Deck 9: Global Inequality

Question 1

According to world systems analysis, a nation that has a marginal economic status would be referred to as a nation at the

A) periphery.
B) core.
C) semiperiphery.
D) superperiphery.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The per capita gross national income is less than $1,000 in at least ________ countries.

A) 15
B) 23
C) 39
D) 46

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Colonialism is defined as

A) the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period.
B) an approach that contends industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain.
C) the far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is one of the key patterns revealed by studies of intergenerational mobility in industrialized nations?

A) There is a common pattern toward agriculture-based occupations.
B) Parental positions tend to have little effect on social mobility of children.
C) Mobility opportunities are strongly influenced by structural factors.
D) Intergenerational mobility has been decreasing in most countries.

Question 5

Which of the following is a core nation?

A) Germany
B) South Korea
C) Egypt
D) Ireland

Question 6

Dependency theory is defined as

A) a functionalist approach proposing that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in peripheral nations.
B) a far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from having traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies.
C) an approach contending that as developing countries make economic advances, they remain weak and subservient to core nations.
D) applying to the interactionist perspective.

Question 7

Neocolonialism is defined as the

A) maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a power for an extended period of time, such as French control over major parts of northern Africa.
B) continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries.
C) invasion of Third World countries by the military forces of the U.S. or Russia since 1965.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following is a semiperiphery nation?

A) Germany
B) South Korea
C) Peru
D) United States

Question 9

In Immanuel Wallerstein's view, the global economic system is divided between nations that control wealth and nations from which resources are taken. This view is referred to as

A) neocolonialism.
B) colonialism.
C) world systems analysis.
D) the world exploitation model.

Question 10

In what terms does the developing country of Zambia define poverty?

A) whether or not the breadwinner of a family holds consistent work
B) the ability (or lack of) to afford specific foods on a subsistence diet
C) the ability (or lack of) to pay for schooling for at least one child
D) the ability (or lack of) to afford a home with running water and electricity

Question 11

Extreme inequality of resources in the world was initiated by

A) the Industrial Revolution.
B) the Spanish-American War.
C) the Great Depression.
D) World War II.

Question 12

According to world systems analysis, which type of nation is relatively independent of outside control?

A) core
B) periphery
C) semiperiphery
D) marginality

Question 13

What do functionalists in particular point out about malnourishment?

A) It is a specific result of ongoing neocolonialism.
B) It is yet another result of inequality.
C) It serves beneficial effects in developing countries by maintaining social boundaries.
D) It contributes to the growth of inequality over time in a country.

Question 14

When viewing the global economic system, sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein draws on the

A) functionalist perspective.
B) conflict perspective.
C) interactionist perspective.
D) dialectical perspective.

Question 15

According to world systems analysis, poor and developing nations are

A) at the core.
B) on the periphery.
C) on the semiperiphery.
D) on the marginality.

Question 16

World systems analysis is

A) Karl Marx's view that the bourgeois nations such as England would dominate the proletarian nations such as India.
B) Erving Goffman's view that world peace would result from many types of nations interacting with one another.
C) Talcott Parsons's view that the inequality that exists among nations is necessary for world stability.
D) Immanuel Wallerstein's view of the global economic system as divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited.

Question 17

According to world systems analysis, a core nation is a nation that

A) along with its multinational corporations controls and exploits noncore nations.
B) has a marginal economic status.
C) is a poor, developing nation exploited by more powerful nations and corporations.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 18

Which of the following is a periphery nation?

A) Germany
B) South Korea
C) Uganda
D) United States

Question 19

According to world systems analysis, a periphery nation is a nation that

A) along with its multinational corporations dominates all other nations socially, economically, and politically, such as the U.S. and Germany.
B) has a marginal economic status, such as Israel and South Korea.
C) is a poor, developing nation, such as Honduras and Ethiopia, that is exploited by more powerful nations and corporations.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 20

What was the average value of goods and services produced per citizen in the U.S, Japan, and Switzerland in 2008?

A) around $800
B) approximately $5000
C) between $10,000 and $35,000
D) more than $47,000

Question 21

Modernization refers to the

A) elimination of old housing and its replacement with modern skyscrapers.
B) process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies.
C) colonial domination of Third World nations by Western powers.
D) process of development that, at this time, has occurred only in core nations such as England, France, Japan, and the U.S.

Question 22

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that multinational corporations exploit local workers to maximize profits?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) global perspective

Question 23

The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas is known as

A) globalization.
B) dependency.
C) colonialism.
D) neocolonialism.

Question 24

The project sponsored by the United Nations to eliminate extreme poverty worldwide is called the

A) Micro-Business Initiative.
B) Millennium Project.
C) Children's Fund.
D) Income Now! Project.

Question 25

As a way to illustrate the conflict perspective on global inequality, your textbook mentions that a Guatemalan farm worker who picks coffee beans would have to work for ________ in order to afford to purchase one pound of Starbucks coffee sold in the U.S.

A) 5.5 hours
B) 1.5 days
C) 3 days
D) 5 days

Question 26

Conflict theorists contend that multinational corporations are attracted to developing countries because developing countries

A) have a large pool of cheap labor.
B) discourage strong trade unions.
C) often create a favorable "climate for investment."
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 27

Current modernization studies generally take a(n) ________ approach, which focuses on how societies are moving closer together.

A) conflict
B) interactionist
C) dramaturgical
D) convergence

Question 28

In the weeks immediately following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the far-reaching economic repercussions began to affect businesses and workers worldwide. This phenomenon can best be explained by

A) globalization.
B) urbanization.
C) modernization.
D) colonialism.

Question 29

The process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies is called

A) world systems analysis.
B) developmental theory.
C) reconstructionism.
D) modernization.

Question 30

The multinational corporation Walmart made less than which of the following countries in 2012?

A) Austria
B) China
C) Pakistan
D) Poland

Question 31

Which of the following is an example of a multinational corporation?

A) a Swiss bank with many international customers but without foreign branches
B) a hardware store that sells hammers from France and saws from Switzerland, as well as many products made in the U.S.
C) Coca-Cola, which has bottling plants throughout the world
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 32

Which sociological perspective would most likely compare the relationship between a colonial nation and the colonized people to the relationship between the dominant capitalist class and the proletariat class?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) global perspective

Question 33

The goal of the United Nations Millennium Project was to

A) reduce the power of multinational corporations.
B) halve extreme poverty worldwide by 2015.
C) raise the GDP of the poorest countries of the world by 2015.
D) eliminate malnourishment in the world by 2015.

Question 34

Who among the following has noted that modern societies tend to be urban, literate, and industrial, with sophisticated transportation and media systems, and families in such societies are organized within the nuclear family unit rather than the extended family model?

A) Wendell Bell
B) Immanuel Wallerstein
C) Karl Marx
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 35

Which of the following statements about multinational corporations is true?

A) The 10 largest multinational corporations all have their headquarters in the U.S.
B) The value of sales of the largest multinational corporations exceeds the total value of goods and services of many peripheral nations.
C) They are all state-owned-or public as opposed to private-businesses.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 36

The notion that peripheral nations move from having traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed nations is known as

A) dependency theory.
B) regional analysis.
C) modernization theory.
D) colonialism.

Question 37

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that multinational corporations help create social stability within a society by creating jobs and global enterprise?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) feminist perspective

Question 38

Commercial organizations headquartered in one country that own or control other corporations or subsidiaries throughout the world are referred to as

A) international companies.
B) multinational corporations.
C) megacorps.
D) world system enterprises.

Question 39

In order for the Millennium Project to succeed, United Nations planners estimated that the industrialized nations must each set aside how much aid for developing countries?

A) 2.15 percent of gross national income
B) 1 percent of gross national product
C) 0.45 percent of gross national product
D) 0.51 percent of gross national income

Question 40

Sociologists are quick to note that terms such as modernization and development contain a(n) ________ bias.

A) economic
B) class
C) ethnocentric
D) scientific

Question 41

Worldwide, what percentage of adults own more than half of the entire world's household wealth?

A) 2 percent
B) 7 percent
C) 13 percent
D) 27 percent

Question 42

Modernization theory-as an explanation of global inequality-falls under which sociological perspective?

A) functionalist
B) conflict
C) interactionist
D) feminist

Question 43

Through the establishment of the Pan-Cordillera Women's Network for Peace and Development in the Philippines, which of the following have the women volunteers accomplished?

A) negotiated thousands of peace pacts among indigenous peoples
B) reduced incidences of infanticide by half
C) provided microfinancing for the majority of small farmers
D) largely ended incidences of extreme poverty

Question 44

According to world systems analysis, the United States, Japan, and Germany are all core nations.

Question 45

Which of the following statements about the patterns of intergenerational mobility in industrial nations is true?

A) Structural factors influence opportunities for social mobility.
B) Immigration does not play a significant part in mobility patterns.
C) There is consistent migration from urban to rural areas.
D) Most women resist mobility.

Question 46

According to anthropologist Karuna Chanana Ahmed, who are the most exploited among oppressed people in developing countries?

A) young children
B) males
C) females
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 47

Many aspects of modernization in developing countries, such as migration to urban centers,

A) have not had a necessarily positive effect on the social standing of women.
B) have increased the vital role of women in food production.
C) have strengthened women's ties to relatives.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 48

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, passed by Congress in 1996, ended the guarantee of assistance to

A) registered Democrats.
B) every poor family that meets eligibility requirements.
C) every poor family regardless of whether they meet eligibility requirements.
D) every family in the U.S.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a goal of the United Nations Millennium Project?

A) to reduce child mortality
B) to cut global extreme poverty in half
C) to achieve universal primary education
D) to improve maternal health

Question 50

What percentage of the health expenditures of Canadians are paid for by the Canadian government?

A) 82 percent
B) 70 percent
C) 60 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 51

In which of the following countries have women moved to the forefront of indigenous peoples' struggle to keep their ancestral lands from exploitation by outsiders?

A) Japan
B) Philippines
C) China
D) South Vietnam

Question 52

The federal bailouts of the banking and auto industries can be considered

A) unemployment.
B) corporate welfare.
C) welfare reform.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 53

The tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants that the government gives to corporations are referred to as

A) corporate welfare.
B) business welfare.
C) welfare reform.
D) reverse welfare.

Question 54

In which of the following countries does the top quintile of the citizenry receive 59 percent of the country's total income, while the bottom quintile receive only 3 percent of total income?

A) United States
B) Japan
C) Brazil
D) Mexico

Question 55

In which of the following nations is income inequality the highest?

A) Namibia
B) United States
C) Japan
D) Sweden

Question 56

According to Immanuel Wallerstein's analysis, the United States is considered at the ________, whereas neighboring Mexico remains on the semiperiphery of the world economic system.

A) core
B) periphery
C) semiperiphery
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 57

Cross-cultural studies have suggested which of the following about industrialized and developing nations?

A) Spain has an informal economy.
B) Intergenerational mobility is increasing in most countries.
C) Modernization has benefited Kenya.
D) Mobility exists only in non-industrialized societies.

Question 58

Which perspective would study how "welfare scapegoating" ignored federal handouts to individuals and families?

A) functionalist
B) interactionist
C) conflict
D) feminist

Question 59

In large developing nations, the most socially significant mobility is

A) the movement out of poverty.
B) the employment of women.
C) property ownership.
D) proof of a confirmed dowry.

Question 60

In Kenya and Tanzania, it is illegal for women to

A) own a house.
B) walk alone in public.
C) socialize with men.
D) go to school.

Question 61

According to world systems analysis, Israel, Ireland, and South Korea are all periphery nations.

Question 62

Over 2.5 billion people worldwide are living on less than $2 a day.

Question 63

A bonus for multinational corporations is that in general, the developing world discourages strong trade unions.

Question 64

In Brazil, non-Whites have a higher monthly income than Whites.

Question 65

Multinational corporations have established "global offices" as well as global factories in nations all over the world.

Question 66

Women in Kenya and Tanzania are prohibited from driving, walking alone in public, and socializing with men outside their families.

Question 67

Discuss Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems analysis. Define dependency theory as it relates to Wallerstein's views. Give examples to support your answer.

Question 68

Discuss how stratification within the United States compares with stratification in other nations. What factors appear to be consistent within all nations?

Question 69

Explain why terms such as modernization and developed have an ethnocentric bias.

Question 70

Total revenues of multinational businesses are on par with the total value of goods and services exchanged in entire nations.

Question 71

Conflict theorists conclude that, on the whole, multinational corporations have a positive social impact on workers in both industrialized and developing nations.

Question 72

Explain why the processes of modernization in developing countries have often had a negative impact on the well-being of women and their levels of social mobility.

Question 73

Compare and contrast colonialism and neocolonialism, and describe their impact on social stratification. Give examples to support your answer.

Question 74

Like in the United States, Brazilian social inequality is compounded by racial distinctions that originated in slavery.

Question 75

Contemporary modernization studies generally take a convergence perspective in which researchers focus on how societies are moving closer together despite traditional differences.

Question 76

According to a study by the International Monetary Fund, the division between core and periphery nations has changed significantly over the last 100 years.