Deck 11: Stratification by Gender

Question 1

Some radical feminist theorists view the oppression of women in male-dominated societies as

A) retribution.
B) inevitable.
C) hyperreactive.
D) merely a falsity.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A man doing which of the following would be a violation of the male gender role?

A) playing football
B) getting into a fight
C) joining a knitting circle
D) spitting

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Fear of and prejudice against homosexuality is called

A) homophobia.
B) gay fright.
C) Ebonics.
D) heterophobia.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following terms is used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions?

A) identification
B) instrumentality
C) expressiveness
D) gender identity

Question 5

Conflict theorists view gender differences as

A) a reflection of the subjugation of one group, such as women, by another group, such as men.
B) necessary for the effective accomplishment of family and societal tasks.
C) unrelated to the overall exploitation and injustice found in capitalist societies.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 6

The idea that men play a variety of gender roles, including a nurturing-caring role and an effeminate-gay role, in addition to their traditional gender role of dominating women, is referred to as

A) multidimensional males.
B) multiple masculinities.
C) multifaceted men.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 7

For every one stay-at-home dad there are ________ stay-at-home moms.

A) 6
B) 15
C) 27
D) 38

Question 8

Which sociologist discussed the concept of and coined the term for multiple masculinities?

A) Arlie Hochschild
B) R. W. Connell
C) Margaret Mead
D) Robert Merton

Question 9

Research on children's books published in the U.S. in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s indicates that

A) females were significantly overrepresented in central roles and illustrations.
B) female characters were portrayed as passive and in need of strong males.
C) females were portrayed as competent and generally equal to males.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 10

Functionalists view gender roles in which of the following ways?

A) Gender roles assist in keeping women oppressed within the family structure.
B) Gender roles have a bias toward male power.
C) Gender roles are necessary to keep the family in balance.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 11

Which sociological perspective has influenced the creation of the feminist perspective the most?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) global perspective

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the feminist movement is true?

A) There was no feminist movement in the U.S. until the 1980s.
B) Among the most important early critiques of women's position in society and culture was John Stuart Mill's The Subjection of Women (originally published in 1869).
C) Modern feminist theory is based on the interactionist perspective.
D) Friedrich Engels argued that the rise of industrialization benefited women.

Question 13

According to Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales, the expressive role is performed by

A) men.
B) women.
C) children.
D) whichever adult has a career.

Question 14

Although it does not explicitly endorse traditional gender roles, which sociological perspective implies that dividing tasks between spouses is beneficial for the family unit?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) global perspective

Question 15

Which of the following terms refers to expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females?

A) expressiveness
B) gender roles
C) gender schema
D) instrumentality

Question 16

Which perspective suggests that men may originally have become powerful in preindustrial times because their size, physical strength, and freedom from childbearing duties allowed them to dominate women physically, but in contemporary societies such considerations are not so important?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) global perspective

Question 17

Using an analogy to Marx's analysis of class conflict, conflict theorists would argue that women are in a position comparable to that of the

A) bourgeoisie.
B) proletariat.
C) middle class.
D) upper class.

Question 18

The expectation that a woman will be nurturing is an example of

A) a genetic trait.
B) a gender role.
C) homophobia.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 19

When Ted consoles his sister about a difficult romantic breakup, works a day shift as a construction worker, and sings nursery rhymes to his young daughter so that she may fall asleep, he is portraying

A) expressiveness.
B) multiple masculinities.
C) instrumentality.
D) gender expectations.

Question 20

Which of the following terms is used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family?

A) expressiveness
B) identification
C) instrumentality
D) gender roles

Question 21

Which of the following statements about the status of women throughout the world is true?

A) Women grow half the world's food, but they rarely own land.
B) Women constitute one-half of the world's paid labor force but are generally found in the lowest paying jobs.
C) Single-parent households headed by women are typically found only in industrialized countries because such arrangements cannot survive in developing countries.
D) According to a detailed overview of the status of the world's women, issued by the World Bank in 2012, the lives of girls and women have changed very little over the past quarter century.

Question 22

Women do the majority of housework in which of the following?

A) the richest countries
B) the poorest countries
C) all countries
D) Housework is equal in all countries.

Question 23

What percentage of adult women were in the labor force as of 2011?

A) around 85 percent
B) around 58 percent
C) around 35 percent
D) around 10 percent

Question 24

Educators are concerned about the reasons girls and young women are affected by the verbal dominance of males in classroom settings. Which sociological perspective would be most likely to address this issue?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) global perspective

Question 25

Which of the following is true regarding men in our society, which is run by male-dominated institutions?

A) Men have lower reported rates of most types of mental illness.
B) Men have a lower likelihood of death due to heart attack.
C) Men feel intense competitive stress from pressure to succeed at work.
D) Women hold the majority of middle-management positions in U.S. corporations, but only a tiny minority of upper-management positions.

Question 26

Which sociological perspective emphasizes that patterns of male dominance in cross-sex conversations that express themselves in day-to-day exchanges represent one more battlegrounds in the struggle for gender equality as women try to get a word in edgewise?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) global perspective

Question 27

According to Muslim traditions,

A) women are permitted to wear revealing garments when they are with their families.
B) a woman's feet must always be covered.
C) there are no restrictions on men's clothing.
D) women are permitted to wear revealing garments when they are with their families, but a woman's feet must always be covered.

Question 28

Which sociologist coined the term matrix of domination?

A) Patricia Hill Collins
B) Karl Marx
C) bell hooks
D) Ida Wells-Barnett

Question 29

Which term refers to the convergence of social forces that contributes to the subordinate status of poor non-White women?

A) web of power
B) kitchen prison
C) matrix of domination
D) gender trap

Question 30

Which of the following terms refers to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of a society?

A) institutional discrimination
B) innovation
C) indoctrination
D) instrumentality

Question 31

The hijab is

A) the type of head scarf worn by Muslim women.
B) a form of prayer among Muslims.
C) the type of pants worn by Muslim men.
D) a traditional Muslim food.

Question 32

Which of the following countries banned the wearing of the hijab in public schools?

A) Japan
B) Australia
C) France
D) United States

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true?

A) In 2012, five of the nation's 50 states had a female governor.
B) Justice Sandra Day O'Connor and Janet Reno are the only females to have ever been members of the U.S. Supreme Court.
C) Only one woman, Hillary Rodham Clinton, has ever been a candidate for Vice President of the U.S.
D) In 2012, nearly 65 percent of the House of Representatives were comprised of women.

Question 34

Who argued that women's subjugation coincided with the rise of private property during industrialization?

A) Friedrich Engels
B) Ralf Dahrendorf
C) Talcott Parsons
D) Robert Bales

Question 35

A scientific company lays off employees by seniority, retaining those that have been employed the longest. The majority of the female employees had been hired in the last 10 years and were educated as part of the push to get more females into math and sciences. This situation is an example of

A) instrumentality.
B) expressiveness.
C) institutional discrimination.
D) pluralism.

Question 36

The veil may be seen as a rejection of ________ prevalent in Western societies.

A) strict standards of modesty
B) the beauty myth
C) human rights standards
D) the respect for women

Question 37

Which of the following would be an example of men traditionally "doing masculinity?"

A) opening a door for a female
B) styling hair
C) feeding a baby
D) crying in public

Question 38

Although male dominance in cross-sex conversations is an example of a micro-level analysis, it is also a reflection of macro-level relationships. Which sociological perspective(s) would focus on the macro-level forces that influence these male-female conversations?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) both the functionalist and conflict perspectives

Question 39

Which of the following would be an example of a man "redoing" traditional gender?

A) fist fighting in public
B) organizing a birthday lunch at work
C) not crying when hurt
D) carrying lots of heavy items

Question 40

The ideology that one sex is superior to the other is known as

A) sexual harassment.
B) sexism.
C) sex stratification.
D) gender identity.

Question 41

Which of the following illustrates Arlie Hochschild's concept of the "second shift?"

A) A woman works from 9 to 5 as a nurse and then has a second job as a waitress at a local diner.
B) A man has a career as an accountant; when he gets home, he cleans the apartment and makes dinner for his wife, himself, and their children.
C) A woman has a career as a stockbroker, and she is also responsible for maintaining the apartment, doing the shopping, and cooking for herself and her husband.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 42

Eighty-eight percent of all workers in which occupation in Great Britain are women?

A) computer programmer
B) cashier
C) nurse
D) traffic officer

Question 43

Where was the feminist movement born in the United States?

A) Philadelphia, PA
B) Seneca Falls, NY
C) Akron, OH
D) Minneapolis, MN

Question 44

What percentage of all physicians in the U.S. were women as of 2011?

A) 3 percent
B) 12 percent
C) 18 percent
D) 34 percent

Question 45

Sixteen million abortions are performed illegally worldwide each year. This represents what percentage of the total amount of abortions performed worldwide each year?

A) 40 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 60 percent
D) 70 percent

Question 46

Which of the following terms refers to an advantage that men have when employed in female-dominated occupations?

A) glass ceiling
B) glass escalator
C) crystal stairs
D) transparent ascension

Question 47

In what year did the Supreme Court rule in favor of allowing women the right to terminate a pregnancy?

A) 1953
B) 1963
C) 1973
D) 1983

Question 48

In what year did women win the right to vote in national elections?

A) 1865
B) 1895
C) 1920
D) 1945

Question 49

When did the second wave of feminism emerge and come into full force?

A) 1950s
B) 1960s
C) 1970s
D) both the 1960s and 1970s

Question 50

Arlie Hochschild concluded women work how much more time in a year compared to men, due to the notion of the second shift?

A) 7 more hours
B) 7 more days
C) 2 more weeks
D) extra month of 24-hour days

Question 51

Which Supreme Court decision granted women the right to terminate pregnancies?

A) Brown v. Topeka
B) Roe v. Wade
C) Smith v. Allwright
D) Wood v. Lovett

Question 52

Male nurses, grade school teachers, and librarians may experience some scorn in the larger society. Within the position, they

A) are often similarly scorned.
B) typically earn the same as women.
C) are automatically considered "better."
D) are more encouraged to become administrators.

Question 53

Which amendment gave women the right to vote in national elections?

A) Tenth Amendment
B) Fourteenth Amendment
C) Nineteenth Amendment
D) Twenty-second Amendment

Question 54

What percent of women considered themselves feminists in 2013?

A) 23 percent
B) 35 percent
C) 45 percent
D) 55 percent

Question 55

The "second shift," which refers to the double burden borne by many women-work outside the home followed by child care and housework-was the subject of analysis by

A) Letty Cottin Pogrebin.
B) Heidi Hartmann.
C) Susan Shaw.
D) Arlie Hochschild.

Question 56

Women earn what percent of every dollar a man earns?

A) 95 percent
B) 90 percent
C) 85 percent
D) 80 percent

Question 57

Which sociological perspective views the closure of clinics that would perform abortions in rural areas another instance of an extra financial burden and possible deterrent for lower income women to have an abortion due to the extra expense of traveling to an out-of-town clinic as their best option?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) feminist perspective

Question 58

The belief in social, economic, and political equality for women is referred to as

A) social equality.
B) glass escalator.
C) feminism.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 59

What percentage of all dental assistants are women in the U.S. as of 2012?

A) 69 percent
B) 78 percent
C) 89 percent
D) 99 percent

Question 60

An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity is called

A) expressiveness.
B) a gender role.
C) the glass ceiling.
D) instrumentality.

Question 61

Members of Congress have successfully blocked foreign aid to countries that might use the funds to encourage abortion.

Question 62

Choose two different occupations and write a detailed support for why you wouldn't want either a man or woman performing these tasks. Remember to be honest with both yourself and your audience. When finished, trade your piece with a classmate and start a dialogue about why you both chose the occupations you did and whether the conversation might get you to reconsider your original statement.

Question 63

Define the term glass escalator, and discuss its significance regarding gender stratification.

Question 64

The overwhelming majority of people begin with a definite sex and quickly receive societal messages about how to behave.

Question 65

Worldwide, women hold about 10 percent of corporate managerial positions.

Question 66

A conflict theorist would argue that men's work is uniformly valued, while women's work (whether unpaid labor in the home or wage labor) is devalued.

Question 67

Latin American countries generally have the strictest measures against the practice of abortion.

Question 68

Explain why roller-derby girls would not fit into the traditional U.S. gender roles.

Question 69

Describe the process involved in the social construction of gender roles in a society. Give some examples to support your answer.

Question 70

Children's books published since the 1970s have shown significant improvement in the representation of females.

Question 71

Most people do not display strictly "masculine" or "feminine" qualities all the time.

Question 72

Recent research suggests that men who shave their body hair, cry in public, and have pedicures are violating gender norms.

Question 73

Taking into account age, education, marital status, children, occupational specialization, work experience, and hours worked in a year reduced the pay gap between men and women by only 3 cents.

Question 74

Describe the effects of gender stratification as they relate to the issue of abortion. How do you think the status of women has affected political debates concerning the rights of women?

Question 75

We socially construct our behavior so that male-female differences are either created or exaggerated.

Question 76

The Supreme Court approved the right to terminate a pregnancy by a narrow 5-4 majority.

Question 77

Define the concept of a glass ceiling and discuss how it might apply differently to corporations and less-corporate work structures, like that of public education.

Question 78

Women are often more advantaged when working in male occupations because of the existence of the glass ceiling.

Question 79

Roller-derby girls conform to traditional gender roles within the United States.