Deck 5: Theories of Motivation

Question 1

According to Alderfer's ERG theory,_____ needs focus on how people interact with their social environment.

A)Existence
B)Growth
C)Relatedness
D)Physiological

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Albert feels that his company has not given him sufficient opportunities to utilize his skills to advance his career.Therefore,he joins a sports club where he can socialize with people.This example provides an illustration of the _____.

A)Expected utility hypothesis
B)Self-fulfilling prophecy
C)Frustration-regression principle
D)Correspondence principle

Answer 2

C

Question 3

_____ states that people develop certain types of needs during their lifetime through their experiences and interactions with the surrounding environment.

A)McClelland's acquired needs theory
B)Goal-setting theory
C)Expectancy theory
D)Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to goal-setting theory,_____.

A)People can easily identify stretch goals
B)Commitment does not have significant impact on motivation
C)Specific and difficult goals produce higher levels of output
D)General goals are more influential on a person's productivity

Question 5

The sustainable approach toward affiliation gives importance to _____.

A)Personal accomplishment
B)Community
C)Individual power
D)Equity

Question 6

After setting goals for its employees,Silver Industries Inc.sets up a portal where employees are required to update their daily activities for assessment purposes.Which of the following characteristics of a SMART goal is evident in this example?

A)Specific
B)Measurable
C)Achievable
D)Significant

Question 7

Stella wants to be hired by a large advertising firm.She feels the job would help her utilize her creative skills.Which of the following needs is Stella looking to satisfy?

A)Physiological and esteem needs
B)Social needs
C)Self-actualization needs
D)Affiliation needs

Question 8

How does Alderfer's ERG theory differ from Maslow's theory?

A)It does not assume that lower-level needs must be satisfied first.
B)It suggests that certain types of needs or desires are acquired during an individual's lifetime.
C)It claims that motivation depends on individuals' learned expectations about their ability to perform certain tasks.
D)It states that behaviour is directed and motivated by a person's goals.

Question 9

The _____ category corresponds to the highest level of needs in the ERG theory system.

A)Physiological
B)Social
C)Growth
D)Esteem

Question 10

Which of the following statements summarizes the findings of Herzberg from his studies on employee behaviour?

A)Behaviour is directed and motivated by goals.
B)Motivation depends on individuals' learned expectations about their ability to perform certain tasks and receive desired rewards.
C)Certain types of needs or desires are acquired during an individual's lifetime.
D)Work characteristics associated with dissatisfaction were quite different from those pertaining to satisfaction.

Question 11

Light Industries Inc.produces engines for automobiles.The company's top management has stated that the next target should be to produce engines for ships.Due to the completely divergent thinking required for this project,the design engineers have been initially unable to figure out the requirements to achieve this target.This example shows that the company has set a _____ goal.

A)Stretch
B)Measurable
C)Timely
D)Time specific

Question 12

Robert meets his old schoolmate Simon who has become a successful and world-famous cardiologist.As a consequence,Robert is motivated to put more effort into expanding his business and making it a multinational organization.Which of the following motivational theories does the given scenario explain?

A)ERG theory
B)Acquired needs theory
C)Expectancy theory
D)Regulatory focus theory

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true of Maslow's theory?

A)Any or all needs can influence individual behaviour at any given time.
B)Certain types of needs or desires are acquired during an individual's lifetime.
C)Lower-order needs always take priority and must be substantially satisfied before higher-order needs are activated.
D)The work characteristics associated with dissatisfaction are quite different from those pertaining to satisfaction.

Question 14

_____ refer to the presence or absence of sources of job dissatisfaction,such as working conditions,pay,company policies,and interpersonal relationships.

A)Intrinsic motivators
B)Extrinsic motivators
C)Motivator factors
D)Hygiene factors

Question 15

Which of the following statements best describes Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A)People who are unable to satisfy higher-order needs at a basic level will compensate by oversatisfying lower-order needs.
B)People are motivated to satisfy their five levels of needs in a hierarchical order,starting with physiological and ending with self-actualization needs.
C)Certain types of needs or desires are acquired during an individual's lifetime.
D)Motivation depends on individuals' learned expectations about their ability to perform certain tasks and receive desired rewards.

Question 16

According to the ERG theory,the _____ category corresponds to physiological and safety needs in Maslow's hierarchy.

A)Existence
B)Growth
C)Esteem
D)Self-actualization

Question 17

From a sustainable perspective,goals are _____ when they are challenging,but they also acknowledge the long-term impact on the employee and others.

A)Specific
B)Measurable
C)Achievable
D)Significant

Question 18

_____ is the cardinal virtue that is evident when all stakeholders connected with an organization get their due.

A)Practical wisdom
B)Self-control
C)Courage
D)Justice

Question 19

The _____ suggests that people who are unable to satisfy higher-order needs at a basic level will compensate by oversatisfying lower-order needs.

A)Correspondence principle
B)Frustration-regression principle
C)Expected utility hypothesis
D)Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 20

Steven is the manager of the software development team at Sunrise Solutions Inc.When setting targets for the year,he states that each employee should complete three individual projects during the course of the year.Which of the following characteristics of a SMART goal is evident in the given example?

A)Specific
B)Measurable
C)Achievable
D)Significant

Question 21

_____ is the probability perceived by an individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to a certain level of performance.

A)Instrumentality
B)Valence
C)Expectancy
D)Equity

Question 22

The _____ states that people expect to be treated fairly and typically want to get what that they think they deserve.

A)goal theory
B)ERG theory
C)equity theory
D)expectancy theory

Question 23

Which of the following examples illustrates the concept of instrumentality?

A)Clara did not feel very happy about her admission to medical school as she enrolled for the course to fulfill her parents' wishes.
B)Roger was extremely happy on winning the best employee award,as he always wanted to win it.
C)Edward is excited to learn that he is selected for an overseas assignment because he had worked hard to clear the selection process.
D)Pamela is keen on extra hours of practice that would help her win the annual talent show to be held in her community.

Question 24

Dana finds her interior designing job to be extremely challenging.She is highly competent and derives a lot of satisfaction from her job.Dana's feelings can be attributed to _____.

A)goal displacement
B)intrinsic motivation
C)acquired needs
D)extrinsic motivation

Question 25

Which of the following motivational theories emphasizes achievement?

A)Expectancy theory
B)Equity theory
C)ERG theory
D)Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Question 26

The sustainable perspective of goals makes them _____.

A)Significant
B)Measurable
C)Results-based
D)Time specific

Question 27

Which of the following examples illustrates low valence?

A)Clara did not feel very happy about her admission to medical school as she enrolled for the course to fulfill her parents' wishes.
B)Randolph feels that he can gain admission to a professional course by obtaining high grades in the final school examination.
C)Ryan and his team mates feel that they can win the annual university baseball tournament by practicing together and helping each other.
D)Pamela is keen on extra hours of practice that would help her win the annual talent show to be held in her community.

Question 28

Which of the following examples portrays a sustainable perspective of expectancy?

A)Randolph feels that he can gain admission to a professional course by obtaining high grades in the final school examination.
B)Ryan and his teammates feel that they can win the annual university baseball tournament by practicing together and helping each other.
C)Benjamin feels that he would win the employee excellence award and beat his teammates by providing creative ideas for improving his company's productivity.
D)Pamela feels that extra hours of practice can help her win the annual talent show to be held in her community.

Question 29

Which of the following examples explains the equity theory?

A)Sharon feels that she should have received a higher pay increase compared to her colleague as she finds that her performance was superior to theirs.
B)Alice feels that obtaining a high score in the entrance test would secure her an admission in a top business school.
C)Michael aims to complete three projects that will save time and costs for his bank's loan processing operations during the year.
D)Thomas enjoys socializing and joins a fitness club where he can interact with a large number of people.

Question 30

SMART2 goals are _____ when they are linked to important issues for a variety of stakeholders.

A)Specific
B)Measurable
C)Relevant
D)Achievable

Question 31

Apart from setting goals to improve employee productivity,Blue Chemicals Inc.plans to introduce social service programs in which employees can participate.Which feature of a SMART2 goal can be observed in this scenario?

A)Specific
B)Meaningful
C)Measurable
D)Time specific

Question 32

Jack works hard on his projects as his manager promises him a salary increase on successful completion of the project.Jack's hard work can be attributed to _____.

A)goal displacement
B)intrinsic motivation
C)acquired needs
D)extrinsic motivation

Question 33

Which of the following examples illustrates a sustainable approach to valence?

A)Shine Pharmaceuticals Inc.is proud of the fact that its wastewater treatment plant has reduced the pollution of the nearby river,which is a major source of water for the surrounding areas.
B)Roger is extremely happy on winning the best employee award,as he always wanted to win it.
C)Jennifer is extremely happy to receive appreciation from her manager for her contribution toward designing creative promotional campaigns,and she feels it will help her in securing a promotion.
D)Randolph feels that he can gain admission to a professional course by obtaining high grades in the final school examination.

Question 34

The employees of Cassini Corporation are engrossed in working toward their individual targets.They have ignored the principal aim of coordinated efforts.This example illustrates the concept of _____.

A)goal orientation
B)goal displacement
C)goal setting
D)goal sustainability

Question 35

Ayon Corporation plans to use solar energy to run all its machines for conservation of resources for the next generation.Which characteristic of a SMART2 goal is seen in the company's objective?

A)Specific
B)Timely
C)Measurable
D)Time specific

Question 36

Amanda feels that successful completion of a soft skill course would enhance her prospects of finding a good job.Which of the following aspects of the expectancy theory is highlighted in this example?

A)Equity
B)Valence
C)Expectancy
D)Instrumentality

Question 37

The conventional approach to instrumentality gives importance to _____.

A)organizational citizenship behaviour
B)community well-being
C)individual goals and incentives
D)group learning

Question 38

Adrian,an engineer,always meets his targets and matches the standards set by his manager.In addition,his manager always has encouraging words for him.Which of the following features of the expectancy theory can be seen in this example?

A)Frustration-regression principle
B)Serial position effect
C)Self-fulfilling prophecy effect
D)Self-reference effect

Question 39

Which of the following concepts explains the influence of others' expectations on a person's performance?

A)Frustration-regression principle
B)Self-fulfilling prophecy effect
C)Self-reference effect
D)False-consensus effect

Question 40

Which of the following examples portrays a conventional perspective of expectancy?

A)Rosanne enrolls for a communication skills development course as she feels she can handle clients better than her teammates upon completing the course.
B)Ryan and his teammates feel that they can win the annual university baseball tournament by practicing together and helping each other.
C)Neil is a team leader and he advocates that a coordinated team effort is needed for the successful completion of a project.
D)Kite Technologies Inc.often organizes team-building programs because the top management feels that teamwork is the key to the organization's success.

Question 41

Henry is the executive director of Leo Industries Inc.The main reason for the respect that he receives from his subordinates is his position.Which of the following sources of power has gotten Henry the respect of his subordinates?

A)Legitimate power
B)Reward power
C)Coercive power
D)Expert power

Question 42

Which of the following examples portrays a conventional approach to affiliation?

A)Frederick actively participates in the social activities of his community in order to understand the problems of underprivileged people.
B)Employees of Mile Shipping Corporation volunteer for community service programs,which give them immense satisfaction.
C)John believes that having a close relationship with his manager can help him in obtaining a promotion.
D)Janet enjoys being with the inmates of the nearby retirement home and is a frequent visitor.

Question 43

The _____ is central to the conventional perspective on affiliation.

A)desire for achievement
B)self-fulfilling prophecy
C)principle of exchange
D)frustration-regression principle

Question 44

Charles is the manager of the finance team of an organization.The members of the team ensure that they minimize errors in their tasks as Charles has a say in the decisions regarding their promotions and other benefits.Hence,Charles is able to influence his team through _____.

A)legitimate power
B)reward power
C)referent power
D)expert power

Question 45

Shirley compares the grade she received for her school project to that of her friend Susan.Shirley feels satisfied because Susan also obtained a similar result.This example explains the principle of the _____.

A)goal-setting theory
B)acquired needs theory
C)equity theory
D)expectancy theory

Question 46

A conventional perspective of power focuses on:

A)open access to information trusting employees.
B)sharing power with others.
C)gaining more power to shape others' behaviour.
D)facilitating mutual motivation.

Question 47

Which of the following examples shows a sustainable approach to power sharing?

A)Evan is a team manager who consults his team when making important decisions and permits its members to solve minor problems.
B)Matthew looks to control his team's activities with a set of clear rules that cannot be challenged by the team members.
C)Robin needs to obtain permission from his manager and provide suitable reasons when accessing confidential information.
D)Rachel has to report all her daily activities to her team leader and seek approval for every change she makes when preparing project reports.

Question 48

Professor Dawson is strict and threatens students with punishments like low grades and extra class hours if they fail to submit assignments on time.Therefore,Professor Dawson influences his students through _____.

A)legitimate power
B)reward power
C)coercive power
D)expert power

Question 49

Sandra always looks up to her elder sister for inspiration.She gives a lot of value for her sister's appreciation and encouragement.Therefore,Sandra is motivated by a desire for _____.

A)affiliation
B)fairness
C)achievement
D)power

Question 50

Which of the following examples shows a conventional approach to power sharing?

A)Evan is a team manager who consults his team when making important decisions and permits them to solve minor problems.
B)Matthew looks to control his team's activities with a set of clear rules that cannot be challenged by the team members.
C)Sam is a line supervisor in an automobile company and can rectify problems during production without waiting for the senior manager's permission.
D)Sally is a salesperson in a department store and is empowered to resolve customer complaints and use her judgment based on the circumstances.

Question 51

Stuart recently became the director of Pristine Distilleries Inc.In order to improve the organization's performance,he should _____.

A)try to shape the behaviour of his employees
B)facilitate mutual motivation by sharing power
C)create a feeling of powerlessness amongst employees
D)control and restrict the sharing of information

Question 52

Boris is an excellent software developer and is highly respected by his colleagues.Many employees look to him for help in solving problems.Which of the following sources of power has earned Boris the respect of his colleagues?

A)Legitimate power
B)Reward power
C)Coercive power
D)Expert power

Question 53

Which of the following examples shows a sustainable approach to power sharing?

A)Evan is a team manager who restricts his team's involvement in decision making.
B)Matthew looks to control his team's activities with a set of clear rules that cannot be challenged by the team members.
C)Sally is a salesperson in a department store and has to take her supervisor's approval for resolving customer complaints.
D)Sam is a line supervisor in an automobile company who can rectify problems during production without waiting for the senior manager's permission.

Question 54

Which of the following examples shows a sustainable approach to fairness?

A)Ali feels that he has secured an appropriate grade for his performance in the best voice competition.
B)Angela feels under rewarded despite meeting her sales targets consistently throughout the year.
C)Tony feels that he should support the daily wageworkers in his community in their quest for better work conditions.
D)Dennis is happy about the pay increase given to him,as his colleagues also received a similar pay increase.

Question 55

People evaluate equity by:

A)setting challenging goals.
B)calculating a ratio of inputs to outcomes.
C)attaching a high value to an outcome.
D)deciding on an action plan to achieve desired results.

Question 56

Mark is a telemarketing executive.He feels he is getting a lower salary than other employees,who are performing a similar role.Hence,he quits his job for a better offer in a larger company.Mark's actions are an attempt to _____.

A)increase his instrumentality
B)increase his perceived equity
C)increase his valence
D)reduce his expectancy

Question 57

_____ is based on the capability to motivate others' behaviour through threat of punishment.

A)Legitimate power
B)Reward power
C)Coercive power
D)Expert power

Question 58

Which of the following statements is true of the conventional approach to fairness?

A)People following this approach are motivated to distribute resources more justly.
B)It focuses on the motivation that can result when people enable others on the margins of society to be treated more justly.
C)It focuses on the motivation that comes when someone is treated equitably compared to others in similar jobs.
D)It suggests that others' needs are also worth consideration.

Question 59

A sustainable approach to affiliation:

A)motivates people to distribute resources more justly.
B)emphasizes identification with the values and goals of others in a community.
C)emphasizes the principle of exchange.
D)takes an individualistic approach to determine what a valuable outcome of an action is.

Question 60

The need for affiliation implies that people are motivated by:

A)the instrumentality of their actions.
B)reducing perceived equity.
C)receiving affirmation from others.
D)the value attached to an outcome.

Question 61

The presence or absence of sources of job satisfaction are motivators.Motivators can be external or internal.External motivators include

A)interesting and varied work.
B)personal esteem.
C)interpersonal relationships.
D)self-actualization.

Question 62

The presence or absence of sources of job satisfaction are motivators.Motivators can be external or internal.External motivators include

A)verbal praise.
B)personal esteem.
C)interpersonal relationships.
D)self-actualization.

Question 63

A_____ is one so difficult that people do not immediately know how to reach it.

Question 64

An account representative is well trained in sales and is promised an incentive that she values for reaching a sales goal.This aspect of expectancy theory is called

A)instrumentality.
B)intrinsic motivation.
C)group efficacy.
D)valence.

Question 65

Edward is not performing well at his job.His manager decides to exercise power to motivate Edward.The manager's motivational choices might include

A)intrinsic power and extrinsic power.
B)self-referential power.
C)employee disempowerment.
D)legitimate power and reward power.

Question 66

Henry manages a car wash.He would like to decrease turnover and absenteeism.After conducting a survey,he finds that some employees are not feeling valued compared to their peers.Henry may choose to focus on which aspect of motivational theory?

A)intrinsic values
B)limiting peer outcomes
C)equity theory
D)frustration principles

Question 67

_____ happens when people become so focused on specific goals that they lose sight of more important overarching goals.

Question 68

_____ needs reflect the desire for recognition and respect from others according to Maslow's theory.

Question 69

John's wife is in the hospital and cannot work.John is probably most concerned with which needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A)safety and social
B)social and esteem
C)esteem and self-actualization
D)physiological and safety

Question 70

_____ is the cardinal virtue that is evident in foresight and actions in the interests of the community.

Question 71

_____ is based on the power of the position that someone holds in an organization's hierarchy.

Question 72

A manager would like to change from SMART organizational goals to more sustainable SMART2 goals.The manager may change goal setting from

A)measurable goals to meaningful goals.
B)agreed-upon goals to achievable goals.
C)relevant goals to reasonable goals.
D)time-specific goals to timed goals.

Question 73

A manager notices that an employee has a "me" orientation.The manager recognizes that the opposite orientation of "we" over "me" is related to which innate motivational desire?

A)affiliation
B)affirmation
C)power
D)achievement

Question 74

_____ is a source of motivation that comes from factors outside the task itself.

Question 75

The _____ is the desire to form close meaningful relationships,avoid conflict,and establish warm friendships.

Question 76

If individuals feel they are treated unfairly,they may take the following action to reduce the perceived inequality:

A)pressure others to produce less.
B)lower work inputs.
C)put more effort into the job.
D)expect a pay change.

Question 77

_____ is based on the capability to motivate through identification with or association with others.

A)Legitimate power
B)Reward power
C)Referent power
D)Expert power

Question 78

_____ refer to the presence or absence of sources of job satisfaction.

Question 79

_____ is the collective belief about a group's performance capability.

Question 80

A relational conflict between stakeholders at work can result in

A)more effectual customer service.
B)closer identification to others' values.
C)weakened management.
D)a decline in helping and participation.