Deck 5: Intermediate Sanctions: Between Probation and Incarceration

Question 1

In the United States, fines are rarely regarded as a tough criminal sanction:

A) because judicial and legislative attitudes always allow the use of fines for several major felonies.
B) because judges always have enough reliable information on an offender's personal wealth to impose a just fine.
C) because, in practice, it is a criminal justice tool that often neglects to punish ordinance violations and minor misdemeanors.
D) because many believe that fines work a hardship on the poor, while affluent offenders often feel no sting.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Evidence-based studies that examined the effectiveness of drug courts show that:

A) drug courts can reduce recidivism by an average of 8 to 14 percent.
B) drug courts are less cost-effective than probation owing to increased victimization costs.
C) drug courts award punishments that are more severe than incarceration.
D) drug courts have significantly increased the rate of rearrests among drug offenders.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The first step in the process of setting a day fine is:

A) to create a valuation table.
B) to determine the number of fine units to be imposed.
C) to increase recidivism rates.
D) to establish the dollar amount per unit for a given offender.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true of intermediate sanctions?

A) They are most often used for high-risk offenders.
B) They tend to be more restrictive than prison.
C) They are generally used as a way to reduce the correctional population.
D) They are never used as alternatives to incarceration at initial sentencing.

Question 5

A financial penalty scaled both to the defendant's ability to pay and the seriousness of the offense is called a:

A) bond.
B) bail.
C) parole.
D) day fine.

Question 6

Nonresidential facilities that are used as a form of intermediate sanction for offenders as a condition of probation or service delivery for offenders released from prison are called:

A) halfway houses.
B) residential treatment centers.
C) workhouses.
D) day reporting centers.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true of drug courts?

A) The aims of drug courts are much more punitive than the aims of other types of courts.
B) Drug courts are less cost-effective compared to probation and/or incarceration.
C) The aims of drug courts are nonadversarial and more healing and restorative in nature than the aims of other types of courts.
D) Drug courts award punishments that are more severe than punishments awarded during incarceration.

Question 8

The primary purpose of intensive supervision probation is:

A) to maintain high rearrest rates.
B) to increase parole caseloads to 100 or more.
C) to protect the community.
D) to decrease surveillance of activities of offenders.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true of drug-addicted offenders who enter deferred prosecution programs?

A) They are always required to plead guilty to the charges against them.
B) They are diverted into the drug court system before being convicted.
C) They are prosecuted, irrespective of whether they complete the program or not.
D) Their offenses are expunged from their records the moment they enroll for the programs.

Question 10

Which of the following is a key component of drug courts?

A) Ongoing schedules of judicial status hearings
B) Daily health checkups by physicians
C) Monthly drug testing
D) Rare but strict monitoring and evaluation measures

Question 11

_____ programs require participants to plead guilty to the charges against them and have their sentences deferred or suspended while they are in the program.

A) Postplea
B) Pretrial diversion
C) Preplea
D) Perennial diversion

Question 12

Intensive supervision probation (ISP) involves:

A) strict enforcement of conditions.
B) random drug and alcohol testing.
C) frequent contact between an offender and his/her probation officer.
D) all of these.

Question 13

Which of the following is the most inexpensive correctional option?

A) Boot camp
B) Incarceration
C) Community service
D) Intensive parole supervision

Question 14

An intermediate sanction that involves regular payments to crime victims or to the courts is called a:

A) restitution.
B) deposition.
C) petition.
D) ratification.

Question 15

The primary purpose of intensive supervision probation (ISP) is to:

A) manage overcrowded jails and prisons.
B) care for the destabilized families of prisoners.
C) deter an offender from breaking the law or violating the conditions of release.
D) improve offender rehabilitation by increasing probation and parole caseloads.

Question 16

New punishment options developed to fill the gap between traditional probation and traditional jail or prison sentences and to better match the severity of punishment to the seriousness of the crime are called:

A) terminal endorsements.
B) intermediate sanctions.
C) forcible closures.
D) incarcerations.

Question 17

Community service as a criminal sanction began in the United States in 1966 in:

A) Ohio.
B) Florida.
C) California.
D) New York.

Question 18

The control of offenders in a community under strict conditions, by means of frequent reporting to a probation officer whose caseload is generally limited to 30 offenders is called a(n):

A) informal probation.
B) unsupervised probation.
C) intensive supervision probation.
D) court probation.

Question 19

Identify a correct statement about intermediate sanctions.

A) They prevent the reintegration of offenders into the community.
B) They are a more expensive correctional option than jail sentencing.
C) They are generally more restrictive than prison.
D) They promote rehabilitation of offenders in society.

Question 20

A sentence to serve a specified number of hours working in unpaid positions with nonprofit or tax-supported agencies is called:

A) community service.
B) a workhouse.
C) a day fine.
D) intensive supervision probation.

Question 21

A short institutional term of confinement that includes a physical regimen designed to develop self-discipline, respect for authority, responsibility, and a sense of accomplishment is called a:

A) house of correction.
B) halfway house.
C) boot camp.
D) restitution center.

Question 22

Drug courts are less cost-effective when compared to incarceration.

Question 23

Family Drug Court targets parental substance abuse in juvenile abuse, neglect, and dependency cases.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true about a residential reentry center?

A) It restricts defendants from continuing their employment.
B) It offers a low-cost housing alternative to incarceration of nonviolent offenders.
C) It allows offenders to leave the facility only if they are accompanied by a staff member.
D) It permits offenders to return to their homes in the evenings.

Question 25

In comparison with the aims of other types of courts, those of the drug court are much less punitive and more healing and restorative in nature.

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true of community corrections?

A) It embraces centralization of authority from local to state levels.
B) It strongly discourages the use of community programs for offender rehabilitation.
C) It redefines the offender population for whom incarceration is most appropriate.
D) It cannot involve citizens in program planning, design, implementation, and evaluation.

Question 27

Identify a factor that distinguishes boot camps from other correctional programs.

A) Separation of boot camp participants from the general prison population
B) Absence of a rigorous daily schedule of hard labor in boot camps
C) The idea that boot camps are different from long-term confinement but other correctional programs are not
D) Absence of physical training and military drill in boot camps

Question 28

Identify a feature of day reporting centers.

A) They offer educational courses, employment training, and referrals for additional services to offenders.
B) They supervise offenders in a setting that is less secure than probation.
C) They generally require offenders to attend the facility for two hours each week.
D) They keep offenders away from halfway houses, restitution centers, and work release centers.

Question 29

Among all the correctional programs, boot camps are primarily promoted as a means of:

A) raising corrections costs.
B) alleviating prison crowding.
C) increasing recidivism rates.
D) aggravating revocation rates.

Question 30

Which of the following is an objective of residential reentry centers?

A) To increase recidivism rates among offenders
B) To maintain high rearrest rates
C) To diminish reentry programs for parolees
D) To facilitate reintegration of offenders into society

Question 31

Which of the following is a goal of day reporting centers?

A) To reduce jail and prison crowding
B) To decrease supervision and surveillance of offenders
C) To keep prisoners away from community treatment programs
D) To restrict offenders to a single location

Question 32

Residential reentry centers achieve community protection by:

A) administering drug or polygraph tests to offenders.
B) prohibiting residents from leaving their houses.
C) giving residents opportunities to learn legitimate skills.
D) teaching offenders to overcome behavioral obstacles.

Question 33

Evidence-based research on intensive supervision probation shows that restraining offenders in the community by increasing surveillance over their activities guarantees a reduction in their criminal activities.

Question 34

Day reporting centers differ from other intermediate sanctions by:

A) a marked concentration on rehabilitation of offenders.
B) the lack of treatment and referral programs to assist offenders.
C) a restriction on participants to return home in the evenings.
D) correctional options that are more inhibiting than incarceration.

Question 35

Which of the following correctional goals is satisfied by remote-location monitoring?

A) Restricting an offender to a single location
B) Allowing an offender to socialize when not at work
C) Permitting an offender to stay away from his or her family
D) Prohibiting an offender from going to work, school, or counseling

Question 36

Intermediate sanctions are more restrictive than prison but less restrictive than traditional probation.

Question 37

Residential reentry centers achieve offender reintegration by:

A) giving residents opportunities to learn and use legitimate skills.
B) confirming that when residents leave the center they go directly to counselors.
C) permitting an offender to stay away from his or her family.
D) preventing an offender from learning a specific skill.

Question 38

A medium-security correctional setting that offenders are permitted to leave regularly-unaccompanied by staff-for work, education, vocational programs, or treatment in the community but require them to return to a locked facility each evening is called a(n):

A) house of correction.
B) residential reentry center.
C) intensive confinement center.
D) day reporting center.

Question 39

Noninstitutional corrections refers to correctional activities that:

A) are directly related to institutional care.
B) do not involve probation and parole.
C) are not directly related to incarceration.
D) primarily involve rehabilitation within confinement.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true of the Community Corrections Acts (CCAs)?

A) Under a typical CCA, the cost of correctional programs is significantly higher than the annual cost of housing a state prisoner.
B) CCAs typically support residential corrections programs but not nonresidential corrections programs.
C) Under a typical CCA, the state is solely responsible for establishing community corrections goals and policies.
D) CCAs decentralize authority and engage communities in the process of reintegrating offenders into society.

Question 41

For the criminal justice system, a residential reentry center offers a high-cost housing alternative to incarceration of nonviolent offenders.

Question 42

_____ is a new intermediate sanction that uses the power of the court to treat, sanction, and reward drug offenders with punishment more restrictive than regular probation but less severe than incarceration.

Question 43

A financial penalty used as a criminal sanction is called a(n) _____.

Question 44

A body of evidence-based corrections literature shows that the military atmosphere of correctional boot camps does not bring about individual-level changes in thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.

Question 45

Community service as a criminal sanction began in the United States in the state of _____.

Question 46

Intermediate sanctions are sometimes referred to as _____.

Question 47

Under a typical community corrections act, the state provides local agencies the funds to create or expand intermediate sanctions for certain offenders in the community, and in return, the state benefits by avoiding the costs of incarceration.

Question 48

A major benefit of remote-location monitoring is that it costs significantly less than incarceration.

Question 49

Community service that takes away an offender's time and energy is called a(n) _____.

Question 50

A day fine gets its name from how much a burglar can steal in one day.

Question 51

Community service is a burdensome penalty that is inexpensive to administer.

Question 52

A financial penalty scaled both to the defendant's ability to pay and the seriousness of the crime is called a _____.

Question 53

A sentence to serve a specified number of hours working in unpaid positions with nonprofit or tax-supported agencies is called _____.

Question 54

People who enter a(n) _____ are diverted into the drug court system before being convicted.

Question 55

The _____ believes that intermediate sanctions, not prison, should be the backbone of the corrections systems.

Question 56

Boot camps are promoted as a means of reducing prison crowding and corrections costs.

Question 57

The planning process for introducing day fines is unique for each jurisdiction, depending on its organizational structure, traditions, personalities, and legal culture.

Question 58

Community service cannot be scaled to the seriousness of the crime.

Question 59

A day reporting center (DRC) allows participants to return home in the evenings, but they are required to maintain a strict schedule that is closely monitored.

Question 60

Day fines are also called _____.

Question 61

A(n) _____ is a judicial strategy of hearing a criminal case in the community that is most affected by the case and including that community in case disposition.

Question 62

_____ uses technological systems such as the GPS, voice verification, and other tracking systems to verify a person's physical location, either periodically or continuously, 24 hours a day.

Question 63

A short institutional term of confinement that includes a physical regimen designed to develop self-discipline, respect for authority, responsibility, and a sense of accomplishment is called a(n) _____.

Question 64

A philosophy of correctional treatment that embraces decentralization of authority, citizen participation, redefinition of the population for whom incarceration is most appropriate, and emphasizes rehabilitation through community programs is called _____.

Question 65

A(n) _____ is a nonresidential facility that is used as a form of intermediate sanction for offenders as a condition of probation or service delivery for offenders released from prison.

Question 66

The Congress passed the _____, which mandated that felons who receive a sentence for less serious offences must be ordered to pay a fine, make restitution, and/or work in community service.