Deck 16: Social Change in the Global Community

Question 1

Which two theorists have taken an evolutionary position on social change, suggesting that all societies move in a definite direction toward a higher state of being?

A) Karl Marx and Ralf Dahrendorf
B) Talcott Parsons and Gerhard Lenski Jr.
C) Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim
D) Richard Berk and Howard Aldrich

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which sociological perspective would likely stress how social movements should require leaders to sharpen the awareness of the oppressed, who may suffer from false consciousness?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) epidemiological perspective

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Social change has been defined as

A) a theory that holds that society is moving in a specific direction.
B) a view of society as tending toward instability.
C) significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture.
D) a view that society is moving in several different directions at the same time.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which sociological perspective would most likely study the new social roles assumed by activists within a social movement?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) epidemiological perspective

Question 5

Organized collective activities that address values and social identities as well as improvements in the quality of life are called

A) social movements.
B) new social movements.
C) false consciousness.
D) resource mobilization.

Question 6

The writings of Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim are illustrative of

A) world systems theory.
B) evolutionary theory.
C) conflict theory.
D) interactionist theory.

Question 7

Émile Durkheim contended that societies progressed from

A) simple to sophisticated.
B) non-cultured to cultured.
C) simple to complex.
D) nonliterate to literate.

Question 8

Which term is used to refer to the ways in which a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence, access to the media, and personnel?

A) relative deprivation
B) relative mobilization
C) resource deprivation
D) resource mobilization

Question 9

The pioneering work of ________ in biological evolution contributed to nineteenth-century theories of social change. According to his approach, there has been a continuing progression of successive life forms.

A) Louis Pasteur
B) Charles Darwin
C) William
D) Émile Durkheim
F) Ogburn

Question 10

Which of the following is true regarding women and social movements?

A) Women and men have held equal status within social movements.
B) Women tend to hold more positions of leadership in social movements.
C) Women tend to find it more difficult to assume a leadership role than men.
D) Women typically do not wish to participate in most social movements.

Question 11

Auguste Comte saw societies as moving forward in their thinking from

A) mythology to scientific method.
B) scientific method to mythology.
C) mythology to religion.
D) monarchy to democracy.

Question 12

Which term refers to the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities?

A) relative deprivation
B) relative mobilization
C) resource deprivation
D) resource mobilization

Question 13

Which theory of social change holds that society is moving in a definite direction?

A) multilinear evolutionary theory
B) evolutionary theory
C) bisocial change theory
D) dichotomous change theory

Question 14

Which of the following illustrates relative deprivation?

A) a group of sweatshop workers who are incapable of buying an adequate diet for their families
B) residents of a squatter settlement in Nigeria who are incapable of affording adequate housing and plumbing
C) middle management workers in a corporation who are discontented because they cannot afford the luxury cars or expensive homes that their bosses have
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 15

The expectation that African and Latin countries will change by moving in the same direction as Western societies is consistent with

A) disengagement theory.
B) evolutionary theory.
C) world systems theory.
D) resource mobilization theory.

Question 16

New social movements

A) emphasize resource mobilization on a local level.
B) generally do not view government as their ally.
C) tend to emphasize economic issues.
D) have their roots in social class, usually working-class, activism.

Question 17

False consciousness is defined as

A) Marx's concept for actions that do not reflect the objective position of workers.
B) Parsons's concept for a state of euphoria when stability is achieved.
C) attitudes that do not reflect the objective position of workers.
D) Leary's term for a false sense of self that is drug-induced.

Question 18

A particular group of students is incorrectly labeled by the school system as "slow learners." Their teachers and parents have low expectations for them, and their academic progress is negligible. This situation would exemplify which one of Karl Marx's concepts?

A) class consciousness
B) false consciousness
C) dialectical change
D) proletariat

Question 19

Which one of the following is a description of a new social movement?

A) an environmental social movement that focuses on the interconnection of all the world's people and resources
B) a local workers' protest against poor wages and working conditions
C) a civil rights protest movement in a major American city
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 20

Which term is used by sociologists to refer to organized collective activities aimed at bringing about fundamental changes in existing society?

A) social movements
B) social groups
C) power movements
D) pressure groups

Question 21

Which sociological perspective criticizes the functionalist approach to social change for disregarding the crucial significance of change that is needed to correct social injustices and inequalities?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) dialectical perspective

Question 22

The role of women in the family has changed dramatically within the United States during the last 50 years. Women have furthered their education and developed careers. This change in the family has necessitated adaptive changes in school systems, corporations, churches, and other facets of society to provide childcare services. This situation reflects which view of social change?

A) the emergent-norm perspective
B) the equilibrium model
C) stagnancy theory
D) resource mobilization theory

Question 23

Which sociological perspective would likely suggest that members of new social movements tend to mobilize as they reject statements made by established authority figures, including scientists and technical authorities?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) epidemiological perspective

Question 24

A person needing to have his or her car repaired can go to a muffler store, a transmission shop, a tire retailer, or a gas station for a tune-up. Talcott Parsons refers to this type of specialization as

A) inclusion.
B) exclusion.
C) differentiation.
D) adaptive upgrading.

Question 25

Which of these statements about social change is true?

A) Social change is always good.
B) People who resist social change are doing so for the good of society as whole.
C) Some people have a vested interest in resisting social change.
D) Social change is not often frightening.

Question 26

The practice of colleges admitting more ethnic minorities and women, under Talcott Parsons's model, is called

A) differentiation.
B) adaptation.
C) inclusion.
D) generalization.

Question 27

Which sociological perspective would likely be interested in the labels attached to activists associated with a social movements, such as a feminist student referred to as a "bra burner?"

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) epidemiological perspective

Question 28

In Talcott Parsons's equilibrium model, the incorporation of groups that were previously excluded because of their race, ethnicity, and social class is known as

A) differentiation.
B) adaptation.
C) inclusion.
D) generalization.

Question 29

Karl Marx suggested that humanity will move toward its final stage of development through

A) unilinear change.
B) evolutionary change.
C) socialist revolution.
D) apartheid.

Question 30

Which term does Talcott Parsons use to characterize the feature of social change that involves social institutions becoming more specialized in their purposes?

A) differentiation
B) adaptive upgrading
C) inclusion
D) value generalization

Question 31

Thorstein Veblen is responsible for coining the term

A) false consciousness.
B) fads.
C) vested interests.
D) nonmaterial culture.

Question 32

Talcott Parsons's functionalist view of society as tending toward a state of stability or balance is known as

A) the emergent-norm perspective.
B) resource mobilization theory.
C) stagnancy theory.
D) the equilibrium model.

Question 33

Electronic communication can aid new social movements

A) by strengthening a group's solidarity.
B) through conveyance of leadership.
C) by reducing rumors.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 34

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to study the bestowal of status that activists assume in their new social roles created through social movements?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) epidemiological perspective

Question 35

Talcott Parsons contends that societies experience value ________, the development of new values that tolerate and legitimate a greater range of activities.

A) differentiation
B) adaptation
C) inclusion
D) generalization

Question 36

Talcott Parsons viewed society as naturally being in a state of

A) anarchy.
B) goal displacement.
C) equilibrium.
D) relative deprivation.

Question 37

Which sociologist has noted that the functionalist perspective's emphasis on stability and the conflict perspective's focus on change reflect the contradictory nature of society?

A) Émile Durkheim
B) Ferdinand Tönnies
C) Ralf Dahrendorf
D) Talcott Parsons

Question 38

The Marxist view of social change is appealing to some because it

A) permits people to take a passive role in responding to inevitable cycles or changes in material culture.
B) permits people to seize control of the historical process and gain their freedom from injustice.
C) always leads to a reduction in social inequality.
D) both permits people to seize control of the historical process and gain their freedom from injustice and always leads to a reduction in social inequality.

Question 39

Which sociological perspective argues that when changes occur in one part of a society, there must be adjustments in other parts, and if these adjustments do not occur, the society's equilibrium may be threatened?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) feminist perspective

Question 40

Which concept does Talcott Parsons use to indicate the increasing complexity of social organization?

A) differentiation
B) adaptive upgrading
C) inclusion
D) value generalization

Question 41

Which of the following is an example of material culture?

A) technology
B) ideas
C) norms
D) communications

Question 42

Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture?

A) inventions
B) artifacts
C) ideas
D) technology

Question 43

Rebellious craft workers in nineteenth-century England who destroyed new factory machinery as part of their resistance to the new Industrial Revolution were known as

A) Shakers.
B) Luddites.
C) Amish.
D) Rappites.

Question 44

According to conflict theorists, those with vested interests in preventing social change will most often include

A) factory workers.
B) the poor.
C) representatives of big business.
D) the proletariat.

Question 45

Which statement about the Industrial Revolution is true?

A) Some people were resistant to the technological and social changes associated with the Industrial Revolution.
B) The Luddites were very successful in their efforts to sabotage the Industrial Revolution.
C) There is no contemporary equivalent to the Luddites.
D) Wages rose uniformly during the Industrial Revolution.

Question 46

Which sociologist correctly predicted the collapse of the Soviet Union based on that country's twentieth-century expansionism and overextension of resources?

A) Randall Collins
B) Maureen Hallinan
C) Mikhail Gorbachev
D) Charles Perrow

Question 47

Which slang term is used to identify those who resist technological devices that have become part of our daily life?

A) luddite
B) neo-Luddite
C) urban Amish
D) neo-Amish

Question 48

A group of senators from states that are large suppliers to the space program protest the decision by the federal government to end manned space flights. This group would be an illustration of

A) Gemeinschaft.
B) technocrats.
C) vested interests.
D) bear liberals.

Question 49

Maureen Hallinan, former president of the American Sociological Association, has been critical of the ________ of social change.

A) evolutionary theory
B) equilibrium model
C) chaos theory
D) evolutionary theory and equilibrium model

Question 50

Which term refers to the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions?

A) cultural relativism
B) culture lag
C) culture shock
D) cultural integration

Question 51

Neo-Luddites are opposed to the technological changes that occurred

A) during the Industrial Revolution.
B) in postindustrial society.
C) during the postmodern revolution.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 52

Which sociologist pointed out that one cannot devise methods for controlling and utilizing new technology before the introduction of a technique, and that nonmaterial culture typically must respond to changes in material culture?

A) William Ogburn
B) Talcott Parsons
C) Sherry Turkle
D) Thorstein Veblen

Question 53

Various religious groups and their followers are very upset about scientific advances in reproductive technology, such as birth control pills, abortion pills, in-vitro fertilization, and genetic engineering. This conflict between religious values and new scientific concepts illustrates

A) material culture.
B) nonmaterial culture.
C) culture lag.
D) cultural adaptation.

Question 54

Which term refers to "cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires?"

A) invention
B) society
C) technology
D) government

Question 55

NIMBY, often used when people protest landfills, prisons, and nuclear power facilities, stands for

A) "never intervening maliciously before yesterday."
B) "nuclear interests may bury you."
C) "not in my backyard."
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 56

Which of these historical events led to the emergence of the Luddites?

A) the Industrial Revolution
B) the computer revolution
C) socialism
D) the civil rights movement

Question 57

Those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo are called

A) vested interests.
B) apartheids.
C) luddites.
D) technocrats.

Question 58

If the U.S. Congress passed strict anticigarette laws that banned their sale anywhere in the country, it would create serious problems for cigarette manufacturers, retailers, tobacco growers, tobacco farm workers, truckers, and many other employees in the cigarette industry. Each of these groups would probably oppose this legislation because they are examples of

A) culture lag.
B) nonmaterial culture.
C) luddite.
D) vested interests.

Question 59

Neo-Luddites

A) destroyed some of the machinery used in the early Industrial Revolution, when they raided factories at night.
B) have questioned the incessant expansion of industrialization.
C) were early supporters of Marxism.
D) both destroyed some of the machinery used in the early Industrial Revolution and were supporters of Marxism.

Question 60

Large families are no longer economically necessary, nor are they commonly endorsed by social norms, but certain religious faiths continue to extol large families and disapprove of using contraception to limit family size. This illustrates

A) material culture.
B) nonmaterial culture.
C) cultural relativity.
D) culture lag.

Question 61

Which sociological perspective views transnationals as a way for economies to maximize their use of human labor?

A) functionalism
B) conflict theory
C) interactionism
D) world systems theory

Question 62

Talcott Parsons used the term differentiation to refer to social institutions that become more specialized in their purposes.

Question 63

By 2012, almost ________ people were connected to the Internet.

A) 59 million
B) 84 million
C) 1.5 billion
D) 2.3 billion

Question 64

Which sociological perspective views transnational migration as having increased the economic gulf between developed and developing nations?

A) functionalism
B) conflict theory
C) interactionism
D) modernization theory

Question 65

The term vested interests refers to those people or groups who will profit in the event of social change.

Question 66

Social theorists seeking an analogy to Darwin's biological model originated evolutionary theory, which views society as moving in a definite direction.

Question 67

Which sociological perspective suggests that censorship is an ever-present danger that society's most powerful groups will use to invade the privacy of the less powerful?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) dramaturgical perspective

Question 68

Genetically modified food is referred to as ________ by its critics.

A) Frankenfood
B) Frankenstein's crops
C) Techno-friendly food
D) Frankoglop

Question 69

A new technique of using technology to increase food production and to make agriculture more economical is called

A) genetically modified food.
B) cloned food.
C) technoproduce.
D) biotech dietary supplements.

Question 70

The Patriot Act allows federal officials more latitude in

A) gathering electronic data, like banking records.
B) photographing suspects.
C) monitoring the voting patterns of criminal suspects.
D) videotaping suspects who are being interrogated.

Question 71

Which sociological perspective would suggest that the Internet serves the manifest function of facilitating communication?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) dramaturgical perspective

Question 72

One key feature of current consumer technologies is that they

A) are increasingly manufactured in Canada.
B) last a lot longer.
C) require more frequent updating.
D) are less accessible to the middle class.

Question 73

Talcott Parsons was an evolutionary theorist.

Question 74

Karl Marx suggested human society will move toward the final stage of a classless society through a socialist revolution.

Question 75

The Electronic Communications Privacy Act, which passed in 1986, requires the authorization of a U.S. attorney general and then the approval of a federal judge before surveillance of

A) e-mail.
B) faxes.
C) telephone calls.
D) telegrams.

Question 76

Which region of the world has the highest number of Internet users?

A) North America
B) Europe
C) Asia
D) Middle East

Question 77

Who is more likely to have access to the Internet?

A) an American
B) an African
C) a Latin American
D) a Middle Easterner

Question 78

Immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin with their societies of settlement are known as

A) transnationals.
B) transglobals.
C) international citizens.
D) global citizens.

Question 79

Consistent with Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems analysis, peripheral nations connecting to the Internet are required to depend on industrial giants such as North America and Europe to provide

A) cellular connections.
B) Internet hosts.
C) masters.
D) biomechanics.

Question 80

Which is the second most used language on the Internet?

A) Spanish
B) Chinese
C) English
D) Japanese