shelter, and clothing.

A) Technoeconomic base
B) Division of labor
C) Subsistence
D) Pastoralism

Question 52

refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.

A) Sexual role
B) Gender identity
C) Gender role
D) Sexual identity

Question 53

The text points out that a macrolevel analysis of gender examines structural features, external to the individual, that perpetuate gender inequality. These structures have been referred to as , meaning that gender is one of the major ways by which social life is organized in all sectors of society.

A) gendered institutions
B) gendered structures
C) gendered correlates
D) gendered determinants

Question 54

Sexism is interwoven with , which is a hierarchical system of social organization where cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men.

A) patriarchy
B) polyarchy
C) matriarchy
D) monoarchy

Question 55

In the United States, males are traditionally expected to demonstrate aggressiveness and toughness, whereas females have been expected to be passive and nurturing. This illustrates the concept of .

A) sexual identity
B) gender role
C) sexual role
D) gender identity

Question 56

refer(s) to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."

A) Gender
B) Primary sexual identifiers
C) Sex
D) Secondary sexual identifiers

Question 57

in the social world is/are gendered.

A) Virtually everything
B) Nothing
C) Only institutions
D) Only families

Question 58

is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body; it also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge.

A) Sexual identity
B) Gender identity
C) Body consciousness
D) Gender role

Question 59

The term refers to all the ideas regarding masculine and feminine attributes that are held to be valid in a society.

A) sexual norms
B) gender belief system
C) gender identity
D) body consciousness

Question 60

is the term for the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.

A) Sexism
B) Homophobia
C) Patriliny
D) Sexual orientation

Question 61

The earliest known type of division of labor between women and men is found in societies.

A) pastoral
B) horticultural
C) agrarian
D) hunting and gathering

Question 62

For a variety of reasons, more postindustrial society households are headed by women with no adult male present. In 2015, nearly of African American children lived with their mother only.

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 65 percent

Question 63

In their investigation of the role of peer groups for college women, anthropologists Holland and Eisenhart found that _________________________.

A) the peer system propelled women into a world of romance in which their attractiveness to men counted most
B) the women's peers influenced everything from their choices of majors and careers to their final courses of action in making plans for the future
C) there was little peer influence of any kind
D) peer influence had no role in choice of major or adherence to goals

Question 64

A(n) is one in which factory or mechanized production has replaced agriculture as the major form of economic activity.

A) commerce society
B) industrial society
C) pastoral society
D) agrarian society

Question 65

In which of these types of societies do women have relative equality with men?

A) hunting and gathering
B) horticultural
C) agrarian
D) industrial

Question 66

In postindustrial societies such as the United States, approximately of adult women are in the labor force.

A) 25 percent
B) 33 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 60 percent

Question 67

In societies, a steady source of food becomes available. People grow their own food using simple hand tools, such as the digging stick and the hoe.

A) horticultural
B) agrarian
C) industrial
D) pastoral

Question 68

Gender-appropriate behavior is .

A) acquired at birth
B) fixed and inalterable by age 5
C) learned through the socialization process
D) difficult for some people to learn

Question 69

One of the characteristics of agrarian societies that contribute to gender inequality is _.

A) public ownership of property
B) female control over distribution of food surplus and the kinship system
C) women's production of domestic goods
D) the need for legitimate heirs for private property

Question 70

are societies in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.

A) Preindustrial societies
B) Agricultural societies
C) Postindustrial societies
D) Industrial societies

Question 71

Parents are involved in gender socialization through .

A) the purchase of children's toys that reflect the parents' gender expectation
B) responding more quickly to the cries of male babies
C) interacting with boy and girl children in the same ways
D) giving more gentle treatment to boy babies

Question 72

in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by women at home and the paid work that was increasingly performed by men and unmarried girls.

A) Industrialization
B) Agriculturalism
C) Postmodernism
D) Horticulturalism

Question 73

The assignment of chores to children by parents typically results in .

A) maintenance chores being assigned to girls
B) domestic chores being assigned to boys
C) chore assignments tending to be gender-neutral when made by mothers
D) girls being more often responsible for caring for younger brothers and sisters

Question 74

The text cites a comprehensive study of gender bias in schools; the study suggests that girls' self-esteem is undermined in school through a number of experiences, including .

A) a relative surplus of attention from teachers
B) direct rejection by instructors
C) the stereotyping and invisibility of females in science and math texts
D) sexual harassment by male teachers

Question 75

In , the division of labor in paid employment is increasingly based on whether people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs such as fast-food restaurant counter help or health care work.

A) industrial societies
B) postindustrial societies
C) agricultural societies
D) preindustrial societies

Question 76

refers to the domestication of large animals as the primary means of subsistence.

A) Agrarianism
B) Horticulture
C) Pastoralism
D) Industrialization

Question 77

According to the text's discussion of peers and gender socialization, .

A) during adolescence, peers are usually less effective agents of gender socialization than are adults
B) male bonding does not occur until after adolescence is completed
C) peer acceptance does not appear to be as important to males and females today as it has been in the past
D) peer groups on college campuses are organized largely around gender

Question 78

In discussing peers and gender socialization, the text points out that .

A) male peer groups place more pressure on boys to do "masculine" things than female peer groups place on girls to do "feminine" things
B) female peer groups place more pressure on girls to do "feminine" things than male peer groups place on boys to do "masculine" things
C) today peer groups of both sexes tend not to promote gender roles
D) peer groups actually have little influence on adolescent development

Question 79

consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other.

A) Gender preference
B) Sexual harassment
C) Gender bias
D) Sexual discrimination

Question 80

In most hunting and gathering societies, .

A) men dominate because they have the ability to provide all of the food necessary for survival
B) women are subordinate economic partners with men
C) relationships between women and men tend to be cooperative and relatively egalitarian
D) women control the food surplus