Deck 5: Infancy: Social, Emotional and Personality Development in a Nutshell

Question 1

De Vries (2001) found that ___________ percent of Masai infants with easy temperaments at four months died before their first birthday. In the same harsh, drought- stricken circumstances, ___________ percent of infants with difficult temperaments died by the same age.

A) 71; 17
B) 53: 12
C) 17; 71
D) 12; 53

Answer 1

71; 17

Question 2

Like the parent- child relationship, peer relationships in childhood bear the mark of the infant's attachment style to caregivers at around the age of ___________

Answer 2

one year/12 months

Question 3

Freedman (1974) found that efforts to elicit the Moro reflex ___________ were successful among Aboriginal than Anglo- Australian babies.

Answer 3

less

Question 4

According to Sanson, et al. (1985), what percentage of Australian infants are in the slow- to- warm- up temperament pattern?

A) 10%
B) 5%
C) 8%
D) 13%

Question 5

Goode et al. (1982) studied parental reactions to the nightly crying of 25 infants in Melbourne. They found which of the following?

A) Depressed fathers spent the most time trying to settle their infants for sleep.
B) Non- anxious fathers spent two hours per night trying to settle their infant if it displayed a 'difficult' temperament and less for all other temperaments.
C) Fathers who earned high scores on a standardised measure of anxiety were more likely than non- anxious fathers to spend time trying to settle their infants for sleep.
D) All of the above

Question 6

Which of the following is necessary to develop infants' first secure and specific attachment?

A) The biological prenatal or birth relationship between mother and child
B) Female gender
C) The bond arising during breastfeeding
D) None of the above

Question 7

Which of the following inherent tendencies that contribute towards later personality are present from birth?

A) Active versus sluggish
B) Cheerful versus gloomy
C) Persistent versus readily distractible
D) All of the above

Question 8

According to Sanson et al. (1985), Australian infants were, on average, rated as ___________ active and restless in temperament than their counterparts in the United States.

Question 9

Schneider, et al. (2001) reviewed the research on the impact of infant attachment classification on childhood peer relationships. They found:

A) effects were smaller for peer relations in middle childhood and adolescence than early childhood.
B) effects were higher for studies that focused on children's close friendships rather than relations with other peers.
C) children with insecure avoidant attachment (Type A) typically didn't make friends in middle childhood.
D) Both A and C

Question 10

Russell (2003) found that ___________ percent of Australian fathers are primary caregivers for their children for a significant portion of time each day.

Question 11

The sound of a ___________ calms the newborn, soothes heart rate, relaxes tense muscles, and diminishes crying more effectively than most other kinds of sound.

Question 12

A baby is upset relatively little by a stranger's entry and its mother's departure and is reluctant to cling at any stage. Relative to infants in other classifications, its indifference to its mother and lack of delight at being reunited after separation is salient. This best describes which of the following forms of attachment?

A) Secure attachment
B) Anxious- ambivalent insecure attachment
C) Insecure avoidant attachment
D) Indifferent attachment

Question 13

In research conducted by Smart and Sanson (2005), babies born in the 1983 cohort were significantly more ___________ than those born in 2004.

Question 14

Freedman (1974) compared a large group of Aboriginal and Anglo- Australian newborns in Darwin. In relation to the temperament dimension of alertness he found:

A) Anglo- Australian neonates often had their eyes closed when awake and appeared sleepy and lethargic.
B) Aboriginal newborns were more quietly alert than Anglo- Australian newborns.
C) Aboriginal infants spent considerable periods of time wide awake with their eyes open.
D) All of the above

Question 15

In terms of the temperament of Australian infants, persistence (or attention span) is best described as:

A) how continually an activity is maintained and the effect of distraction on the activity.
B) how easily ongoing behaviour can be changed by an intruding stimulus.
C) the ease with which a child adapts to, or fits in with, changes in the environment.
D) Both A and B

Question 16

Which of the following is related to the uniquely Indigenous parenting value of identification with the land?

A) Feelings of affection, respect and belongingness towards the traditional homelands.
B) An understanding of the traditional importance and spiritual significance of the Aboriginal sense of place.
C) A strong link to structures on the homelands.
D) Both A and B

Question 17

According to Sroufe (1985) and Lieberman, et al. (1999), securely attached infants generally score higher than their insecurely attached counterparts throughout childhood and adolescence on measures of:

A) enthusiasm and persistence in learning.
B) freedom from problem behaviours such as aggression, hyperactivity or anxiety.
C) curiosity.
D) All of the above

Question 18

In relation to the phases in the growth of attachment in relationships, an infant aged three to seven months is involved in which of the following?

A) Differential proximity seeking, separation protest, clinging to attachment target(s) more than to other people.
B) Maturation of readiness for attachment through visual face recognition, person permanence, stranger wariness.
C) Generalised sociability; indiscriminate social responsiveness.
D) All of the above

Question 19

Which of the following attributes are commonly associated with the slow- to- warm- up temperament?

A) First reaction to a new experience is usually enjoyment but subsequent reactions are varied
B) Placid and inactive
C) Strict wakefulness schedule
D) All of the above

Question 20

Parents placing a strong emphasis on children's learning via participation and practical involvement in day- to- day community activities, including skills for outdoor living and survival in the bush, is an example of culturally ___________

Question 21

Untrained adults can determine the 'basic' emotions being experienced by an infant through observation of the facial expressions of an infant as young as seven months.

Question 22

When the mother is the primary caregiver who remains at home with the baby full time, and engages in most of the routine comfort- giving activities of feeding, changing, soothing and bathing, some infants attach themselves to their working father first.

Question 23

The ease with which a child adapts to, or fits in with, changes in the environment is referred to as ___________

Question 24

By ___________ months of age, infants typically display a consistent preference to look at a photo of a smiling, rather than an emotionally neutral, stranger.

Question 25

According to Young et al. (1999), toddlers who had been highly active and negative in mood at four months were ___________ altruistic and empathic at age two.

Question 26

The strength of stimulation necessary to evoke a discernible response is referred to as distractibility.

Question 27

Research suggests that early experiences, in the form of the childrearing strategies parents use to soothe, feed and train their young infants, do not shape the growth of personality.

Question 28

As they are genetically identical, monozygotic twins display an almost identical temperament.

Question 29

Traditional Aboriginal women in remote communities are more likely to opt for breastfeeding, and tend to breastfeed for longer, than their counterparts in cities and country towns.

Question 30

An infant's personality is as complex and multifaceted as an adult's personality, they are just unable to communicate this complexity to those around them.

Question 31

The results of the National Institute of Child Health and Development (1997) comprehensive investigation found that out- of- home child care had no effect per se on the probability of an infant developing either a secure or an insecure attachment.

Question 32

The balance of happiness to sadness and moodiness is one of the most important dimensions of infant temperament through the lifespan.

Question 33

Rebelsky and Hanks (1971) found that, on average, the fathers in their study spent 38 seconds a day (24- hour period) talking to their babies during the first three months of their infant's life.

Question 34

According to the stranger fear concept, if an infant's initial attachment is to the mother, the mother's biological sister (who has not seen her infant niece for a few weeks) is the least likely person to provoke an intense fear reaction, if she approaches the baby and smiles or tries to hold her.

Question 35

A parents' ___________ is likely to shape their ideas about which patterns of infant temperament are desirable and which undesirable qualities parents should (and could) modify.

Question 36

According to the findings of Braungart et al. (1992) and Emde et al. (1992), the correlation between dizygotic twins in the temperament domain of emotionality is ___________

Question 37

Kyrios, et al. (1989) found that parents' cultural background exerted a significant influence on infant temperament.