Deck 10: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

Question 1

According to James Marcia, what determines an individual's identity status?

A) the choices and alternatives he or she has access to
B) the individual's socioeconomic and academic profile
C) the existence or extent of his or her crisis or commitment
D) the existence or extent of parental and social support

Answer 1

the existence or extent of his or her crisis or commitment

Question 2

Which of the following terms did Erikson use to describe a period in which society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and free to try out different identities?

A) sociological amnesty
B) societal moratorium
C) psychosocial moratorium
D) behavioral reprieve

Answer 2

psychosocial moratorium

Question 3

Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls ________.

A) identity diffusion
B) unresolved identity
C) identity confusion
D) identity moratorium

Answer 3

identity confusion

Question 4

Which of the following is the term that most researchers use to describe crisis?

A) foreclosure
B) exploration
C) moratorium
D) commitment

Question 5

Nicola is under pressure from her family to decide on the course that she wants to study. She is interested in studying engineering but is not able to select the branch of engineering she wants to study. Her brothers are software engineers, and she feels that studying software engineering may be the right choice for her. However, she also seems interested in electrical engineering. In this scenario, Nicola is in the status of identity referred to as

A) identity confusion.
B) identity stagnation.
C) identity diffusion.
D) identity moratorium.

Question 6

Which of the following terms did Erik Erikson use to describe the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy?

A) psychosocial moratorium
B) sociological amnesty
C) societal moratorium
D) behavioral reprieve

Question 7

According to Erik Erikson, during the ________ stage, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) identity versus identity confusion
C) initiative versus guilt
D) intimacy versus isolation

Question 8

An individual's body image encompasses his or her

A) sexual identity.
B) personality.
C) relationship identity.
D) physical identity.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true about identity development?

A) Synthesizing the identity components is a single, neat process in normal individuals.
B) Decisions about identity may take time, but once they are made, they are set for life.
C) Identity development occurs in a single, one-step process.
D) Identity encompasses an individual's personality characteristics.

Question 10

Eriksonian researcher James Marcia reasons that Erikson's theory of identity development contains ________ of identity, or ways of resolving an identity crisis.

A) five stages
B) four statuses
C) five statuses
D) six stages

Question 11

Richard believes he is gay. This orientation is part of Richard's ________ identity.

A) relationship
B) intellectual
C) sexual
D) ethnic

Question 12

Identity development

A) is a single, neat process.
B) takes place in bits and pieces.
C) happens cataclysmically.
D) involves making decisions once and for all.

Question 13

Which of the following is Erikson's fifth developmental stage?

A) identity versus identity confusion
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) initiative versus guilt
D) intimacy versus isolation

Question 14

Holly is quiet and introverted. She feels stressed whenever she has to interact with a lot of people. She keeps mostly to herself and seldom speaks up in class. She never socializes or attends parties. Which of the following terms best describes this aspect of Holly's identity?

A) ethnicity
B) personality
C) achievement
D) intellect

Question 15

Mike is 14 years old. When asked what he wants to be when he grows up, he promptly replies that he wants to be a lawyer and begins to speak about a recent case and how well the lawyers handled the case. However, his mother casually mentions that Mike's interests change almost every few weeks and that she feels that Mike should attend some career guidance sessions to decide what he wants to become. In the context of Erik Erikson's fifth developmental stage, this period of Mike's life is referred to as a ________.

A) sociological amnesty
B) societal moratorium
C) psychosocial moratorium
D) behavioral reprieve

Question 16

_____ reflects an individual's personal investment in identity.

A) Commitment
B) Collaboration
C) Calling
D) Conscientiousness

Question 17

James Marcia defines ________ as a period of identity development during which an individual is exploring alternatives.

A) commitment
B) calling
C) conscientiousness
D) crisis

Question 18

Identify the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.

A) identity crisis
B) identity diffusion
C) identity foreclosure
D) identity achievement

Question 19

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following developmental stages is experienced by an individual during adolescence?

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) intimacy versus isolation
C) initiative versus guilt
D) identity versus identity confusion

Question 20

Shane's family wants him to decide on the career that he wants to pursue. His parents are doctors and would prefer that he study medicine. However, Shane does not seem very keen on deciding on his career at the moment. In this scenario, which of the following statuses of identity is Shane experiencing?

A) identity moratorium
B) identity achievement
C) identity foreclosure
D) identity diffusion

Question 21

Arthur's parents own a home appliances business. His parents along with his three older brothers manage the business together. They want Arthur to help with the business once he graduates. Arthur has agreed to join the family business without putting much thought into this decision. In this scenario, Arthur is in the status of identity referred to as

A) identity achievement.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity diffusion.

Question 22

Reggie, a 16-year-old teenager, gets into a lot of arguments with his parents. Going by what is generally observed about parent-adolescent conflict, it is likely that most of the arguments center around

A) whether Reggie uses drugs.
B) Reggie's delinquent behavior.
C) Reggie's alcoholism.
D) everyday events of family life.

Question 23

Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in a liberal arts course in the state college near their hometown. Ramon has not really thought much about this decision himself, and he will most likely follow their advice. James Marcia would classify Ramon's identity status as identity

A) diffusion.
B) foreclosure.
C) moratorium.
D) achievement.

Question 24

Most adolescents from ethnic minority groups develop a(n) ________ identity.

A) bicultural
B) additive
C) multiplicative
D) monocultural

Question 25

Stella has involved, responsive parents who support her in her choices as long as she adheres to certain basic rules that they have set for her, like keeping up her grades and coming home in time for dinner on weekdays. Thus, Stella's relationship with her parents is characterized by a high level of trust, acceptance, and quality. Research indicates that Stella would

A) be unwilling to disclose her activities to her parents.
B) be concerned about parental disapproval and thus more likely to lie to her parents.
C) be likely to share information about her whereabouts, friends, and activities.
D) be likely to experience problems in adolescent adjustment.

Question 26

The status of identity ________ occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.

A) achievement
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

Question 27

Mindy wants to pursue a career in the aeronautical industry. She wants to become either an engineer or a pilot. After discussing with her parents, she decides to become an aeronautical engineer. In this scenario, in which Mindy's crisis of identity development is resolved and in which she has made a commitment, she is most likely in the status of identity referred to as

A) identity achievement.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity diffusion.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true about the timing of identity development?

A) In their last couple of years in college, individuals are more likely to be categorized as identity diffused.
B) College upperclassmen are more likely to be identity achieved than college freshmen or high school students.
C) By the time adolescents reach college, they would have committed to their religious and political identities.
D) A higher percentage of high school students are identity achieved when compared to college upperclassmen.

Question 29

Which of the following is the identity status in which a crisis is present but commitment is absent?

A) identity diffusion
B) identity foreclosure
C) identity moratorium
D) identity achievement

Question 30

Nancy was not able to decide whether she should major in music or take up an undergraduate program in engineering. After significant exploration of both options, she finally chose the latter, with a minor in music. Identify Nancy's status of identity.

A) identity diffusion
B) identity foreclosure
C) identity moratorium
D) identity achievement

Question 31

In the context of statuses of identity, identity moratorium differs from identity diffusion in that in identity moratorium, ________:

A) individuals have vaguely defined commitments or no commitments at all
B) individuals have not yet experienced a crisis
C) individuals have undergone a crisis
D) individuals have not yet decided about occupational and ideological choices

Question 32

Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because

A) few parents anticipate how strongly their adolescent will push for autonomy and responsibility.
B) while parents want autonomy, adolescents want a connection.
C) parents want their adolescents to push the boundaries, while adolescents want to maintain the status quo.
D) parents want to relinquish all of their control over their adolescent.

Question 33

________ is the status of identity of an individual in which crisis and commitment are both absent and the individual is undecided about or shows little interest in occupational and ideological choices.

A) Identity diffusion
B) Identity foreclosure
C) Identity moratorium
D) Identity achievement

Question 34

Irene, a 16-year-old girl, is a first-generation immigrant whose parents came to the United States from Ukraine when she was just a baby. Irene enjoys many of the same things that her American friends do but respects her culture's traditions and speaks to her parents in their native language. Irene seems to have formed a(n) ________ identity.

A) additive
B) bicultural
C) multiplicative
D) culturally confused

Question 35

Identity ________ is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis.

A) foreclosure
B) moratorium
C) achievement
D) diffusion

Question 36

Misha is a first-generation immigrant in the United States. In the context of cultural and ethnic identity, which of the following statements is most likely to be true about her identity?

A) She is unlikely to change her identity much and may or may not develop a new identity.
B) She thinks of herself as an American because she was granted citizenship at birth.
C) She is least likely to be secure with her identity.
D) She is likely to change her identity tremendously.

Question 37

Conflict with parents often escalates during

A) early adolescence.
B) middle adolescence.
C) late adolescence.
D) the college years.

Question 38

Ethnic ________ is an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.

A) gloss
B) awareness
C) identity
D) pride

Question 39

Identity ________ is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment.

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 40

Joseph Allen and his colleagues found that adolescents who were securely attached to their parents at 14 years of age were more likely at 21 years of age to report

A) feeling uncomfortable in other intimate relationships.
B) continuing financial dependence on their parents.
C) relationship competence and fewer problematic behaviors.
D) conflict in the relationship with their parents.

Question 41

Mark is a 14-year-old teenager who lives with his parents. Over the last 2 years, Mark and his parents have been in arguments almost every day. These arguments are usually about Mark watching too much TV, not cleaning his room, or not helping with daily chores in the house. Mark always finds excuses to avoid doing any chores. At times, the arguments get heated quickly, and as a result, Mark gets grounded for a few days. In view of these intense parent-adolescent conflicts between Mark and his parents and the research studies conducted in similar fields, which of the following is most likely to occur?

A) Mark will move out of the house.
B) Mark will show significant improvement in academics.
C) Mark will have better career and financial competence in the future.
D) Mark will start attending religious services regularly.

Question 42

According to the new model of parent-adolescent relationships, which of the following is a benefit of everyday negotiations and minor disputes?

A) They teach adolescents that their parents are not perfect.
B) They help adolescents become more autonomous.
C) They help adolescents accept parental control over their lives.
D) They teach parents how to exert more control over the lives of adolescents.

Question 43

The new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasizes that

A) parents should take an authoritarian approach to control the lives of adolescents.
B) parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
C) in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.
D) even minor parent-adolescent conflicts are not normal and should be avoided as much as possible.

Question 44

________, the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships, proposed that friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs in adolescence.

A) Erik Erikson
B) Harry Stack Sullivan
C) Jean Piaget
D) James Marcia

Question 45

The old model of parent-adolescent relationships suggested that

A) routine negotiations and minor disputes can serve the developmental function of helping adolescents make the transition from childhood dependency to adult independence.
B) in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.
C) parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems while adolescents explore a wider and more complex social world.
D) as adolescents mature, they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true about the characteristics of a clique?

A) It is formed solely because adolescents engage in diverse activities.
B) The average number of people in a clique is eight to ten.
C) The members of a clique are usually of the same sex.
D) It is less personal than a crowd.

Question 47

The initial stage of the development of romantic relationships in adolescence is characterized by entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about ________ years of age.

A) 8 to 9
B) 11 to 13
C) 14 to 16
D) 17 to 19

Question 48

According to Harry Stack Sullivan, if adolescents fail to develop close friendships, they

A) experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.
B) develop healthier self-esteem as adults than their peers.
C) engage in less delinquent behavior.
D) become more social as they grow older.

Question 49

At approximately ________ years of age, two types of romantic involvement occur: casual dating and dating in groups.

A) 8 to 9
B) 11 to 13
C) 14 to 16
D) 17 to 19

Question 50

Manfred is the father of a 16-year-old boy. He notices that his son heads over to the other side of town after getting back from school to meet some friends who are older than him. Manfred also notices that the frequency of these meetings has increased over time. Manfred is now worried about his son hanging out with these older individuals. According to research studies, which of the following is most likely to be an outcome of Manfred's son's interactions with the older individuals?

A) Manfred's son will show higher levels of academic achievement.
B) Manfred's son will successfully transition to adulthood.
C) Manfred's son is more likely to engage in delinquency and early sexual behavior.
D) Manfred's son is more likely to avoid risky sexual behavior and substance abuse.

Question 51

Sullivan argued that the need for ________ intensifies during early adolescence, motivating teenagers to seek out close friends.

A) respect
B) compatibility
C) intimacy
D) similarity

Question 52

Sandra and Selena are both in high school. Sandra thinks that being a member of a crowd is more helpful in forming friendships than being a member of a clique, but Selena thinks otherwise. Which of the following statements most likely supports Selena's argument?

A) A crowd is less personal than a clique.
B) A clique contains more members than a crowd.
C) Unlike the formation of a crowd, the formation of a clique is based on reputation.
D) Unlike in a clique, the members of a crowd spend a lot of time together.

Question 53

At which grade level does conformity to peers peak?

A) sixth and seventh grades
B) eighth and ninth grades
C) tenth and eleventh grades
D) the twelfth grade

Question 54

Which of the following does the new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasize?

A) Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems during adolescence.
B) Parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
C) The everyday conflicts that characterize parent-adolescent relationships have a detrimental effect on adolescent development.
D) As adolescents mature, they move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.

Question 55

Meghan and her group of five girls are all enthusiastic gymnasts. They hang out together after school and go to the mall on weekends. They are all of the same age and have similar tastes in music and food and, as a result, enjoy each other's company. Which of the following terms best describes this type of group?

A) clique
B) crowd
C) mob
D) horde

Question 56

As opposed to the trend in young children, teenagers typically prefer to have

A) a large group of friends, some of whom are especially intimate.
B) several friends but only one "best" friend.
C) friends that are of the same sex.
D) a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate.

Question 57

"Jocks" who are good at sports or "druggies" who take drugs are examples of

A) cliques.
B) teams.
C) crowds.
D) squads.

Question 58

Juliana is part of an online science group. Its members meet once every month to discuss the advancements in science and technology. During one of the meetings, she is introduced to several other members of the large online group. She finds these meetings interesting as she gets to meet people of different age groups and backgrounds. However, like the members of the group, she does not intend to spend much time with them or get to know them personally. Which of the following terms best describes this type of group?

A) band
B) crowd
C) team
D) squad

Question 59

Priscilla is in the eighth grade. Every day after school, she hangs out with her friends from her class who are popular. She is very fond of them and wants to become popular like them. Her friends have recently started shoplifting at departmental stores. According to research studies on the effect of peer pressure on conformity, which of the following is Priscilla most likely to do?

A) Priscilla will use her moral reasoning to determine if the behavior should be copied or not.
B) Priscilla will reject the behavior of her peers.
C) Priscilla will go along with her friends to engage in the antisocial behavior.
D) Priscilla will report the behavior to her friends' parents.

Question 60

According to the old model of parent-adolescent relationships, ________.

A) parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence
B) parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe in most families
C) parents serve as important support systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world
D) the everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal

Question 61

In which of the following locations in sub-Saharan Africa are rites of passage prevalent?

A) locations where the influence of industrialized culture is high
B) locations where Western culture is readily accepted
C) locations where social structure is present but not adhered to
D) locations where formal education is not readily available

Question 62

According to the 2009 Kaiser Family Foundation survey, which of the following groups uses media for the longest time during a day?

A) 11- to 14-year-olds
B) 15- to 18-year-olds
C) 8- to 11-year-olds
D) 4- to 7-year-olds

Question 63

The double disadvantage suffered by ethnic minority adolescents includes

A) the lack of clear rites of passage.
B) diversity and difference.
C) prejudice and poverty.
D) hostility and assimilation.

Question 64

Rites of passage

A) are nonexistent in the United States.
B) are on the increase in several African countries that are influenced by Western culture.
C) provide a forceful and discontinuous entry into the adult world.
D) to adulthood usually involve a reaffirmation of the individual's connection with the immediate family.

Question 65

Sita is a girl who lives in India; Suki is a girl who lives in Japan. They both have two older brothers. According to research, who is most likely to have better access to education?

A) Sita
B) Suki
C) They both have a poor chance at receiving an education.
D) They both have an equally good chance at receiving an education.

Question 66

Tina is preparing a presentation on adolescent health in the 21st century. She decides to go through a few research studies and collate the findings in her presentation. Which of the following research findings will Tina most likely include in her presentation?

A) More adolescents around the world are dying from acute infections than before.
B) Many adolescent health-compromising behaviors, especially illicit drug use and unprotected sex, are decreasing in frequency.
C) The rate of HIV infection in sub-Saharan countries has decreased marginally in recent years.
D) Fewer adolescents around the world die from malnutrition now than in the past.

Question 67

Late bloomers comprise approximately 10 percent of ________ who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships.

A) 14- to 16-year-olds
B) 17- to 19-year-olds
C) 12- to 13-year-olds
D) 15- to 16-year-olds

Question 68

A ________ is a ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another and mostly focuses on the transition to adult status.

A) rite of passage
B) litmus test
C) march of time
D) communion

Question 69

At ________ years of age, romantic relations are characterized by strong emotional bonds more closely resembling those in adult romantic relationships.

A) 12 to 15
B) 11 to 13
C) 14 to 16
D) 17 to 19

Question 70

Which of the following statements about the trend in cross-cultural gender differences in sexual expression is true?

A) Gender differences in sexual expression are minor, especially in Latin America and Southeast Asia.
B) Gender differences in sexual expression and educational opportunities appear to be narrowing over time.
C) In India, there are far more restrictions on the sexual activities of men than on those of women.
D) In Arab countries, both adolescent males and females encounter the same amount of restriction on sexual activities.

Question 71

Early bloomers include

A) 15 to 20 percent of 14- to 16-year-olds who say that they currently are in a romantic relationship.
B) 10 percent of 17- to 19-year-olds who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships.
C) 15 to 20 percent of 11- to 13-year-olds who say that they currently are in a romantic relationship.
D) 15 percent of 17- to 19-year-olds who report that they have not engaged in any romantic relationships that lasted more than four months.

Question 72

Which of the following statements about dating in gay and lesbian youth is true?

A) Sexual minority youth seldom date other-sex peers to disguise their sexual orientation from others.
B) Most gay and lesbian youth seldom have same-sex sexual experience.
C) Gay and lesbian youth do not get emotionally affected by the breakup of a same-sex relationship they were involved in.
D) Some gay and lesbian youth continue to have a same-sex orientation while others have a primarily heterosexual orientation.

Question 73

Baku is a local guide living and working in Kenya. While explaining some of the local cultures and practices to a group of tourists, he tells that some tribes have customs that relate to rites of passage. A tourist asks Baku about the importance of rites of passage. Which of the following statements would most likely be Baku's response?

A) Rites of passage mostly focus on severing ties with adolescents' native culture.
B) Rites of passage mostly focus on the initiation of adolescents into a nuclear family.
C) Rites of passage mostly focus on the reaffirmation of adolescents' connection with the immediate family.
D) Rites of passage mostly focus on the transition of adolescents to adult status.

Question 74

A study of tenth-graders revealed that

A) the number of romantic experiences reported had no link with the levels of social acceptance experienced by adolescents.
B) having more romantic experience was linked to a higher level of substance use and delinquency.
C) co-rumination and romantic involvement predicted a decrease in depressive symptoms.
D) having no experience of romantic relationships is a consistent predictor of depression and deviant behavior.

Question 75

Shifu belongs to a tribe in which all the boys must swim across a particular river to mark their transition to adult status. A grand and elaborate ceremony is held in the tribe's village to signal the achievement of adult status. Which of the following terms best describes the ceremony?

A) rite of passage
B) litmus test
C) march of time
D) communion

Question 76

The 2009 Kaiser Family Foundation survey, which included more than 2,000 8- to 18-year-olds, documented that adolescent media use has ________ in the last decade.

A) decreased significantly
B) declined slightly
C) increased dramatically
D) stayed the same

Question 77

Identify the dual struggle often faced by immigrants to the United States.

A) to acculturate and take on a new identity
B) to work and take care of their children
C) to preserve their culture and resist change
D) to preserve identity and to acculturate

Question 78

The event that comes closest to being a culture-wide rite of passage in the United States is

A) a birthday party.
B) getting a driver's license.
C) a school graduation ceremony.
D) joining a college fraternity.

Question 79

Which of the following is the last stage of the development of romantic relationships in adolescence?

A) consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
B) entry into romantic attractions and affiliations
C) dating in groups, reflecting embeddedness in the peer context
D) exploring romantic relationships

Question 80

The largest increases in media use in early adolescence are for

A) electronic books and DVDs.
B) listening to music on MP3 players.
C) chatting with friends on cell phones.
D) TV and video games.