Deck 14: The Lymphatic System and Immunity

Question 1

Which of the following statements are true of antibodies? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Antibodies destroy antigens by penetrating their cell membranes.
B)The only class of antibodies that can cross the placenta is IgM.
C)The IgA class of antibodies is found on mucous membranes and in breast milk.
D)Antibodies render toxins harmless because they change the shape of the toxins.
E)Antibodies label foreign antigens, and such a label stimulates phagocytosis by macrophages.
F)Antibodies are effective against viruses because they disable the nucleic acid of the virus.

Answer 1

The IgA class of antibodies is found on mucous membranes and in breast milk.
Antibodies render toxins harmless because they change the shape of the toxins.
Antibodies label foreign antigens, and such a label stimulates phagocytosis by macrophages.

Question 2

Which of the following statements are true of lymph nodes and lymph nodules? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Lymph nodules are found in all mucous membranes.
B)Lymph nodes are found along the pathways of lymph vessels.
C)Both nodes and nodules contain macrophages and lymphocytes.
D)The tonsils and Peyer's patches are the lymphatic tissue of the pharynx.
E)Two of the most important paired groups of lymph nodes are the axillary and the inguinal nodes.
F)Within nodes and nodules, antibodies are produced by IG cells.

Answer 2

Lymph nodules are found in all mucous membranes.
Lymph nodes are found along the pathways of lymph vessels.
Both nodes and nodules contain macrophages and lymphocytes.
Two of the most important paired groups of lymph nodes are the axillary and the inguinal nodes.

Question 3

Water found in the spaces between cells is called:

A)intracellular fluid
B)plasma
C)tissue fluid
D)lymph

Answer 3

tissue fluid

Question 4

Which of the following statements are true of vaccines? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Vaccines contain antigens to stimulate antibody production.
B)A vaccine antigen may be a pathogen that has been killed or attenuateD.
C)A vaccine antigen may be part of a pathogen or a toxoid.
D)The purpose of a vaccine is to take the place of a first exposure to a pathogen.
E)A vaccine stimulates the creation of memory cells (T or B or both) to a specific antigen.
F)On a second exposure to a pathogen, antibody production has a lag period, then IgG production follows IgA production.

Question 5

Blood plasma becomes tissue fluid by the process of:

A)osmosis
B)filtration
C)active transport
D)diffusion

Question 6

The thoracic duct empties lymph into the:

A)left subclavian vein
B)superior vena cava
C)right subclavian vein
D)inferior vena cava

Question 7

The lymph in the system of lymph vessels is returned to, or becomes part of:

A)plasma
B)tissue fluid
C)intracellular fluid
D)cerebrospinal fluid

Question 8

Tissue fluid may also be called:

A)interstitial fluid
B)intercellular fluid
C)both A and B
D)neither A nor B, because these are names for water within cells

Question 9

The cisterna chyli collects lymph from the:

A)head
B)arms
C)upper body
D)lower body

Question 10

Which of the following statements are true of innate immunity? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Inflammation is a response to injury and involves the release of histamine and leukotrienes.
B)Lysozyme is an antiviral enzyme found in saliva.
C)Interferon is an antibacterial chemical produced by macrophages.
D)The unbroken stratum corneum is an excellent barrier to pathogens.
E)Cilia sweep mucus and trapped pathogens out of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
F)Macrophages, Langerhans cells, basophils, and mast cells all contribute to innate immunity.
G)Neutrophils are phagocytic WBCs.
H)Two signs of inflammation are heat and pain.

Question 11

Which of the following statements are true of adaptive immunity? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Antibody production is characteristic of both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity.
B)Opsonization is a reaction of cell-mediated immunity that attracts macrophages.
C)Memory B cells provide the memory of a pathogen in cell-mediated immunity.
D)Helper T cells help out with phagocytosis.
E)Cytotoxic T cells destroy cellular antigens by producing toxic chemicals.
F)Complement fixation is triggered by antigen-antibody complexes.
G)Helper T cells work with macrophages in the recognition of foreign antigens.
H)Antibodies are proteins produced by plasma cells that have differentiated from B cells.

Question 12

Which of the following statements are true of the spleen and thymus? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)The spleen is located behind the stomach and is protected by the right lower rib cage.
B)The thymus is located on the back of the trachea above the thyroid glanD.
C)The thymus is a source of T lymphocytes and is the site of maturation for these cells.
D)The spleen is a reservoir for platelets and monocytes.
E)If the spleen must be removed, the liver will help compensate by producing antibodies.
F)The thymus is essential for the development of cell-mediated immunity.

Question 13

Which of the following statements are true of the different types of immunity? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Genetic immunity is programmed in DNA and weakens as we get older.
B)A vaccine is an example of artificially acquired passive immunity.
C)The maternal antibodies a newborn acquires from breast milk are an example of naturally acquired active immunity.
D)Recovery from a disease provides artificially acquired active immunity.
E)Passive immunity is always temporary because antibodies from another source last a few months at most.
F)Immune globulins (Ig) are antibodies, and Igs are available for diseases such as rabies and tetanus.
G)Herd immunity involves populations as well as individuals.
H)Antibodies that cross the placenta are an example of naturally acquired passive immunity.

Question 14

Which of these is the proper sequence of names for the formation and destination of lymph?

A)plasma - tissue fluid - lymph - plasma
B)tissue fluid - plasma - lymph - plasma
C)plasma - lymph - tissue fluid - plasma
D)tissue fluid - plasma - lymph - tissue fluid

Question 15

Which of the following statements are true of foreign antigens and immunity? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)An antigen will be recognized as foreign if it is different from our self antigens.
B)Bacteria and viruses are foreign antigens, but a person's own cancer cells are not considered foreign.
C)Innate immunity does not have memory for foreign antigens, but adaptive immunity does have memory.
D)Innate immunity stimulates antibody production only against viruses.
E)Adaptive immunity becomes more efficient with repeated exposures to an antigen, but innate immunity does not.
F)The responses of innate immunity are always the same, but the adaptive immune response has a different antibody for each pathogen.

Question 16

Water found within capillaries is called:

A)intracellular fluid
B)plasma
C)tissue fluid
D)lymph

Question 17

Lymph from the lower body flows into the ____, then to the ____.

A)cisterna chyli/thoracic duct
B)inferior cisterna/thoracic duct
C)thoracic duct/cisterna chyli
D)thoracic duct/inferior cisterna

Question 18

Which of the following statements are true of lymph and lymph vessels? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Lymph is tissue fluid that has entered lymph capillaries.
B)Lymph will be returned to the blood in the right and left jugular veins.
C)Lymph vessels are much like veins in structure, in that both have valves.
D)The thoracic duct collects lymph from the lower half of the body, and the right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the upper half of the body.
E)In composition, lymph is similar to plasmA
F)Lymph is kept moving in some of the larger lymph vessels by the skeletal muscle pump.

Question 19

Tissue fluid that has entered lymph capillaries is called:

A)plasma
B)intracellular fluid
C)intercellular fluid
D)lymph

Question 20

The right lymphatic duct empties lymph into the:

A)left subclavian vein
B)superior vena cava
C)right subclavian vein
D)inferior vena cava

Question 21

The lymph nodes that destroy pathogens in lymph returning from the arms are called:

A)cervical
B)thoracic
C)axillary
D)inguinal

Question 22

Which of these is NOT a function of lymph nodes and nodules?

A)phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages
B)phagocytosis of old RBCs
C)activation site of lymphocytes
D)production of antibodies by plasma cells

Question 23

The lymph nodes that destroy pathogens in lymph returning from the legs are called:

A)cervical
B)thoracic
C)axillary
D)inguinal

Question 24

The lymph nodules of the pharynx are called:

A)Peyer's patches
B)tonsils
C)the Circle of Nodules
D)respiratory nodules

Question 25

The destination of lymph to be returned to the blood is one of the:

A)subclavian veins
B)thoracic veins
C)cisterna veins
D)jugular veins

Question 26

The function of lymph nodules is to destroy pathogens that:

A)enter the body through breaks in the skin
B)enter the body through natural openings such as the nose
C)are in lymph from the arms and legs
D)are in lymph from the head and neck

Question 27

Backflow of lymph in the larger lymph vessels is prevented by:

A)the lymph pump
B)dilation
C)valves
D)the heart

Question 28

The function of lymph nodes is to destroy pathogens in the:

A)blood coming from the extremities
B)inhaled air
C)food that has been ingested
D)lymph coming from the extremities

Question 29

The white blood cells produced by lymph nodes and nodules are the:

A)lymphocytes
B)neutrophils
C)eosinophils
D)basophils

Question 30

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all these areas of the body except the:

A)upper left quadrant
B)upper right quadrant
C)lower left quadrant
D)lower right quadrant

Question 31

Submaxillary lymph nodes would be found near the ____, and popliteal nodes would be found at the ____.

A)jaw/knee
B)nose/foot
C)nose/knee
D)jaw/foot

Question 32

Which of these is NOT a mechanism that keeps lymph moving in lymph vessels?

A)constriction of the larger lymph vessels
B)the respiratory pump for vessels in the chest cavity
C)the skeletal muscle pump for vessels in the legs
D)the cardiac muscle pump for vessels in the chest cavity

Question 33

Lymph nodes (in general) are located:

A)in the dermis of the skin
B)along the pathways of blood vessels
C)in the body tracts that open to the environment
D)along the pathways of lymph vessels

Question 34

The tonsils are the ____ of the ____.

A)lymph nodules/pharynx
B)lymph nodes/larynx
C)lymph nodules/larynx
D)lymph nodes/pharynx

Question 35

Blood is prevented from flowing into the lymphatic vessels by:

A)flaps in the subclavian veins
B)flaps in the jugular veins
C)anastomoses from the subclavian to the jugular veins
D)anastomoses from the jugular to the subclavian veins

Question 36

Which statement is NOT true of the system of lymph vessels?

A)The larger vessels have a structure very much like that of veins, including valves.
B)Lymph is collected by dead-end lymph capillaries.
C)The thoracic duct empties lymph into the right subclavian vein.
D)The cisterna chyli collects lymph from the lower body.

Question 37

The lymph nodes that destroy pathogens in lymph returning from the head are called:

A)cervical
B)thoracic
C)axillary
D)inguinal

Question 38

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from this part of the body:

A)upper left quadrant
B)upper right quadrant
C)lower left quadrant
D)lower right quadrant

Question 39

Mesenteric lymph nodes would be found near the ____, and mediastinal nodes would be found near the ____.

A)intestines/heart
B)heart/lungs
C)lungs/heart
D)heart/intestines

Question 40

Lymph nodules (in general) are located:

A)along the pathways of lymph vessels
B)in the body tracts that open to the environment
C)along the pathways of blood vessels
D)in the dermis of the skin

Question 41

Mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract help prevent the entry of pathogens because they have:

A)smooth muscle tissue
B)stratified squamous epithelial tissue
C)microvilli
D)ciliated epithelial tissue

Question 42

The lymphocytes that are produced by the thymus are called:

A)T cells
B)B cells
C)plasma cells
D)macrophages

Question 43

In the abdominal cavity, the spleen is located:

A)behind the stomach
B)behind the liver
C)above the diaphragm
D)behind the sternum

Question 44

Production of RBCs is a function of the spleen:

A)during fetal development
B)during infancy
C)during childhood
D)throughout life

Question 45

The lysozyme of innate immunity is found in:

A)tears, to inhibit bacterial growth
B)saliva, to stimulate inflammation
C)gastric juice, to destroy bacteria
D)the stratum corneum, to inhibit fungi

Question 46

Which of these organs does NOT compensate for the removal of the spleen in an adult?

A)the liver
B)the red bone marrow
C)the lymph nodes
D)the thymus gland

Question 47

Which statement is NOT true of innate immunity?

A)It does not create memory for a pathogen.
B)Its antibody production is usually slow.
C)Its responses are always the samE.D.It involves inflammation.

Question 48

With respect to its functions, the spleen is most similar to:

A)the liver
B)the red bone marrow
C)a lymph node
D)the yellow bone marrow

Question 49

Which statement is NOT true of innate immunity and adaptive immunity?

A)Innate immune responses are triggered by damage of any kind.
B)T and B lymphocytes are specific for particular foreign antigens.
C)Macrophages are part of both components of immunity.
D)Only innate immunity creates memory.

Question 50

A foreign antigen is an antigen that:

A)will stimulate antibody production
B)is found on a person's cells rather than in the blood
C)is found in a person's blood rather than on cells
D)is one of a person's HLA types

Question 51

If a microorganism stimulates antibody production, it is considered to be a:

A)foreign antigen
B)potential pathogen
C)both of these
D)neither of these

Question 52

Which statement is NOT true of adaptive immunity?

A)The second exposure to a pathogen is often more efficient than the first.
B)It involves both T and B lymphocytes.
C)Its antibody-producing cells are T cells.
D)It does create memory for a pathogen.

Question 53

All of these are barriers of innate immunity except:

A)the stratum corneum
B)serous membranes
C)mucous membranes
D)the subcutaneous tissue

Question 54

When the spleen destroys old RBCs, it:

A)forms bilirubin, which will be excreted by the liver
B)makes new hemoglobin
C)makes new RBCs
D)stores the iron from old hemoglobin

Question 55

Which statement is NOT true of the thymus?

A)It is important for the development of normal immune responses.
B)It produces lymphocytes called T cells.
C)It is most active in the fetus and young child.
D)It is located behind the spleen.

Question 56

The cells in the spleen that phagocytize old RBCs are:

A)macrophages
B)T cells
C)B cells
D)plasma cells

Question 57

Which of these is NOT a foreign antigen for an individual?

A)bacteria
B)cancer cells
C)viruses
D)the HLA types present

Question 58

Which statement is NOT true of the adult spleen?

A)It is a site of activation of lymphocytes.
B)It produces RBCs and destroys old RBCs.
C)It is located behind the stomacH.D.It forms bilirubin from the hemoglobin of old RBCs.

Question 59

Which of these is NOT a function of the adult spleen?

A)destruction of damaged platelets
B)production of RBCs
C)production of antibodies by plasma cells
D)phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages

Question 60

In the fetus, the organ that is important for the normal development of the immune system is the:

A)liver
B)spleen
C)thymus gland
D)lymph node

Question 61

In innate immunity, histamine and leukotrienes are produced by:

A)Langerhans cells and eosinophils
B)eosinophils and basophils
C)basophils and mast cells
D)mast cells and Langerhans cells

Question 62

In innate immunity, all of these cells are phagocytic except:

A)natural killer cells
B)neutrophils
C)macrophages
D)eosinophils

Question 63

The lymphocytes that are not specific for a particular foreign antigen are the:

A)natural killer cells
B)helper T cells
C)memory B cells
D)plasma cells

Question 64

Which statement is NOT true of the defensive cells of innate immunity?

A)Macrophages are phagocytes.
B)Langerhans cells take foreign antigens to lymph nodes.
C)Basophils produce histamine as part of inflammation.
D)Mast cells activate the lymphocytes of adaptive immunity.

Question 65

In innate immunity, destruction of tumor cells by secretion of perforins is a function of:

A)macrophages, which differentiate from monocytes
B)natural killer cells, a type of lymphocyte
C)Langerhans cells circulating in the blood
D)neutrophils, one of the granular WBCs

Question 66

In innate immunity, the function of complement is to:

A)lyse cellular antigens
B)label noncellular antigens
C)attract WBCs to the area
D)all of these

Question 67

The function of helper T cells is to:

A)help recognize foreign antigens
B)produce antibodies
C)help remember a pathogen
D)help neutralize viruses

Question 68

The mechanism of adaptive immunity that involves antibody production is called:

A)cellular immunity
B)antigen immunity
C)cell-mediated immunity
D)humoral immunity

Question 69

Which statement is NOT true of the chemicals of innate immunity?

A)Leukotrienes increase capillary permeability.
B)Histamine causes vasodilation.
C)Interferon prevents the growth of fungi within cells.
D)Complement may be a label for a noncellular foreign antigen.

Question 70

Which statement is NOT true of the barriers of innate immunity?

A)The gastric mucosa secretes HCl to destroy pathogens in food.
B)Defensins are produced by the cells of the epidermis.
C)The subcutaneous tissue contains mast cells and WBCs in areolar connective tissue.
D)The Langerhans cells of the epidermis destroy bacteria with chemicals called perforators.

Question 71

In innate immunity, histamine and leukotrienes do all of these except:

A)make capillaries more permeable
B)cause vasodilation
C)inhibit viral reproduction
D)permit the formation of more tissue fluid

Question 72

In innate immunity, the chemical that blocks viral reproduction is:

A)histamine
B)complement
C)leukotrienes
D)interferon

Question 73

The purposes of inflammation are to ____ and to ____.

A)create pain/make the person see a doctor
B)bring more RBCs to the area/supply more oxygen
C)decrease tissue fluid formation in the damaged area/prevent damage to healthy tissue
D)eliminate the cause of the damage/permit tissue repair to begin

Question 74

The lymphocytes that help destroy many kinds of foreign antigens by disrupting their cell membranes are the:

A)helper T cells
B)plasma cells
C)memory B cells
D)natural killer cells

Question 75

Which of these is NOT a sign of inflammation?

A)redness
B)swelling
C)pain
D)coolness

Question 76

The cells of innate immunity that activate the lymphocytes of adaptive immunity are the:

A)macrophages and Langerhans cells
B)mast cells and neutrophils
C)basophils and eosinophils
D)eosinophils and monocytes

Question 77

The cells of adaptive immunity that are involved in the recognition of foreign antigens are:

A)helper T cells and helper B cells
B)macrophages and helper B cells
C)macrophages and helper T cells
D)plasma cells and macrophages

Question 78

The T cells that participate in the recognition of foreign antigens are called:

A)helper T cells
B)cytotoxic T cells
C)memory T cells
D)killer T cells

Question 79

Interferon is produced by ____, and its function is to ____.

A)T cells/stimulate inflammation
B)B cells/stimulate antibody production
C)T cells/block viral reproduction
D)B cells/block the effects of histamine

Question 80

Natural killer cells are different from other lymphocytes because they:

A)produce antibodies
B)are not specific for a particular foreign antigen
C)are specific for a particular foreign antigen
D)become memory cells