Deck 18: The Urinary System

Question 1

Which of the following statements are true of the kidneys and renin? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Renin is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when blood pressure rises too high.
B)One function of angiotensin II is to increase vasoconstriction.
C)The secretion of aldosterone is increased by angiotensinogen.
D)The renin-angiotensin mechanism is a negative feedback mechanism.

Answer 1

One function of angiotensin II is to increase vasoconstriction.
The renin-angiotensin mechanism is a negative feedback mechanism.

Question 2

Which of the following statements are true of the kidneys and acid-base balance? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)If body fluids become too acidic, the kidneys will secrete H⁺ ions into the renal filtrate.
B)Kidney cells can obtain H⁺ ions from the reaction of CO₂ and H₂O to form carbonic aciD.
C)The bicarbonate buffer system is a mechanism for the kidneys to get rid of excess H⁺ ions and thereby lower the pH of body fluids.
D)The kidneys help maintain the normal pH range of blood of 7.30 to 7.40.

Answer 2

If body fluids become too acidic, the kidneys will secrete H⁺ ions into the renal filtrate.
Kidney cells can obtain H⁺ ions from the reaction of CO₂ and H₂O to form carbonic aciD.

Question 3

Which of the following statements are true of the ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Peristalsis of the ureters is the function of their smooth muscle.
B)The spherical detrusor muscle is smooth muscle that forms the wall of the bladder.
C)In men, the urethra passes through the prostate gland and penis.
D)The internal urethral sphincter is striated muscle at the junction of the bladder and urethra.
E)The transitional epithelium of the bladder absorbs water to concentrate the urinE
F)The external urethral sphincter is striated muscle that is under parasympathetic control.

Answer 3

Peristalsis of the ureters is the function of their smooth muscle.
The spherical detrusor muscle is smooth muscle that forms the wall of the bladder.
In men, the urethra passes through the prostate gland and penis.

Question 4

Which of the following statements are true of the blood vessels of the kidney? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statement.)

A)Peritubular capillaries surround the renal corpuscle.
B)The renal artery is a direct branch of the abdominal aorta.
C)Blood pressure in the glomeruli is lower than in other capillaries, which is necessary to prevent rupture.
D)The afferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than does the efferent arteriole.
E)The "work" of the kidneys takes place in the two sets of capillaries.
F)The renal vein takes blood to the inferior mesenteric vein.

Question 5

The urinary bladder is posterior to which bone?

A)the ilium
B)the ischium
C)the pubic bone
D)the femur

Question 6

Which of the following statements are true of hormone effects on the kidneys? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)ADH increases the reabsorption of water but has no effect on sodium.
B)Parathyroid hormone increases the secretion of calcium ions into the renal filtrate.
C)ANP increases the excretion of potassium ions into the renal filtrate.
D)Aldosterone indirectly increases the reabsorption of water because it directly increases the reabsorption of sodium ions.
E)The hormones that help preserve blood volume and raise blood pressure are ADH and aldosteronE
F)Aldosterone increases the excretion of potassium ions into the renal filtrate.

Question 7

In women, the urinary bladder is ____ to the uterus within the ____ cavity.

A)superior/abdominal
B)inferior/pelvic
C)medial/abdominal
D)lateral/pelvic

Question 8

The kidneys are ____ the peritoneum, and the term for this is ____.

A)in front of/anteroperitoneal
B)behind/posteroperitoneal
C)in front of/ventroperitoneal
D)behind/retroperitoneal

Question 9

Which of the following statements are true of the urination reflex? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)This is a flexor reflex over which we may exert voluntary control.
B)The effector of the reflex is the detrusor muscle, which contracts.
C)The stimulus for the reflex is stretching of the external urethral sphincter.
D)The part of the CNS directly involved in the reflex is the spinal cord.

Question 10

Which of the following statements are true of the internal structure of the kidney? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)The renal cortex consists of small segments called renal pyramids.
B)The renal pelvis has extensions called calyces to collect urine.
C)The outermost tissue layer is the renal medulla, which is made of renal corpuscles.
D)The renal artery enters the kidney at the hilus on the lateral side.
E)Collecting tubules extend to the apex of each renal pyramiD
F)The capillaries of the kidneys are the glomeruli and the peritubular capillaries.

Question 11

Which of the following statements are true of nephrons? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)A nephron changes blood plasma to renal filtrate and then to urine.
B)A renal tubule consists of a proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting tubule.
C)The first step in the formation of urine is filtration, which takes place in the renal corpuscle from a glomerulus to a Bowman's capsule.
D)Glomerular capillaries are more permeable than are other capillaries.
E)Podocytes are the inner layer of Bowman's capsule, and as a layer are very permeablE
F)Filtration of plasma separates materials based on size; that is, larger materials remain in the blood.

Question 12

Which of the following statements are true of the kidneys and erythropoietin? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)A person with chronic kidney failure may have chronic anemia as well.
B)The stimulus for secretion of erythropoietin is hypoxia.
C)The target tissue of erythropoietin is the red bone marrow.
D)Erythropoietin simulates increased production of all of the kinds of blood cells.

Question 13

In men, the urinary bladder is ____ to the prostate gland and ____ to the small intestinE.

A)superior/inferior
B)superior/superior
C)inferior/inferior
D)inferior/superior

Question 14

The kidneys are ____ to the peritoneum and ____ to the backbonE.

A)anterior/lateral
B)posterior/medial
C)posterior/lateral
D)anterior/medial

Question 15

Which of the following statements are true of urine and waste products? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)The average pH range of normal urine is 2.5 to 10.5.
B)Glycosuria is the result of a low blood glucose level.
C)Ketonuria is the result of greater reliance on carbohydrates for energy.
D)Urea is a nitrogenous waste product that comes from the metabolism of nucleic acids.
E)Normal urine is often a straw color, and the lighter the color, the lower the specific gravity.
F)The average amount of urine voided per 24 hours is 0.5 to 3.5 liters.
G)If bacterial infection makes the glomeruli more permeable, both bacteruria and proteinuria may be consequences.
H)If kidney function decreases, the blood level of creatinine will increase.

Question 16

Which of the following statements are true of the locations of the organs of the urinary system? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Each ureter extends from the real cortex to the urinary bladder.
B)The urethra in men is posterior to the rectum.
C)The kidneys are lateral to the backbone and anterior to the peritoneum.
D)The urinary bladder is behind the pubic bones.

Question 17

Which of the following statements are true of tubular reabsorption? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Positive ions are reabsorbed by active transport.
B)Water and negative ions are reabsorbed by osmosis.
C)Cells in the proximal convoluted tubule have cilia to increase their surface area for absorption.
D)Glucose is reabsorbed by active transport and has a threshold level.
E)Water-soluble vitamins are reabsorbed by active transport and do not have threshold levels.
F)Small proteins are reabsorbed by pinocytosis.
G)Approximately 99% of the renal filtrate formed is reabsorbeD.H.Tubular reabsorption takes place from the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubules.

Question 18

Which of the following statements are true of tubular secretion? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Hydrogen ions may be secreted in response to a decrease in the pH of the blood.
B)The metabolic products of medications may be secreted into the peritubular capillaries.
C)Creatinine is a nitrogenous waste product that may be actively secreteD.D.Tubular secretion takes place from the renal tubules to the peritubular capillaries.

Question 19

Which statement is NOT true of the location of the kidneys?

A)They are superior to the diaphragm.
B)They are lateral to the backbone.
C)They are behind the peritoneum.
D)They are superior to the urinary bladder.

Question 20

The kidneys are ____ to the backbone and ____ to the diaphragm.

A)lateral/inferior
B)medial/inferior
C)lateral/superior
D)medial/superior

Question 21

The outer layer of kidney tissue is called the:

A)renal pelvis
B)renal cortex
C)renal medulla
D)renal fascia

Question 22

The inner layer of kidney tissue is called the:

A)renal pelvis
B)renal cortex
C)renal medulla
D)renal fascia

Question 23

In men, the urethra passes through the:

A)prostate gland
B)penis
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and the inguinal canal

Question 24

Which statement is NOT true of the locations of the organs of the urinary system?

A)The urinary bladder is posterior to the pubic bones.
B)The ureter in men passes through the penis.
C)The kidneys are lateral to the backbone behind the peritoneum in the upper abdominal cavity.
D)The urethra extends from the urinary bladder to the exterior.

Question 25

Urine flows through a ureter from the ____ to the ____.

A)kidney/urethra
B)urinary bladder/urethra
C)kidney/urinary bladder
D)urinary bladder/kidney

Question 26

The renal cortex is the:

A)outer layer of kidney tissue
B)cavity on the medial side of the kidney
C)inner layer of kidney tissue
D)cavity on the lateral side of the kidney

Question 27

The renal pelvis is the:

A)cavity on the lateral side of the kidney
B)cavity on the medial side of the kidney
C)junction of the kidney and urethra
D)location of the kidney in the pelvic cavity

Question 28

In women, the urethra is ____ to the vagina.

A)posterior
B)medial
C)lateral
D)anterior

Question 29

The cavity formed by the expansion of the ureter within the kidney is called the:

A)renal pelvis
B)renal cortex
C)renal medulla
D)renal fascia

Question 30

A ____ takes urine from the kidney to the bladder, and the ____ takes urine from the bladder to the exterior.

A)trigone/ureter
B)urethra/ureter
C)ureter/trigone
D)ureter/urethra

Question 31

The renal medulla is the ____ of kidney tissue and may also be called the ____.

A)inner layer/renal pyramids
B)outer layer/renal pelvis
C)middle layer/renal pelvis
D)outer layer/renal pyramids

Question 32

The renal pyramids is another name for the:

A)renal pelvis
B)renal cortex
C)renal medulla
D)renal fascia

Question 33

At the hilus of the kidney is:

A)the renal artery
B)the renal vein
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and the ureter

Question 34

The kidneys are held in place and cushioned by:

A)the renal fascia and adipose tissue
B)the renal cortex and renal fascia
C)the renal cortex and adipose tissue
D)the renal pelvis and rib cage

Question 35

The ureters are ____ to the peritoneum and ____ to the backbonE.

A)posterior/anterior
B)posterior/posterior
C)anterior/anterior
D)anterior/posterior

Question 36

The urethra extends from the:

A)kidney to the exterior
B)ureter to exterior
C)ureter to urinary bladder
D)urinary bladder to exterior

Question 37

The kidneys are cushioned by ____ and are held in place by ____.

A)elastic connective tissue/the ribs
B)adipose tissue/the renal fascia
C)smooth muscle/the ribs
D)the renal fascia/smooth muscle

Question 38

The renal medulla is the:

A)outer layer of kidney tissue
B)cavity on the medial side of the kidney
C)inner layer of kidney tissue
D)cavity on the lateral side of the kidney

Question 39

The ureters extend from the:

A)urethra to kidneys
B)kidneys to urinary bladder
C)kidneys to urethra
D)urinary bladder to urethra

Question 40

The adipose tissue around the kidneys is a ____, and the renal fascia is made of ____.

A)cushion/fibrous connective tissue
B)source of energy/elastic connective tissue
C)source of energy/fibrous connective tissue
D)cushion/elastic connective tissue

Question 41

A renal corpuscle consists of the:

A)glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
B)Bowman's capsule and renal tubule
C)renal tubule and loop of Henle
D)loop of Henle and glomerulus

Question 42

The parts of a nephron found in the renal cortex are:

A)the distal convoluted tubules
B)the proximal convoluted tubules
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and the renal corpuscles

Question 43

The renal corpuscle and renal tubule are the two major parts of:

A)the renal cortex
B)a nephron
C)a renal pyramid
D)the renal medulla

Question 44

The two major parts of a nephron are the:

A)glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
B)renal tubule and loop of Henle
C)glomerulus and renal corpuscle
D)renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Question 45

The parts of a nephron found in the renal medulla are:

A)the collecting tubules
B)the loops of Henle
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and the renal corpuscles

Question 46

When the kidneys form urine, they also:

A)regulate the pH of the blood
B)regulate the electrolyte composition of the blood
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and regulate blood volume

Question 47

A glomerulus is a:

A)network of capillaries in the renal corpuscle
B)group of glomerular cells in the renal tubule
C)network of capillaries in the renal tubule
D)group of glomerular cells in the renal corpuscle

Question 48

Which statement is NOT true of the internal structure of a kidney?

A)The calyces are extensions of the renal cortex.
B)Loops of Henle are found in the renal medulla.
C)The renal pelvis opens into the ureter.
D)Renal corpuscles are found in the renal cortex.

Question 49

Which statement is NOT true of the internal structure of the kidney?

A)Collecting tubules are found in the renal pyramids.
B)The renal pelvis is at the hilus of the kidney.
C)Proximal convoluted tubules are found in the renal cortex.
D)Distal convoluted tubules are found in the renal medulla.

Question 50

The parts of a renal corpuscle that are very permeable are the:

A)glomerulus and inner layer of Bowman's capsule
B)glomerulus and outer layer of Bowman's capsule
C)inner and outer layers of Bowman's capsule
D)outer layer of Bowman's capsule only

Question 51

The function of the nephrons of the kidneys is to form urine from:

A)tissue fluid
B)blood plasma
C)intracellular fluid
D)intercellular fluid

Question 52

The renal medulla is the ____ layer of the kidney tissue and is made of ____.

A)outer/loops of Henle and collecting tubules
B)inner/renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules
C)outer/renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules
D)inner/loops of Henle and collecting tubules

Question 53

In the kidney, loops of Henle and collecting tubules are found in the:

A)renal cortex
B)renal medulla
C)renal pelvis
D)renal fascia

Question 54

The renal cortex is the ____ layer of the kidney tissue and is made of ____.

A)outer/loops of Henle and collecting tubules
B)inner/renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules
C)outer/renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules
D)inner/loops of Henle and collecting tubules

Question 55

The renal pelvis has extensions called ____, which enclose the tips of the ____.

A)calyces/renal pyramids
B)pelvettes/renal cortex
C)pelvettes/renal pyramids
D)calyces/renal cortex

Question 56

In the kidney, renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules are found in the:

A)renal cortex
B)renal medulla
C)renal pelvis
D)renal fascia

Question 57

Which statement is NOT true of nephrons?

A)They are the structural units of the kidneys.
B)They form urine from tissue fluiD.
C)They are the functional units of the kidneys.
D)They make up the renal cortex and renal medulla.

Question 58

A Bowman's capsule consists of:

A)two layers, and the outer one is very permeable
B)one layer, which is very permeable
C)one layer, which is not permeable
D)two layers, and the inner one is very permeable

Question 59

The cells called podocytes are part of ____, and their "feet" are on the ____.

A)the glomerulus/Bowman's capsule
B)Bowman's capsule/renal tubule
C)the glomerulus/renal tubule
D)Bowman's capsule/glomerulus

Question 60

In the kidney, the calyces are part of the:

A)renal cortex
B)renal medulla
C)renal fascia
D)renal pelvis

Question 61

In the kidneys, the process by which negative ions are reabsorbed is:

A)passive transport
B)active transport
C)osmosis
D)pinocytosis

Question 62

The energy for the process of filtration is provided by:

A)active transport
B)diffusion
C)ATP
D)blood pressure

Question 63

In the kidneys, pinocytosis is the process of reabsorption for:

A)small proteins
B)amino acids
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and large amounts of glucose

Question 64

In the kidneys, the processes of reabsorption and secretion take place in the:

A)renal corpuscle
B)renal tubule
C)renal pelvis
D)glomerulus

Question 65

The parts of a renal tubule, in the order in which filtrate flows through them, are:
1) loop of Henle
2) distal convoluted tubule
3) proximal convoluted tubule
"4) collecting tubule

A)2, 1, 3, 4
B)1, 2, 4, 3
C)3, 2, 1, 4
D)3, 1, 2, 4"

Question 66

In the kidneys, the process by which water is reabsorbed from the renal filtrate is:

A)passive transport
B)active transport
C)osmosis
D)pinocytosis

Question 67

In the process of glomerular filtration, which of these substances will NOT become part of renal filtrate?
1) glucose
2) large proteins
3) water
4) waste products
5) amino acids
"6) blood cells

A)1, 2, 5, 6
B)1, 5, 6
C)1, 2, 5
D)2, 6"

Question 68

The process(es) carried out by the renal tubule is (are):

A)reabsorption
B)secretion
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and filtration

Question 69

In the process of glomerular filtration, substances may become part of the renal filtrate if they are:

A)large enough for filtration
B)not useful to the body
C)small or dissolved in plasma
D)all of these

Question 70

In the process of glomerular filtration, which of these substances will become part of renal filtrate?
1) minerals
2) glucose
3) large proteins
4) water
5) amino acids
"6) waste products

A)1, 2, 4, 5, 6
B)3, 4, 6
C)4, 6
D)1, 4, 5, 6"

Question 71

In the kidneys, the process by which small proteins are reabsorbed is:

A)passive transport
B)active transport
C)osmosis
D)pinocytosis

Question 72

In the kidneys, the process of filtration takes place in the:

A)renal tubule
B)renal medulla
C)collecting tubule
D)renal corpuscle

Question 73

The maximum amount of glucose or amino acids that may be reabsorbed by the kidney tubules is called the:

A)secretion level
B)GFR
C)all or none law
D)threshold level

Question 74

Which statement is NOT true of glomerular filtration?

A)It takes place from Bowman's capsule to the glomerulus.
B)The energy is provided by blood pressure.
C)The fluid in Bowman's capsule is called renal filtrate.
D)Any substance that is dissolved in the plasma may become part of renal filtrate.

Question 75

In the kidney, the process of tubular reabsorption transports useful materials from the:

A)glomeruli to the filtrate
B)peritubular capillaries to the filtrate
C)filtrate to the glomeruli
D)filtrate to the peritubular capillaries

Question 76

In the kidneys, osmosis is the process for the reabsorption of:

A)glucose
B)water
C)amino acids
D)negative ions

Question 77

In the kidney, the movement of nutrients from the filtrate to the peritubular capillaries is:

A)reabsorption
B)secretion
C)filtration
D)All of these are involved.

Question 78

In the kidneys, the process by which glucose is reabsorbed from the renal filtrate is:

A)passive transport
B)active transport
C)osmosis
D)pinocytosis

Question 79

The process of glomerular filtration takes place from the:

A)Bowman's capsule to glomerulus
B)glomerulus to Bowman's capsule
C)glomerulus to renal tubule
D)renal tubule to glomerulus

Question 80

In the kidneys, active transport is the process for the reabsorption of:

A)glucose
B)amino acids
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and small proteins