Deck 6: Deviance and Crime

Question 1

The mass media continues to perpetuate images of stereotypical gender norms.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

There is general agreement that children are incapable of sophisticated levels of moral reasoning.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Biological inheritance is more important than social interaction in establishing an individual's human nature.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The family is the most important agent of socialization in all societies.

Question 5

Resocialization is always involuntary.

Question 6

Carol Gilligan has argued that, in contrast to women, men are more likely to be concerned about the consequences of behavior.

Question 7

There are different patterns of socialization that are correlated with families of different social classes.

Question 8

According to sociologists, there is no such thing as "peer pressure."

Question 9

Freud's psychoanalytic theory of human development was a product of the Victorian era and has little or no relevance for understanding human development today.

Question 10

The most important aspects of racial identity and attitudes toward other racial-ethnic groups are passed down from generation to generation within social institutions such as the church.

Question 11

Studies in gerontology and the sociology of medicine find that most adults may be categorized according to their age, health status, and lifestyle.

Question 12

The most frequent form of child maltreatment is sexual abuse.

Question 13

There is hardly any human behavior that is not influenced by social interaction.

Question 14

According to the symbolic interactionist perspectives of sociologists Cooley and Mead, our sense of self is permanently fixed once we reach adulthood.

Question 15

Schools have become more important socialization instruments as the number of one-parent families and families in which both parents work outside the home has increased.

Question 16

Today, the vast majority of American teenagers use the Internet every day.

Question 17

Piaget suggested that some children move through the stages of cognitive development more quickly than others.

Question 18

The socialization process yields the same outcomes in all societies.

Question 19

Applying the framework for cognitive development created by Jean Piaget, it is possible for a child to be in several stages at the same time, depending on the child's individual personalities.

Question 20

From a sociological perspective, we cannot form a sense of self or personal identity without intense social contact with others.

Question 21

pioneered sociobiology, arguing that genetic inheritance underlies many forms of social behavior, including war and peace, envy and concern for others, and competition and cooperation.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Lawrence Kohlberg
C) Jean Piaget
D) Edward Wilson

Question 22

In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to .

A) social influence
B) contact with others
C) cultural tradition
D) heredity

Question 23

Which of these statements is the best explanation of the relative influence of biological and social factors in human development?

A) Biological principles explain all forms of human behavior.
B) There is hardly any human behavior that is influenced by biological factors.
C) Heredity provides the basic material out of which social interaction shapes human characteristics.
D) It is clear that biological principles have far greater ability to explain human behavior than does social interaction.

Question 24

The basic assumption in the psychoanalytic approach of is that human behavior and personality originate from unconscious forces within the individual.

A) George Herbert Mead
B) Charles Horton Cooley
C) Jean Piaget
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 25

A kindergartner, nervous because he is about to attend his first day of school, receives advice from his older sister (who is in the sixth grade) about how to act. This is an example of .

A) self-representation
B) acculturation
C) socialization
D) assimilation

Question 26

is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.

A) Psychophysiology
B) Genetic analysis
C) Sociobiology
D) Cybernation

Question 27

is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.

A) Acculturation
B) Socialization
C) Assimilation
D) Self-representation

Question 28

Socialization is essential for the survival and stability of society. This statement reflects the perspective on socialization and society.

A) conflict theory
B) postmodern
C) functionalist
D) symbolic interactionist

Question 29

focus on how humans design their own culture and transmit it from generation to generation through socialization. By contrast, assert that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.

A) Psychologists; sociologists
B) Sociologists; sociobiologists
C) Sociobiologists; psychologists
D) Sociobiologists; sociologists

Question 30

The cases of Anna and Genie are presented in the text in order to illustrate the point that _.

A) even negative abusive socialization will help an individual achieve her potential
B) socialization is essential for normal human development
C) the most neglected children can still be said to have been socialized
D) the negative effects of social isolation can be overcome with the proper treatment

Question 31

In the "nature versus nurture" debate regarding socialization, the "nature" component refers to .

A) cultural tradition
B) heredity
C) contact with others
D) social influence

Question 32

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. Which of the following is not one of the states?

A) id
B) superego
C) libido
D) ego

Question 33

In a series of laboratory experiments, psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow attempted to demonstrate __________.

A) the effects of social isolation on nonhuman primates raised without contact with others of their own species
B) that human development occurs in three stages that reflect different levels of the personality
C) how conflicts that coincide with major changes in a person's social environment can be resolved in a positive manner
D) that cognitive development occurs in stages that are significantly different for human and nonhuman primates

Question 34

Sociologist Kingsley Davis was interested in the case of Anna, a child who was kept in an attic‑like room in her grandfather's house, because .

A) he was studying the parenting habits of young, unmarried mothers
B) he wanted to know more about what happens when a child is raised in isolation
C) he was attempting to determine how children develop a generalized other
D) he was interested in the impact of sexual abuse on later human behavior

Question 35

Which of these statements about socialization is false?

A) Socialization involves both formal and informal processes.
B) Socialization enables us to adapt to new environments.
C) Socialization is complete by the time we reach late middle age.
D) Socialization is essential for an individual to live in society.

Question 36

During which life stage is socialization the most important?

A) childhood
B) early adulthood
C) middle age
D) late adulthood

Question 37

People almost always respond to involuntary resocialization in positive ways.

Question 38

Children whose biological and emotional needs are met in settings characterized by affection, warmth, and closeness see the world _.

A) as a non-trustworthy and abusive place
B) with suspicion and fear
C) as a safe and comfortable place
D) as a hostile place

Question 39

Why is socialization such an important process for human beings?

A) Unlike other animals, humans have no biological drives.
B) Human beings are not capable of informal learning processes.
C) Human beings have an instinctive knowledge of society that is triggered by socialization.
D) Achieving full human potential requires interaction with others.

Question 40

The case of Genie, a neglected and abused child, illustrates that .

A) with proper therapy, children who have been isolated can eventually become fully developed and independent
B) children who have experienced extreme isolation do not live long enough to reach adulthood
C) it is not possible for children who experience extreme social isolation and neglect to ever achieve their full human potential
D) isolated children actually recover more quickly from cognitive damage than physical damage

Question 41

Which of these is the correct sequence of psychologist Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A) preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, and concrete operational
B) concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational, and sensorimotor
C) preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational, and sensorimotor
D) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Question 42

Which is an example of child neglect?

A) A parent washes her child's mouth out with soap for cursing.
B) A parent grounds his child for one week for missing curfew.
C) A parent slaps her child across the face for spilling a cup of juice.
D) A parent fails to provide three meals per day for his child.

Question 43

According to Piaget, in the stage, children are unable to engage in symbolic thought or use language.

A) sensorimotor
B) formal operational
C) preoperational
D) concrete operational

Question 44

Piaget believed that in each stage of human development (from birth through adolescence), children's activities are governed by their .

A) individual psyches
B) perception of the world around them
C) socialization
D) interactions with others

Question 45

Lawrence Kohlberg elaborated on the theories of .

A) Karen Horney
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Carol Gilligan
D) Jean Piaget

Question 46

According to psychologist Carol Gilligan, the key weakness of Lawrence Kohlberg's model was that it _.

A) underestimated human potential for immorality
B) was based on only male respondents
C) ignored key social psychological insights
D) overemphasized the subconscious mind

Question 47

According to Freud, a well-adjusted individual successfully manages the opposing forces of the and the _.

A) psychic impulse; ego
B) id; ego
C) ego; superego
D) id; superego

Question 48

Psychologist Jean Piaget was a pioneer in the field of , which explores how people's ability to think and process information changes over time.

A) psychoanalysis
B) psychosocial development
C) cognitive development
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 49

Rachelle and Luis really want a new sports utility vehicle, but have recently had their first child. Luis says to Rachelle that the car will have to wait until sometime when they have more resources. His attitude is an illustration of the _.

A) libido
B) ego
C) id
D) superego

Question 50

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on innate pleasure-seeking drives.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) libido

Question 51

According to psychologist Jean Piaget, toward the end of the second year of life, children begin to use words as mental symbols and to form mental images. He referred to this as the stage.

A) concrete operational
B) preoperational
C) sensorimotor
D) formal operational

Question 52

In psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, during the level, children view evil behavior as that which is likely to be punished, and good behavior as obedience and avoidance of unwanted consequences.

A) conventional
B) subconventional
C) postconventional
D) preconventional

Question 53

In psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, by the stage, adolescents are able to engage in highly abstract thought and understand places, things, and events they have never seen. They can think about the future and evaluate different options or courses of action.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) formal operational
D) concrete operational

Question 54

Which of the stages in the theory of psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg is not reached by most adults?

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) subconventional

Question 55

According to Freud, the is expressed in recognition of parental control and later of the demands of society.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) libido

Question 56

Psychologist Jean Piaget showed children two identical glasses filled with the same amount of water. After the children agreed that both glasses held the same amount of water, Piaget poured the water from one glass into a taller, narrower glass and then asked them about the amounts of water in each glass. Tyler thought that the taller glass held more water because the water line was higher than in the shorter, wider glass. This is an indication that Tyler is in the stage of development.

A) sensorimotor
B) concrete operational
C) preoperational
D) formal operational

Question 57

Psychologist Carol Gilligan concluded that women and men often have divergent views on _ .

A) social class
B) education
C) religion
D) morality

Question 58

According to Kohlberg's framework of moral development, most adults are governed by concern for how they are viewed by others and whether or not they will be punished for their behavior. This is termed the level of moral development.

A) subconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) preconventional

Question 59

According to Freud, "It's wrong to steal" is an expression of the .

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) libido

Question 60

Psychologist Jean Piaget showed children two identical glasses filled with the same amount of water. After the children agreed that both glasses held the same amount of water, Piaget poured the water from one glass into a taller, narrower glass and then asked them about the amounts of water in each glass. Tamara noted that both containers still had the same amount of water, even though they were different shapes and sizes. This would indicate that Tamara is in the stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) concrete operational
C) formal operational
D) preoperational

Question 61

The "me" is the element of the self, which is composed of the internalized attitudes and demands of other members of society and the individual's awareness of those demands.

A) imaginary
B) subjective
C) objective
D) neutral

Question 62

Which of these is not a step in the process of the looking-glass self?

A) We imagine how our personality and appearance look to others.
B) We imagine how others judge the personality and appearance we present.
C) We evaluate the attitudes that we perceive from others in terms of their correctness.
D) We develop a self-concept based on our perception of the attitudes of others.

Question 63

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, in the stage of self-development, interactions lack meaning and children largely imitate the people around them.

A) play
B) preparatory
C) game
D) assimilation

Question 64

Sociologist divided the self into the "I" and the "me."

A) Charles Horton Cooley
B) Erik Erikson
C) Neil Smelser
D) George Herbert Mead

Question 65

According to the sociological perspective, four components make up our self-concept. Which of the following is not one of the components of our self-concept?

A) physical self
B) creative self
C) active self
D) social self

Question 66

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, refers to the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view.

A) role-exploration
B) role-assumption
C) role-taking
D) role-searching

Question 67

The "I" is the element of the self and represents the spontaneous and unique traits of each person.

A) subjective
B) objective
C) imaginary
D) neutral

Question 68

George Herbert Mead breaks down the development of the self into three stages. Which of these is not one of them?

A) preparatory
B) conventional
C) play
D) game

Question 69

Sociologist George Herbert Mead's concept of the other refers to the child's awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's subculture.

A) generalized
B) perceived
C) secondary
D) significant

Question 70

From a contemporary perspective, children are active and creative agents, not just passive recipients of the socialization process. From this view, children construct their own peer culture by borrowing from adult culture.

A) postmodernist
B) functionalist
C) symbolic interactionist
D) conflict

Question 71

is the term for the sum total of perceptions and feelings that an individual has of being a distinct and unique person (a sense of who and what one is).

A) Personality
B) Psyche
C) Self
D) Individuation

Question 72

Psychologist Carol Gilligan believes that women and men often have divergent views on morality. She argued that men are more concerned with , whereas women are likely to consider the involved in the situation.

A) law and order; social relationships
B) social skills; social norms
C) social relationships; ethics
D) themselves; feelings of others

Question 73

In the framework presented by sociologist George Herbert Mead, when young children join T-ball teams and begin to learn to play baseball, they are entering the stage of self-development.

A) preparatory
B) play
C) assimilation
D) game

Question 74

According to , we cannot form a sense of self without intense social interaction with others.

A) conflict theory
B) the symbolic interactionist approach
C) postmodern sociology
D) the sociobiologist perspective

Question 75

During which life stage does one's focus tend to shift from the physical and active dimensions of self toward the social and psychological aspect?

A) between infancy and early childhood
B) in middle age
C) between early and late childhood
D) in late adulthood

Question 76

According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, the refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

A) subconscious
B) looking-glass self
C) process of role-taking
D) significant other

Question 77

Which of these statements about the self or self-concept is false?

A) One's sense of self is not present at birth.
B) In early childhood, one's focus is on the physical and active self.
C) Self-concept is the basis for communication with others.
D) Self-concept is fixed in childhood and unchanging after.

Question 78

Sociologist George Herbert Mead coined the term others for those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self.

A) significant
B) perceived
C) generalized
D) primary

Question 79

Cory is four years of age. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from The Penguin. According to sociologist George Herbert Mead's theory, he is in the stage of self-development.

A) preparatory
B) assimilation
C) play
D) game

Question 80

Luther's pastor is a very important influence in his life. Many of Luther's actions are attempts to win the approval of his pastor. Sociologist George Herbert Mead would suggest that the pastor is one of Luther's .

A) generalized others
B) secondary group members
C) significant others
D) reference group members