Deck 5: Gender

Question 1

Richard is struggling in his language arts class.According to research on the ways boys and girls are treated in schools,Richard is more likely than a female classmate to

A)be given extra help by his teacher.
B)be referred to the school psychologist to be tested for a learning disability.
C)be ignored by school personnel.
D)be paired with a peer tutor.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Who proposed social role theory?

A)Alice Eagly
B)Carol Gilligan
C)Karen Horney
D)Judith Rodin

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following statements regarding siblings and gender role development is TRUE?

A)Older siblings become less like their younger siblings over a two-year period.
B)Siblings play very little role in gender socialization.
C)Younger siblings become less similar to older siblings in terms of gender role.
D)Younger siblings become less similar to older siblings in terms of leisure activities.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Research by Phyllis Bronstein indicates that

A)in many cultures,mothers socialize their daughters to be less responsible than their sons.
B)in many cultures,mothers place more restrictions on the autonomy of sons than that of daughters.
C)fathers show more attention to their daughters than to their sons.
D)many parents continue to encourage behaviors that are in keeping with traditional gender role norms.

Question 5

Alice Eagly believes that the most important causes of gender differences in power,assertiveness,and nurture are social hierarchy and

A)power expectations.
B)sexual vulnerability.
C)division of labor.
D)monetary resources.

Question 6

David Buss argues that men and women differ psychologically in

A)cognitive domains that require hypothetical reasoning.
B)domains in which they have faced different adaptive problems during evolutionary history.
C)domains that require assertiveness.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 7

Betty's mother smiles and praises her for her fashion choices when she wears dresses and tasteful makeup for a family gathering.According to social cognitive theory,this approval for Betty's gender-appropriate behavior is likely to

A)make Betty want to wear more casual clothes to the next family event.
B)reinforce Betty's choice to be feminine.
C)have no effect on what Betty chooses to wear in the future.
D)make Betty closer to her mother.

Question 8

Mary and Matthew are classmates in grade six.Which of the following is probably true,based on research on gender bias in schools?

A)Mary will be more assertive in class than Matthew.
B)Mary's self-esteem will be higher than Matthew's self-esteem.
C)Matthew will describe more career choices than Mary.
D)Matthew will work quietly on his own; Mary will spend more time interacting with the teacher.

Question 9

Which theorist agreed that,"Anatomy is destiny"?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Robert Sternberg
C)Jean Piaget
D)Lev Vygotsky

Question 10

Evidence that teachers and school personnel have biases towards both boys and girls include all of the following EXCEPT

A)boys are more likely to be criticized than girls.
B)school personnel tend to stereotype boys' behavior as problematic.
C)boys may have few male role models in teachers.
D)girls are more likely than boys to have learning problems.

Question 11

Rita and Don are the parents of 15-year-old twins,Frank and Francine.Research suggests that

A)Frank will have more independence than Francine.
B)Frank will be encouraged to do well in English and social sciences.
C)Francine will be encouraged to do well in math.
D)Both twins will be encouraged to excel in science.

Question 12

Debra's peer group is made up of only girls; Rachel's peer group is a mix of boys and girls.Debra is more likely than Rachel to be in

A)adolescence.
B)early adulthood.
C)early childhood.
D)middle childhood.

Question 13

Gender development is influenced by

A)biological factors.
B)social factors.
C)cognitive factors.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 14

Evidence that the classroom is biased against girls includes all of the following EXCEPT

A)teachers spend more time interacting with boys.
B)teachers spend more time watching girls.
C)teachers give more instruction to boys.
D)teachers give boys more time than girls to answer questions.

Question 15

In adolescence,________ approval has a powerful influence on gender attitudes and behavior.

A)parents'
B)peer
C)siblings'
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 16

Social role theory contends that psychological gender differences are mainly due to

A)biological dispositions.
B)similar roles of males and females.
C)contrasting roles of males and females.
D)innate psychological dispositions.

Question 17

Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud agreed that

A)anatomy is destiny.
B)gender behaviors and gender are instinctual.
C)human behavior is directly related to reproductive processes.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 18

Evolutionary psychologists agree that

A)natural selection favored males who adopted long-term mating strategies.
B)males evolved dispositions that favor competition and risk-taking.
C)natural selection favored females who paired widely.
D)males evolved dispositions that favor male bonding and friendship.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the role of women around the world is NOT true?

A)Women perform more domestic work.
B)Women and men receive approximately the same pay.
C)Women spend fewer hours in paid employment.
D)Women have less power than men.

Question 20

Which of the following is good advice for helping to improve the gendered lives of both boys and girls in adolescence?

A)Help adolescents to reduce gender stereotyping and discrimination.
B)Don't engage in gender stereotyping and discrimination yourself.
C)Never model discrimination for adolescents.
D)All of these are good advice.

Question 21

Which of the following statements regarding self-esteem in adolescent girls is TRUE?

A)Self-esteem in adolescent girls is lower than self-esteem in adolescent boys.
B)Self-esteem in girls drops at approximately the same rate as boys.
C)Self-esteem in high-school girls is higher than for college women.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 22

Which of the following statements regarding television and gender is TRUE?

A)Men are portrayed as more powerful than women in many TV shows.
B)Female characters on music videos are shown as passive.
C)Women are overrepresented in prime-time commercials.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 23

Recent research continues to find that gender stereotyping

A)is decreasing slowly.
B)is pervasive.
C)has decreased considerably in the last 25 years.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 24

The theory on gender development that asserts that gender-typing emerges as children and adolescents develop gender schemas regarding what is gender-appropriate or -inappropriate in their culture is called

A)gender learning theory.
B)schema dominance theory.
C)gender schema theory.
D)social learning theory.

Question 25

Research has shown that the more adolescent females and males watched entertainment TV,the more

A)positive their body images were.
B)passive they became.
C)aggressive they became.
D)negative their body images were.

Question 26

Which of the following statements regarding single-sex education is TRUE?

A)Single-sex education is superior to co-ed education for both boys and girls.
B)Single-sex education is superior to co-ed education for girls.
C)Single-sex education is superior to co-ed education for boys.
D)Single-sex education is not superior to co-ed education for both boys and girls.

Question 27

A cognitive structure that organizes the world in terms of female and male is called a

A)gender schema.
B)gender worldview.
C)gender-role dichotomy.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT recommended for improving gendered lives for boys?

A)Encourage boys to handle their emotions more effectively.
B)Work with boys to improve their athletic ability.
C)Work with boys to improve their academic performance.
D)Encourage boys to be less physically aggressive.

Question 29

Victor has perceived that wearing a silk scarf on his head is not considered appropriate for males in his culture.Consequently,he pulls his long hair back and secures it with a rubber band.Victor's behavior is best explained by

A)media influence theory.
B)gender-role transcendence theory.
C)gender schema theory.
D)social role theory.

Question 30

Television shows portray teenage girls as being primarily interested in

A)shopping.
B)appearance.
C)dating.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 31

Which of the following statements regarding roles and traits of the traditional male or female is NOT true?

A)Expressive traits are associated with men and help them to communicate effectively.
B)Instrumental traits suited men to go out and be breadwinners.
C)Instrumental traits equipped men to wield authority.
D)Traditional feminine characteristics are childlike and foster dependency.

Question 32

Gender schema theory is a ________ theory.

A)cognitive
B)biological
C)sociological
D)psychological

Question 33

Caitlin tells her friend that women make better nurses and teachers than men.Caitlin's statement is

A)generally true.
B)a stereotype.
C)generally false.
D)an overstatement.

Question 34

In a recent study of U.S.college women,more time on Facebook was related to more ________ feelings about their own bodies.

A)positive
B)negative
C)idealistic
D)neutral

Question 35

Music videos are

A)not stereotypical of gender.
B)slanted towards female audiences.
C)slanted towards male audiences.
D)not especially marketed to teen viewers.

Question 36

Which of the following statements regarding physical similarities and differences between men and women is NOT true?

A)Males grow to be 10 percent taller than females.
B)Male body fat is likely to go to the abdomen; body fat in women is concentrated around breasts and hips.
C)Males have greater physical strength than females.
D)Men have twice as much body fat as women.

Question 37

Traits associated with females are labeled ________ traits.

A)expressive
B)concordant
C)instrumental
D)congruent

Question 38

Many physical differences between men and women are tied to

A)intelligence.
B)health.
C)financial status.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 39

Traits such as aggressive,independent,and power-oriented are labeled ________ traits.

A)expressive
B)concordant
C)instrumental
D)congruent

Question 40

Elaine says that her favorite TV show's teenage star,Lauren,is an attractive teenager who is an apprentice to a forensic anthropologist.Lauren spends all of her free time analyzing bones and reconstructing skeletons to solve crimes.This TV star is

A)not the typical teenage girl star.
B)typical of a teen star in that she is attractive and smart.
C)typical of a teen star in that she is attractive and career-oriented.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 41

High levels of stress hormones have been linked to

A)high blood pressure.
B)osteoporosis.
C)rheumatoid arthritis.
D)Alzheimer's disease.

Question 42

Which of the following findings came out of a meta-analysis of gender differences in talkativeness,affiliative speech,and self-assertive speech?

A)Gender differences in talkativeness occurred more in dyads than in large groups.
B)Gender differences in affiliative speech are largest during middle childhood.
C)Boys talk more with adults than girls do.
D)Gender differences in affiliative speech are largest during adolescence.

Question 43

Similarities and differences in the brains of males and females could be due to

A)evolution.
B)heredity.
C)social experiences.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 44

With regard to prosocial behavior,

A)males view themselves as more empathetic.
B)females view themselves as more empathetic.
C)males engage in more prosocial behavior during adolescence than do females.
D)the smallest gender differences occur for kind and considerate behavior.

Question 45

Which of the following statements regarding gender differences related to schooling and academic achievement is TRUE?

A)Females are more likely to drop out of school than males.
B)Males are more likely to earn a college degree than females.
C)The bottom 50 percent of high-school classes is made up mainly of males.
D)Most males perform at below-average level.

Question 46

What differences exist between males and females with regard to brain structure and activity?

A)The part of the hypothalamus involved in sexual behavior is larger in females than in males.
B)The area of the brain involved in visuospatial skills is larger in females than in males.
C)The corpus callosum is larger in females than in males.
D)The area of the brain involved in emotional expression is more active in males than in females.

Question 47

Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in play is TRUE?

A)Girls are more likely than boys to play in small groups.
B)Boys are more likely than girls to play in groups that have a leader.
C)Boys' games tend to have winners and losers.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 48

According to Deborah Tannen,talk that gives information is called

A)rapport talk.
B)report talk.
C)factual talk.
D)social talk.

Question 49

Joe tells a story about how his car was rear-ended while he was stopped at a railroad crossing.This is an example of what Deborah Tannen calls

A)rapport talk.
B)factual reporting.
C)report talk.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 50

What differences exist between males and females with regard to verbal skills?

A)Females outperform males in reading and writing.
B)Females outperform males on reading and writing only in elementary school; by high school the scores are the same in verbal skills.
C)There are no significant differences between females and males in reading; girls outperform boys in writing.
D)There are no significant differences between females and males in writing; girls outperform boys in reading.

Question 51

Amanda and Dennis are high school classmates.Which of the following is likely to be TRUE?

A)Amanda is more likely than Dennis to be attentive in class.
B)Dennis is more likely than Amanda to be planning a career in math or engineering.
C)Amanda is more likely than Dennis to participate in class.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 52

Which differences exist between males and females regarding health?

A)Females have a longer life expectancy than males.
B)Females and males can expect to live about the same number of years.
C)Females are more likely to develop mental disorders than males.
D)Males are more resistant to infections than females.

Question 53

A recent study of over seven million U.S.students in grades 2-11 showed that

A)boys outperformed girls on math tests.
B)girls scored significantly lower on math tests than boys.
C)there were no differences in math scores between boys and girls.
D)girls scored slightly better than boys in math in grades 2-6.

Question 54

Research regarding males and females in math and science careers has indicated

A)despite gender similarities in math ability,males still predominate upper-level math courses.
B)because of gender similarities in math ability,equal number of males and females are found in upper-level math courses.
C)gender differences in math ability account for the lower number of females in upper-level math classes.
D)females are starting to outnumber the number of males in upper-level math courses.

Question 55

What was Deborah Tannen's main conclusion about differences between boys and girls?

A)Boys learn language ahead of girls.
B)Girls learn language ahead of boys.
C)Boys use more action words in their speech than girls.
D)Boys and girls grow up in different worlds of talk.

Question 56

A meta-analysis of gender differences in talkativeness,affiliative speech,and self-assertive speech confirms which criticism of Deborah Tannen's research?

A)Tannen underestimated the size of the gender differences in communication.
B)Tannen overestimated the size of the gender differences in communication.
C)Tannen focused too much on contexts of communication and not enough on the content of communication.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 57

Which of the following statements regarding visuospatial skills is NOT true?

A)These skills include being able to rotate objects mentally.
B)These skills include being able to determine what objects would look like after rotation.
C)These skills are important in courses such as algebra.
D)These skills are better in boys than in girls.

Question 58

Ashley spread a rumor that Donna,the new girl in class,had head lice.As a result of this rumor,Donna has made no friends,and people move their desks to get away from her.Ashley has engaged in

A)emotional aggression.
B)relational aggression.
C)latent aggression.
D)mean behavior,but it is not any type of aggression.

Question 59

According to Deborah Tannen,the language of establishing connections and negotiating relationships is known as

A)rapport talk.
B)report talk.
C)social talk.
D)polite talk.

Question 60

Chris just completed high school and plans to go to college to study social work.It is likely that Chris is a

A)female in the United States.
B)male in the United States.
C)female in Europe.
D)male in Europe.

Question 61

Which of the following statements regarding gender in context is NOT true?

A)Gender behavior often varies across contexts.
B)Females are more likely than males to help if they feel competent to help.
C)Males are more likely than females to show anger to strangers.
D)In many cultures,roles are very gender-specific.

Question 62

Dr.Burke,a superintendent of a large school system,wants to implement androgynous education in his district.Based on research,Dr.Burke will get the most success from the program if it is offered to students in grade

A)two.
B)five.
C)seven.
D)nine.

Question 63

Nezy is a young married woman who lives in Saudi Arabia.Which of the following is probably true for Nezy?

A)Nezy will work at raising her children and hold a part-time job in the public sector.
B)Nezy will share the household tasks with her husband.
C)Nezy will work full-time at a home-based business while caring for her family.
D)Any deviation from Nezy's traditional gender role will be met with disapproval.

Question 64

The theorist who asserts that gender differences have been greatly exaggerated,based on the results of 44 meta-analyses of gender differences and similarities is

A)Carol Gilligan.
B)Janet Shibley Hyde.
C)Alice Eagly.
D)Judith Viorst.

Question 65

Carmela,age 16,and her brother Juan,age 17,are originally from Puerto Rico.Which of the following statements is likely to be true,based on the studies of Latino and Latina adolescents?

A)Juan will get his driver's license before Carmela.
B)Carmela will have more interaction with males than Juan will have with females.
C)Juan and Carmela will participate in after-school activities.
D)Neither Juan nor Carmela will have a curfew.

Question 66

The presence of a high degree of masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person is known as

A)androgyny.
B)ambiguity.
C)hermaphroditism.
D)transsexualism.

Question 67

Cara says that she has just begun to experience some intense emotions whereas her neighbor,Craig,says that he doesn't experience any of these emotions.Which of the following is likely to be TRUE?

A)Both Cara and Craig are in middle childhood.
B)Cara is in early adolescence; Craig is in late adolescence.
C)Both Cara and Craig are in early adolescence.
D)Cara is in late childhood; Craig is in middle adolescence.

Question 68

Darren scores a high number of feminine and a high number of masculine traits on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory.Darren would be classified as

A)feminine.
B)masculine.
C)undifferentiated.
D)androgynous.

Question 69

Zoe tells her parents that she learned in her women's studies class that many of the gender differences that she sees are due to inequities in power,money,and other resources between men and women.She says she is going to be taking part in a "walk for equity" to protest lower wages being paid to women in her community.Zoe's position is very much like that of which theorist?

A)Anna Freud
B)Carol Gilligan
C)Alice Eagly
D)Janet Shibley Hyde

Question 70

Which of the following statements regarding access to education around the world is NOT true?

A)Girls' education still lags behind boys' education.
B)Girls in Japan and the Philippines complete their education at lower rates than girls in Western nations.
C)Girls receive,on average,4.4 years less education than boys.
D)Control over girls' social relationships is easing in some nations.

Question 71

When it comes to emotions,boys usually show

A)less self-regulation than girls.
B)more self-regulation than girls.
C)about the same self-regulation as girls.
D)no self-regulation until late adolescence.

Question 72

Evelyn scores low on both feminine and masculine traits on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory.Evelyn would be classified as

A)feminine.
B)masculine.
C)undifferentiated.
D)androgynous.

Question 73

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding gender differences in prosocial behavior?

A)Females view themselves as more prosocial and empathetic than males.
B)Females engage in more prosocial and empathetic behaviors than males.
C)Females are better at recognizing nonverbal emotions in others.
D)Females are more likely to engage in heroic prosocial actions than males.

Question 74

Increasing numbers of children and adolescents in the U.S.are being raised to behave in

A)traditional gender-role ways.
B)androgynous ways.
C)masculine ways.
D)undifferentiated ways.

Question 75

A person who is high on instrumental traits and low on expressive traits would be classified as ________ on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory.

A)feminine
B)masculine
C)undifferentiated
D)androgynous

Question 76

Which of the following statements regarding androgyny education is NOT true?

A)It is easier to teach androgyny to boys than to girls.
B)It is easier to teach androgyny to girls than to boys.
C)Androgyny education includes the use of books,discussion materials,and gender curriculum.
D)Androgyny education works best when it is introduced before middle-school grades.

Question 77

The theorist who emphasizes the social conditions that have resulted in power inequity and substantial gender differences is

A)Alice Eagly.
B)Janet Shibley Hyde.
C)Judith Rodin.
D)Mary Parker.

Question 78

Which of the following theorists believes that extensive gender differences are caused by adaptive problems across human evolutionary history?

A)Janet Shibley Hyde
B)Carol Gilligan
C)David Buss
D)Alice Eagly

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT one of the classifications made via the Bem Sex-Role Inventory?

A)masculine
B)feminine
C)transgendered
D)undifferentiated

Question 80

Which of the following statements regarding androgyny is NOT true?

A)Androgyny has been linked to higher levels of stress.
B)Androgynous individuals are more flexible than either masculine or feminine individuals.
C)Androgynous individuals report better health practices than people in other categories.
D)None of these choices are correct.