Deck 6: Toddlers: Cognitive, Social and Personality Development in the Context of Language Acquisition

Question 1

According to the 2006 Australian census, of the 250 Aboriginal languages in use in the 1700s, only ____________ languages were still being spoken.

Answer 1

145

Question 2

Which of the following are features of motherese?

A) Simple recasts
B) Continuations
C) Exaggerated intonations
D) All of the above

Answer 2

All of the above

Question 3

Which of the following is true regarding the 'nature' theoretical explanation of the processes of language acquisition?

A) It is a nativist, neurocognitive approach.
B) Language is pre- programmed into the human brain.
C) Focus on children's learning of language through exposure to a culture of language.
D) Both A and B

Answer 3

Both A and B

Question 4

The rouge test is used to test whether a child has developed:

A) telegraphic grammar.
B) complex sentence skills.
C) a sense of self awareness.
D) pragmatic skills.

Question 5

Descriptive grammar is defined as:

A) the complete set of rules needed to construct all the sentences a native speaker might use in a lifetime.
B) a prescriptive set of rules such which define language usage.
C) the words that a child learning language uses to describe their surroundings.
D) Both A and B

Question 6

Speech to younger children that is briefer and grammatically simpler than that addressed to older children is often referred to as ____________ .

Question 7

Recent neuroscience research using brain imaging techniques has shown that ____________ areas of the cortex are activated by the second rather than the first language in bilinguals who acquired their second spoken language after infancy. In those bilinguals who mastered both languages simultaneously in infancy and toddlerhood ____________, regions of the brain cortex are activated regardless of which of the two languages is being spoken.

A) the same; different
B) different; the same
C) verbal; phoneme
D) phoneme; verbal

Question 8

The Language Acquisition Device is associated with which theorist?

A) Noam Chomsky
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Lev Vygotsky
D) Jean Piaget

Question 9

Conventional sign languages such as ASL, Auslan and BSL have similar syntactic structures and are ____________ complex when compared to spoken languages.

Question 10

Which of the following is an important pre- language skill?

A) Ability to produce language
B) Ability to receive language
C) Pseudo- conversation
D) All of the above

Question 11

Malin (1990) found that middle- class Anglo- Australian parents used ____________ reprimanding, directive ordering, punishment and verbal censure of their children's behaviour than Aboriginal parents.

Question 12

Which of the following is not one of the specific symbolic representations used by humans?

A) Graphic symbols
B) Gestural symbols
C) Behavioural symbols
D) Motoric symbols

Question 13

Children in the ____________ stage of syntax acquisition use single words to convey meanings complex enough to require full sentences in adult language.

Question 14

____________ describes the social rules of conversation that enable meaning to be shared through speakers and listeners understanding one another.

Question 15

Which of the following is not one of Tomasello's (2006) developmental steps in pragmatic language growth?

A) Schematisation and analogy
B) Functionally- based distribution analysis
C) Achievement and replication
D) Intention- reading and cultural learning

Question 16

Which theorist described the mastery of the awareness that speech carries meaning to be the 'greatest discovery' in life?

A) Jean Piaget
B) Jerome Bruner
C) Lawrence Kohlberg
D) Lev Vygotsky

Question 17

Which of the following is true about language development in children?

A) Infants are born with capacities to perceive the sound contrasts of all human languages.
B) From birth, infants are highly capable of perceiving just a very narrow range of subtle contrasts between speech sounds.
C) Infants are less sensitive to sound contrasts than adults are.
D) All of the above

Question 18

To use the word 'bird' for any moving animal is an example of:

A) animalistic language.
B) overextension.
C) underextension.
D) Sapir - Whorf error.

Question 19

Which of the following behaviours is associated with the negativism in toddlers?

A) Tantrums
B) Saying 'No'
C) Refusing reasonable offers of assistance
D) All of the above

Question 20

In a typically developing child of about 22 months, the sentence 'Mum helping you' is an example of:

A) telegraphic grammar.
B) descriptive grammar.
C) holophrastic speech.
D) All of the above

Question 21

Lawrence (1984) suggests that even toddlers are likely to respond initially with ____________ rather than blind defiance to conflicts that encourage verbal discussion and polite argument.

Question 22

According to Folvern and Bonvillian (1991), children who are deaf and are taught sign language from birth develop the ability to communicate using single signed words before typically developing children speak their first word.

Question 23

Snow (1977) found that mothers treated their infants as though they were partners in a dialogue from the age of three months.

Question 24

Symbolic representation, or the capacity to use mental categories as substitutes for physical objects and events, does not develop until early in the ____________ year of life.

Question 25

In relation to obeying a command from a parent, toddlers who attend day- care centres on a weekly basis tend to be more negativistic than their counterparts who spend all day at home.

Question 26

Four- year- olds tend to use simpler speech when speaking to younger children than they would use with peers.

Question 27

Research has found that chimpanzees that have been taught language skills engage in overextension of word meanings.

Question 28

Vygotsky saw the discovery of word meaning as significant, not only because of the new possibilities for communication arising with spoken language, but also because the child's ____________ are revolutionised as a result of this discovery.

Question 29

Adults who suffer injury to areas of the left brain that are dominant for language may become unable to express or understand spoken words but are typically still able to comprehend and produce sign language.

Question 30

Lempert (1984) found that her imitation training procedure was not effective in teaching children a new grammatical construction.

Question 31

Bialystok and her colleagues (2004) highlighted the cognitive processing deficits in bilinguals. The results in the area of cognitive performance in an elderly group were particularly striking, prompting the researchers to conclude that 'controlled processing is carried out more effectively by monolinguals'.

Question 32

According to Nelson et al. (2006), there appears to be a sensitive period for optimal learning of signed languages as well as spoken ones.

Question 33

Between the ages of eight and ten months, most infants begin to use gestures for genuine communication.

Question 34

According to Lawrence (1984), requests prefaced by 'please' were more successful than forceful orders in obtaining compliance in toddlers with telegraphic language abilities.

Question 35

According to Wenar (1982), ____________ is defined operationally as 'the toddler's intentional noncompliance to adult requests, directives, and prohibitions'.

Question 36

According to Bruner (1983), parents can assist their toddlers' mastery of language when they use a strategy called ____________

Question 37

To use the word 'car' for only the actual family car, rather than all cars, including toys and photos, is an example of ____________.

Question 38

Overextension is a linguistic phenomenon found only in English speakers, due to the complexity of the English language.