Deck 11: Achievement, work, and Careers

Question 1

Andre focuses on winning the prize for the best essay on civil disobedience.He believes that he will be happy if he wins.Andre has a

A)mastery motivation.
B)performance motivation.
C)competitive orientation.
D)fixed mindset.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Rod's science teacher has a list of objectives that must be met for the year,but they can be met by completing many different types of assignments.The teacher allows the students to select the projects that interest them,and the students set their own goals and make their own plans to reach them.According to research,Rod is likely to

A)have higher achievement gains in science.
B)pick the easiest assignments even if some of the more difficult ones interest him more.
C)do a poor job on his assignments because he picked them rather than the teacher.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Research has shown that adolescents show two distinct responses to difficult or challenging circumstances.One is mastery orientation and the other is

A)defensive orientation.
B)helpless orientation.
C)withdrawal.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Self-determination,curiosity,challenge,and effort are all ________ in adolescents' motivation.

A)extrinsic factors
B)cognitive factors
C)intrinsic factors
D)incentives

Question 5

Perceived causes of outcomes are known as

A)analyses.
B)influences.
C)attributions.
D)precursors.

Question 6

Rewards and punishments are ________ in adolescents' motivation.

A)extrinsic factors
B)cognitive factors
C)intrinsic factors
D)control tools

Question 7

Stephanie's biology class had to go to the computer and follow a set of directions that guided them through the steps that a surgeon would use to do open-heart surgery.While most of her classmates thought it was a fun assignment.Stephanie says,"I'm horrible at these computer simulations," even though she has done them in other classes and done well.Stephanie is showing a

A)phobia about the human body.
B)helpless orientation.
C)negative orientation.
D)fear of computers.

Question 8

Professor Daube teaches Theories of Personality.He has his students analyze the song lyrics of famous songwriters,past and present,and see if they can determine the writers' specific personality traits based on their writings.According to research,Professor Daube's students should ________ than students who are taught Theories of Personality by lectures only.

A)be more cognitively engaged with their learning
B)learn less
C)be less motivated
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 9

Which of the following statements regarding intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is TRUE?

A)Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are at work in the real world of students' lives.
B)Parents and teachers should encourage students to become intrinsically motivated.
C)Extrinsic motivation by itself is not a good strategy.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 10

Whitney gets an A- on her science test on ecology.She studied for several afternoons with a group of classmates and she says that the test was difficult but fair.Whitney's explanation for her good test grade is an example of

A)an external attribution.
B)an internal attribution.
C)a cognitive belief.
D)a behavioral attribution.

Question 11

Justin is extremely goal-oriented,optimistic,and driven.Carol Dweck would say that Justin has a

A)growth mindset.
B)fixed mindset.
C)performance mindset.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 12

Carol Dweck refers to the cognitive view that individuals develop for themselves as their

A)self-ideal.
B)self-appraisal.
C)mindset.
D)mindmap.

Question 13

Encouraging self-determination through personal choice in the classroom has been shown to be related to all of the following EXCEPT

A)intrinsic motivation.
B)connection to parents and peers.
C)engagement in academic activities.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 14

Kayla,an honors student,received a C+ on her report on Pearl Harbor.She says that the teacher doesn't like her because she is an atheist and her teacher is a very religious woman.She believes that she received a low grade because of this dislike.Kayla is making ________ about the cause of her low paper grade.

A)an external attribution
B)an internal attribution
C)a fictional finalism
D)a paranoid delusion

Question 15

Which psychological approaches stress the importance of intrinsic motivation in achievement?

A)behavioral approaches
B)humanistic approaches
C)psychoanalytical approaches
D)existential approaches

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT true of adolescents and achievement?

A)Adolescence is a critical juncture in achievement.
B)As demands on adolescents intensify,different areas of their lives may come into conflict.
C)Achievement is primarily due to their intellectual abilities.
D)New academic and social pressures force adolescents toward different roles.

Question 17

Which of the following statements related to mastery and performance learning is NOT true?

A)Mastery and performance goals combined often benefit students' success.
B)No Child Left Behind encourages a performance rather than a mastery orientation on the part of the students.
C)For performance-oriented individuals,skill development and self-efficacy take a backseat to winning.
D)Mastery and performance goals are mutually exclusive.

Question 18

Mrs.Hynes meets with Devon to discuss his low grade in her class.Educational psychologists recommend getting adolescents to attribute their poor performance to internal factors.Which of the following statements by Devon would indicate to Mrs.Hynes that he has this concept?

A)"Your tests are almost impossible to pass."
B)"When you walk up and down the aisles while I am taking a test,you make me nervous."
C)"I am working too many hours at my job and I have not been putting in the time to study."
D)"My house is too noisy; I share a room with my younger brother and he is a jerk!"

Question 19

Adolescents with a performance orientation are focused on

A)skill development.
B)self-efficacy.
C)accountability.
D)winning.

Question 20

Liam does not have as high an IQ as his twin brother,but Liam persists at his tasks and has confidence that he will be able to solve life's problems.According to research,we can predict

A)Liam will not be as successful as his intellectually brighter twin.
B)Liam may be quite a high achiever because he has adaptive motivational patterns.
C)Liam will probably give up easily and thus end up being a low achiever.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 21

Farrah is a B-/C+ student in math.She tells her father that she wants to get an A in math from now on.Knowing how much his daughter struggles in math,her father says,"I'm glad that you want to work on your math grades.Let's aim for a B or B+ next term and we'll build on that.I'll help you make a plan." Researchers would say that

A)this is a good idea; Farrah may get discouraged if she sets expectations that are unrealistic.
B)Farrah's father underestimates her and has probably just killed her motivation.
C)Farrah doesn't need a plan to reach her goal; determination is enough.
D)Farrah will resent her father for suggesting that she work up to her goal with a plan.

Question 22

Which of the following is a significant predictor of less persistence on challenging tasks?

A)being male
B)having high rates of neuroticism
C)poverty
D)popularity

Question 23

What differences exist between teacher expectations for high-achieving students and for low-achieving students?

A)Teachers wait longer for low-achieving students to respond to questions.
B)Teachers are friendlier to high-achieving students.
C)Teachers seat low-achieving students near their desks,so they can monitor their progress.
D)Teachers criticize low-achieving students less than high-achieving students.

Question 24

A group of teachers agree to stay with a volunteer group of students from their sophomore through their senior years as part of a pilot program designed to see if being with the same teacher for three years will benefit students.Research has shown that

A)students who feel cared for are able to develop competencies.
B)students will begin to be bored with the same teachers by the middle of their junior year.
C)few students will volunteer to be with the same teachers for three years.
D)students will want to stay with their foreign-language teachers more than any other teachers.

Question 25

Otis is controlling and he can sometimes be mean.He says,"This is me; take it or leave it.I'm not able to change." According to Carol Dweck,Otis

A)has an antisocial personality disorder.
B)has a fixed mindset.
C)is expressing learned helplessness.
D)is not sufficiently motivated to change.

Question 26

Leah,age 15,has no idea what she wants to do with her life.She's told to "study hard" but she does not have a long-term goal for life.Which of the following questions would be helpful in getting Leah to focus on her purpose in life?

A)"What's most important to you in your life?"
B)"When do you think you'll decide on a career?"
C)"How much money do you want to make over your lifetime of work?"
D)"What courses will help you clarify your goals?"

Question 27

Claire is in a program where she is matched with a member of the community who can help her to develop her interest in nonprofit organizational management.Claire is in a(n)________ mentoring program.

A)formal
B)informal
C)school-partnership
D)natural

Question 28

Which of the following statements about self-efficacy is TRUE?

A)Self-efficacy has much in common with mastery motivation.
B)Self-efficacy influences a student's choice of activities.
C)High self-efficacy adolescents had higher academic aspirations.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 29

Miranda's grandfather is an avid photographer,and he wants to spend time teaching Miranda how to take better pictures.Miranda,on the other hand,is perfectly content to take pictures with her cell phone and does not even bother learning how to use a camera.She tries to act interested to please her grandfather,but research indicates that Miranda

A)probably won't learn to take better pictures because she doesn't place a high value on that goal.
B)probably will improve somewhat but not as much as her grandfather would like.
C)will get caught up in her grandfather's enthusiasm and become a fairly good photographer herself.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 30

Being a good planner means all of the following EXCEPT

A)being organized.
B)setting priorities.
C)setting low-level goals.
D)having good time-management skills.

Question 31

In the study by Englund,Luckner,and Whaley regarding parental expectations of academic success,what were the general findings?

A)Parental expectations of academic success were not related to level of education obtained by the child.
B)Parental expectations of academic success were more strongly related to the child's perceived academic competence than to high school GPA.
C)Parental expectations of academic success were related to the level of education obtained by the child.
D)Parental expectations of academic success were related to income level as an adult.

Question 32

Mr.Hegy plans his lessons to provide a framework for student learning,and he has positive expectations for all of his students.According to research,Mr.Hegy's students are likely to be

A)happy.
B)organized.
C)motivated.
D)empathetic.

Question 33

Research by Walter Mischel has indicated that delay of gratification during the preschool years is related to all of the following EXCEPT

A)academic success.
B)marital satisfaction.
C)income during adulthood.
D)body mass index.

Question 34

Luz's neighbor,Dr.Spire,is a professor of sociology at a community college.Dr.Spire takes Luz to class with her when Luz is on school vacation,and she encourages Luz to think about attending college.Luz has great respect for Dr.Spire,and Dr.Spire loves watching Luz grow more confident in her ability to go on to college.This is an example of

A)formal mentoring.
B)quasi-parental mentoring.
C)upward-mobility mentoring.
D)natural mentoring.

Question 35

Which of the following statements regarding social comparison is TRUE?

A)Adolescents are more likely to engage in social comparison than children.
B)Children are more likely to engage in social comparison than adolescents.
C)Adolescents are most likely to compare themselves to people who are different from them.
D)Adolescents freely admit that they engage in social comparison.

Question 36

Jerry's friends are aggressive towards other students,and they frequently disrupt classes with their behaviors.A recent study indicates that Jerry's choice of friends is linked to

A)a higher likelihood of depression.
B)a lower likelihood of graduating from high school.
C)a higher likelihood of participating in extracurricular activities.
D)a lower likelihood of skipping school.

Question 37

In which of the following situations is adolescence academic achievement expected to be the highest?

A)When teens believe that their parents had higher expectation than their own.
B)When teens believe that their parents had lower expectations than their own.
C)When parents had lower expectations than their children.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 38

Adolescents have improved self-efficacy and achievement when they set goals that are specific,proximal,and

A)realistic.
B)easy to attain.
C)distal.
D)challenging.

Question 39

Simon tells his mother that he wants to have all of his homework done by dinnertime every day instead of waiting until after dinner to even get started.This is an example of

A)a proximal goal.
B)a distal goal.
C)an optimal goal.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 40

Byron hears that his friend,Tim,got a 77 on his last health science test; Byron got a 91 on the same exam.Byron thinks,"I'm better at this health science material than Tim." Byron is engaging in

A)academic comparison.
B)peer appraisal.
C)hierarchy construction.
D)social comparison.

Question 41

Which of the following behaviors is a form of procrastination?

A)Deceiving yourself that a mediocre performance is acceptable.
B)Persevering on only part of a task.
C)Overestimating your abilities and resources.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 42

Joan,a high school student,has begun a part-time job at a retail store.She expects to work at least 20 hours each week.What is the most likely outcome of her work experience?

A)She will enjoy school more.
B)She will spend less time with her peers.
C)She will spend more time with her family.
D)She will be more likely to use alcohol and marijuana.

Question 43

Which of the following statements regarding paid work and adolescents in other countries is TRUE?

A)In many countries,boys often spend more time in paid work than girls.
B)In many countries,girls often spend more time in unpaid work than boys.
C)U.S.adolescents are more likely to participate in paid labor than are European adolescents.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 44

Researcher Sandra Graham found that middle-SES African American students

A)have low achievement expectations.
B)do not fit the stereotype of being unmotivated.
C)attribute failure to bad luck.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 45

Strategies to protect self-worth and avoid failure include all of the following EXCEPT

A)setting low goals and objectives.
B)procrastination.
C)nonperformance.
D)self-handicapping.

Question 46

Petra lives in Russia.What is the probability that she works and attends school?

A)nonexistent
B)about 10 percent
C)about 25 percent
D)about 50 percent

Question 47

Which of the following statements about mentoring is TRUE?

A)One of the largest mentoring programs is Girl Scouts and Boy Scouts.
B)Programs are less successful with at-risk youth than youth who are not at risk.
C)Careful selection of participants and monitoring of the mentor/student relationship are keys to success.
D)Having a parent-mentor is a better predictor of educational attainment than having other types of mentors.

Question 48

One of the largest mentoring programs,which pairs volunteer mentors with at-risk youth,is

A)the Sweet Adelines.
B)Big Brothers Big Sisters.
C)the Shriners.
D)4-H Club.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the obstacles to achievement?

A)Moderate anxiety is related to good academic performance.
B)Setting extremely high standards for yourself so that success is nearly impossible is related to positive academic outcomes.
C)Some students intentionally goof off before a test so that they can blame their failure on goofing off.
D)One form of procrastination is spending a lot of time on one part of the assignment while never finishing the other parts of the assignment.

Question 50

In a recent survey it was found that approximately what percentage of part-time college students were employed?

A)25 percent
B)50 percent
C)80 percent
D)100 percent

Question 51

The math instruction of American and Asian students differs in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A)Asian teachers spend more time teaching math than American teachers.
B)Asian students spend more days in school than American students; they have more time to do math.
C)American parents are more likely than Asian parents to attribute their children's math achievement to lack of effort.
D)Asian students are more likely to do math homework than American students.

Question 52

Research has shown that spending over 20 hours of time in paid labor while in school

A)is associated with developing a good work ethic.
B)helps students to learn time management and social skills.
C)exposes students to good adult mentors.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 53

American children perform more poorly in ________ than students in some other countries.

A)spelling
B)social studies and geography
C)math and science
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 54

About what percentage of adolescents today combine school and part-time work?

A)35 percent
B)45 percent
C)60 percent
D)90 percent

Question 55

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the parenting of Asian-American parents?

A)Most Asian American parents use a "tiger" parenting style.
B)The "easygoing" parenting style was linked to the most positive developmental outcomes for Asian- American teens.
C)Tiger parenting increases for fathers and decreases for mothers across adolescence.
D)The "tiger" parenting style was associated with the worst developmental outcomes out of all of the parenting styles of Asian-American parents.

Question 56

Which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic status (SES)and ethnicity is NOT true?

A)In most cases,deficits and differences are the same thing.
B)Students from lower-SES families often lack resources such as a computer.
C)SES predicts achievement better than ethnicity.
D)The diversity that exists between ethnic minority adolescents is evident in their achievement.

Question 57

Which of the following statements about anxiety is TRUE?

A)Anxiety is a specific,focused feeling of fear.
B)Many successful students have extremely high levels of anxiety.
C)Anxiety decreases across the school years.
D)Moderate levels of anxiety can be found in many successful students.

Question 58

Perfectionism

A)increases the likelihood that teens will experience academic success.
B)is related to increased risk of depression and suicide ideation.
C)is associated with authoritative parenting.
D)occurs when students set realistic goals.

Question 59

Which of the following statements regarding adolescents' work hours and types of jobs is NOT true?

A)Almost 10 percent of employed twelfth-grade students work more than 30 hours each week during the school year.
B)Many students work in restaurants.
C)About 20 percent of students work in offices doing clerical work.
D)About 10 percent of students work in unskilled labor.

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a self-handicapping strategy?

A)cramming for a test
B)putting off a project until the last minute
C)setting challenging but realistic goals
D)surface learning

Question 61

Luke,age 15,wants to be an engineer.If Luke is like many high-school students

A)he will not be realistic about his ability to complete an engineering degree in college.
B)he will need help to choose the correct high-school courses that will position him to enter college with an engineering major.
C)he knows how to go through the college-admission process.
D)he knows what different careers he can have with a degree in engineering.

Question 62

Career development is related to ________ in adolescents and emerging adults.

A)high stress levels
B)high levels of anxiety
C)identity development
D)self-esteem

Question 63

A large-scale longitudinal study of more than 1,000 students in the United States found all of the following EXCEPT

A)clear vocational goals did not guarantee a smooth transition to adult work.
B)higher-income minority students were more positive about school than were their less affluent peers.
C)girls anticipated the same lifestyles as boys in terms of education and income.
D)engaging activities were essential to building optimism and resilience.

Question 64

Christine wants to be a nursery-school teacher.While still in high school,she takes a class through which she works part of each day at the day-care center her school operates for the children of students,teachers,and staff.Christine is participating in

A)a vocational class.
B)a paid internship.
C)theory-to-practice class.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 65

Cody wants to become a professional hockey player.Research has shown which of the following probably had the strongest influence on Cody's interest in pursuing a career in sports?

A)His mother supports his ideas.
B)His hockey coach encourages him.
C)His father supports his sports talent.
D)He has older siblings who are involved in hockey.

Question 66

Shelby's parents devalue her choice of career.Shelby wants to become a cosmetologist.Her long-term goal is to own and manage her own day spa offering a range of services.Her parents want her to go to college and "become someone other than a glorified hairdresser." Research has shown that

A)Shelby will ignore her parents and pursue her dream.
B)Shelby may be influenced by her parents' values and beliefs.
C)Shelby will probably change her mind and go to college to please her parents.
D)Shelby will do none of these.

Question 67

Describe how the expectations of parents and teachers are linked with the academic achievement of children and adolescents.

Question 68

The percentage of full-time U.S.college students who were employed in 2011 was approximately

A)26 percent.
B)31 percent.
C)41 percent.
D)56 percent.

Question 69

What is a cooperative (co-op)education program?

A)It is unpaid work experience that may or may not be related to a student's career of choice.
B)It is for college juniors and seniors.
C)It is a part-time job.
D)A co-op is a paid apprenticeship in the student's career of choice.

Question 70

The unemployment rate for college graduates is ________ which is ________ than previous years.

A)2.4%; lower
B)5.6%; lower
C)5.6%; higher
D)10.2%; higher

Question 71

Claudia is a 23-year-old emerging adult.Her transition from school to work is most strongly influenced by her

A)geographic location.
B)level of education.
C)ethnic background.
D)personality.

Question 72

Jared wants to be an auto mechanic and to someday own his own shop.Where is Jared most likely to receive his education in automotive technology?

A)at a two-year college
B)at a vocational high school
C)at a four-year institution
D)on the job

Question 73

Which of the following statements regarding college students and work is TRUE?

A)As the number of hours of work increases,so does the likelihood of dropping out of school.
B)Most colleges try to reserve some sections of classes for working students to make scheduling easier for these students.
C)Most colleges restrict the number of hours that students can work and still remain in good standing
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 74

Which of the following statements about adolescents and career exploration is NOT true?

A)Adolescents often approach career exploration and decision making with considerable ambiguity,uncertainty,and stress.
B)In many schools,students do not know what information to seek about careers.
C)Many adolescents do not adequately explore careers on their own.
D)On average,high school students spend about seven hours a year with their guidance counselors.

Question 75

A student who has not yet made a commitment to a career but is still exploring options is in

A)identity diffusion.
B)identity moratorium.
C)identity foreclosure.
D)identity achievement.

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT a social context in career development?

A)socioeconomic status
B)geographical location
C)influences of parents
D)influences of peers

Question 77

Describe what Carol Dweck means by the term mindset and explain the differences between a fixed mindset and a growth mindset.

Question 78

Mrs.Sands is a school counselor.When interviewed about what she likes LEAST about her job,research has shown that she is most likely to say,

A)"I have too many students to advise and not enough time in my day."
B)"School psychologists should be doing this job; I need to focus on students with mental health issues."
C)"Kids today don't want my help; I have too much 'down time'."
D)"My job is becoming obsolete; most school districts are contracting out to neighborhood career centers to help students choose their careers."

Question 79

Elena,a college junior,has gradually been increasing her hours at her job.According to research,Elena may

A)develop a sleep disorder due to anxiety.
B)see a decrease in her grades.
C)have fewer financial concerns than her friends.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 80

Marion,age 38,has a 2-year-old son.Since his birth,she has remained home,and she loves being a stay-at-home mother.She enjoyed all of the years that she was a successful advertising executive,but she has no plans to return to paid work until her son is in school.Marion's choice is

A)not typical of today's professional women; they are more apt to want to have a career and a family.
B)very typical of today's professional women.
C)somewhat atypical; most women today try to work from home while they are raising their children.
D)atypical; most professional women have nannies to raise their children while they devote themselves to climbing the career ladder.