Deck 3: Cognitive Changes

Question 1

"This is the worst thing that ever happened to anyone!" Statements of this sort reflect the influence of

A)Internet chatrooms.
B)dramatic license.
C)the personal fable.
D)concrete operations.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Patrick,a 10th grader,does not believe there are such things as UFOs.He is most likely to notice illogical reasoning when reading an article that

A)discusses the benefits and costs of globalization.
B)argues for the existence of UFOs.
C)argues that UFOs are imaginary.
D)explains why 10th graders are superior to younger adolescents.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

As Luigi walks by two girls,one glances at him,then returns to her conversation.He is sure she is making a negative comment about him.Elkind would see this as an example of

A)introspection.
B)the imaginary audience.
C)impression formation.
D)a personal fable.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The most important figure to study how children's thinking changes during development was

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Jean Piaget.
C)Konrad Lorenz.
D)G,Stanley Hall.

Question 5

"Cars have four wheels.This object has four wheels,so it's a car." This is an example of

A)hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
B)metalogical analysis.
C)inductive reasoning.
D)preoperational thinking.

Question 6

Piaget's theory has been criticized on the ground that

A)many older adolescents fail to show formal operational thinking.
B)the distinctions among stages are not strict enough.
C)it does not focus enough on mental structures.
D)All of the above.

Question 7

Research on the imaginary audience suggests that

A)teens show off even if no one is looking.
B)young adolescents are more egocentric than older adolescents.
C)risky behaviour is more likely in the company of peers.
D)often others really are watching and judging.

Question 8

Campaigns to prevent risky behaviours by teens may be less effective because _____ leads teens to believe that bad things are likely to happen to others but not to themselves.

A)formal operational thinking
B)the personal fable
C)probabilistic reasoning
D)the imaginary audience

Question 9

The competence-performance gap is likely to be larger when

A)the adolescent's attention is divided among different problems.
B)the material fits well with the teen's own views.
C)the matter is personally relevant.
D)the information being considered is more familiar.

Question 10

According to Piaget,young adolescents enter the stage of _____,in which thinking is based on an abstract system of logic.

A)concrete operations
B)abstract operations
C)formal operations
D)logical operations

Question 11

Adolescents can better grasp sayings such as "When it rains,it pours" through their ability to

A)mentally compare explicit and implicit meanings.
B)understand grammatical rules.
C)ignore abstract relationships.
D)stay focused on concrete aspects of objects.

Question 12

Compared to younger children,adolescents are better at

A)thinking about possibilities.
B)understanding the world in abstract terms.
C)seeing what is as a particular case of what might be.
D)All of the above.

Question 13

Adolescents are more likely than children to measure their world against abstract concepts such as fairness and justice and to propose ways to improve it,reflecting their greater ability to

A)understand metaphor.
B)use inductive reasoning.
C)think hypothetically.
D)infer conclusions.

Question 14

For Piaget,the process of trying to understand new information in terms of one's existing knowledge is known as

A)interaction.
B)maturation.
C)accommodation.
D)assimilation.

Question 15

The "imaginary audience" is one way that adolescent _____ shows itself.

A)abstraction
B)accommodation
C)egocentrism
D)operationalism

Question 16

The ability to attend to multiple meanings helps adolescents appreciate

A)concrete information.
B)sarcasm.
C)egocentrism.
D)inductive reasoning.

Question 17

Tiffany is aware that unprotected sex can lead to pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections,but she tells her friends that if she became sexually active,she knows nothing bad would happen to her.Elkind would see this as an example of

A)counterfactual thinking.
B)a personal fable.
C)metacognition.
D)the imaginary audience.

Question 18

For Piaget,the process of changing one's current ways of thinking in response to new experiences is known as

A)assimilation.
B)accommodation.
C)interaction.
D)maturation.

Question 19

When trying to understand social relationships in her new school,Farah generates a set of hypotheses about who is friends with whom,then systematically looks for evidence to confirm or disconfirm them.Piaget would place Farah in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 20

The changes that take place in the ways adolescents think are known as

A)mental progress.
B)informational input.
C)cognitive development
D)knowledge processing.

Question 21

The psychometric approach to cognition focuses on

A)universal patterns of development.
B)people with very unusual ways of thinking.
C)how individuals differ from one another in thinking ability.
D)the rate at which children pass through cognitive stages.

Question 22

The area between those things you can do on your own and those you could do if guided by someone more skilled than you is what Vygotsky termed

A)the social environment.
B)the competence-performance gap.
C)the zone of proximal development.
D)the region of dynamic skills.

Question 23

The amount of time someone takes to do a task such as mental addition

A)has little to do with working memory.
B)goes down sharply from middle childhood to early adolescence.
C)is the result of divided attention.
D)depends on abstract logical structures.

Question 24

Instead of trying to memorize something verbatim,adolescents tend to extract a(n)_____ that is easier to store,retrieve,and use.

A)working memory
B)fuzzy trace
C)heuristic
D)principle

Question 25

Absolute levels of intelligence _____ during adolescence and one's relative position within one's age group _____.

A)stay much the same;fluctuates
B)increase;stays much the same
C)increase;improves
D)are constant;is constant

Question 26

If an intelligence test yields a deviation IQ,about two-thirds of the population will get scores between _____ and _____.

A)0;100
B)50;150
C)85;115
D)100;125

Question 27

A discussion of adolescent thinking that features such terms as input,working memory,and executive function most likely reflects the _____ approach to the subject.

A)cognitive developmental
B)information processing
C)psychometric
D)neuropsychological

Question 28

_____ intelligence peaks during the adolescent years,while _____ intelligence continues to increase during adulthood.

A)Fluid;crystallized
B)Verbal;quantitative
C)Fixed;variable
D)Crystallized;fluid

Question 29

According to Robbie Case,adolescents are better than children at solving problems because of their use of _____ to mentally represent the goal and possible strategies to reach it.

A)scaffolding
B)concrete operations
C)metaphors
D)executive control structures

Question 30

Today's IQ tests are standardized to give an average IQ score of

A)50.
B)85.
C)100.
D)115.

Question 31

Adolescents reason and solve problems better than children as a result of

A)better attentional control.
B)faster processing speed.
C)greater memory span.
D)All of the above.

Question 32

Jayashri reads an assigned text while listening to music on headphones.This is an example of

A)divided attention.
B)selective attention.
C)limited attention.
D)working memory.

Question 33

"My enemy's enemy is my friend" is an example of a

A)contradiction in terms.
B)fuzzy trace.
C)heuristic.
D)cognitive conflict.

Question 34

According to the information processing approach to cognition,if some piece of information engages your attention,it is passed along to

A)motoric control.
B)working memory.
C)the executive function.
D)comparison units.

Question 35

Adolescents who are able to use logical analysis often fail to do so because

A)more intuitive methods may be faster and cognitively cheaper.
B)they depend too much on inductive reasoning.
C)they look at problems from too many angles.
D)they realize that real life is usually illogical.

Question 36

Saeed studies for an upcoming quiz in the noisy cafeteria.His ability to focus on the material is the result of

A)divided attention.
B)executive functions.
C)selective attention.
D)the sensory register.

Question 37

The work of _____ implies that adolescents and adults may approach problems using both conscious logical analysis and less conscious heuristic intuition.

A)Jean Piaget
B)Lev Vygotsky
C)Robbie Case
D)Paul Klaczynski

Question 38

In the early 20th century,Alfred Binet was asked to develop a test to

A)measure a child's innate intellectual potential.
B)indicate if an adolescent was ready to graduate from high school.
C)predict how well a child was likely to do in school.
D)control admissions to the university.

Question 39

Physical changes in the associative areas of the cortex during late childhood and early adolescence are thought to contribute to

A)increased processing speed.
B)crystallized intelligence.
C)selective attention.
D)the competence-performance gap.

Question 40

Kurt Fischer's approach to cognitive development differs from Piaget's in

A)focusing on coordinated skills rather than stages.
B)giving a less important role to the social environment.
C)maintaining that different areas of cognitive functioning develop evenly.
D)rejecting the idea of sensorimotor intelligence.

Question 41

What are the important elements of critical thinking,and how do they improve during adolescence?

Question 42

A focus on giving the right answer to questions is likely to get in the way of adolescents developing

A)rote learning.
B)critical thinking.
C)automatization.
D)epistemological objectivism.

Question 43

What would you say are the most important developments in adolescent thinking from the perspective of Piaget's work? How do these developments show themselves? Give examples.

Question 44

Adolescents have increased abilities to think about their own thinking,in what is known as

A)formal operations.
B)reflective cognition.
C)metacognition.
D)automatization.

Question 45

When problems come up,Suriyya can be counted on to suggest new and useful solutions.Robert Sternberg would say that she is strong in _____ intelligence.

A)contextual
B)experiential
C)successful
D)componential

Question 46

Persistent class and ethnic differences in children's IQ scores have been explained as the result of

A)culturally biased tests.
B)genetic group differences.
C)unfavorable environmental factors.
D)All of the above.

Question 47

Sharon,14,refuses to join her parents on a trip to the beach because her new bathing suit is in the laundry and her old one has a small discoloration.From the point of view of cognitive development,why might Sharon be so concerned?

Question 48

The process of analyzing what you know,deciding if it is correct and relevant,and coordinating it with other knowledge is known as

A)self analysis.
B)reflective formalism.
C)critical thinking.
D)cognitive self regulation.

Question 49

In Howard Gardner's view,highly skilled dancers,athletes,and surgeons are all likely to have unusually high _____ intelligence.

A)musical
B)experiential
C)kinesthetic
D)global

Question 50

With respect to knowledge,younger adolescents are likely to maintain that

A)there are meaningful ways to choose among different viewpoints.
B)different people see things differently,and each viewpoint is as valid as the next.
C)there is a correct viewpoint,which authorities either know or can find out.
D)only a few people with special talents are able really to know.

Question 51

The knowledge and critical judgment that people accumulate from education and experience is known as

A)life lessons.
B)crystallized intelligence.
C)fluid intelligence.
D)wisdom.

Question 52

The suggestion that environmental factors contribute to group differences in IQ is supported by the finding that

A)children adopted into more advantaged homes score higher on IQ tests.
B)parents in disadvantaged groups who encourage learning have children who score higher on IQ tests.
C)children who miss a lot of school score lower on IQ tests.
D)All of the above.

Question 53

Mallala gets high grades,but constantly blunders when dealing with friends.Jordan is a below-average student,but a top student politician.What approach to intelligence might help us understand these contrasts?

Question 54

Prof.Nathanyahu says that the changes in thinking that take place in moving from childhood to adolescence are like replacing a 10-year-old computer with a new one.What sorts of changes is she probably referring to,and why are they important?

Question 55

In what is called the Flynn effect,over the last 60 years average IQ scores

A)have increased steadily.
B)have dropped steadily.
C)have stayed constant.
D)have varied unpredictably.