Deck 8: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

Students with ________ endorse such statements as "I know that I will be able to learn the material in this class" and "I expect to be able to do well at this activity."

A) high self-efficacy
B) high self-esteem
C) low self-efficacy
D) low self-esteem

Answer 1

high self-efficacy

Question 2

According to Albert Bandura, which of the following statements is most likely to be endorsed by students with high self-efficacy?

A) "I think I am better than everyone else."
B) "I wish I could perform well in sports."
C) "I will not be able to do well at this activity."
D) "I know that I will be able to achieve the objective in this class."

Answer 2

"I know that I will be able to achieve the objective in this class."

Question 3

Eight-year-old Trey stands in front of a group of kids and says, "I am smart." Which of the following is the most plausible reaction to this incident?

A) Children 6 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report.
B) Children 9 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report.
C) Children 5-6 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report.
D) Children 10-11 years of age are more likely to accept Trey's self-report.

Answer 3

Children 9 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report.

Question 4

Mary thinks that she is a good person. This observation reflects Mary's

A) self-control.
B) self-concept.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-esteem.

Question 5

In the context of emotional and personality development, identify a true statement about perspective taking.

A) Executive function is at work in perspective taking.
B) Children decrease their perspective taking in middle and late childhood.
C) Perspective taking refers to global evaluations of the self.
D) Perspective taking hinders children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true of the development of self-understanding in children?

A) Self-understanding becomes more complex in middle and late childhood.
B) From 8 to 11 years of age, self-understanding is focused on the description of physical characteristics.
C) During the elementary school years, children are less likely to recognize social aspects of the self.
D) Children's self-understanding in the elementary school years includes distinguishing themselves from others in absolute terms.

Question 7

In the context of emotional and personality development, which of the following is true of perspective taking?

A) It is the social cognitive process involved in assuming the viewpoint of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.
B) It is referred to as the global evaluative dimension of the self.
C) It is referred to as the domain-specific evaluation of the self.
D) It is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

Question 8

In terms of ________ behavior, taking another's perspective improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need.

A) aggressive
B) antisocial
C) atypical
D) prosocial

Question 9

Which of the following terms refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self?

A) self-concept
B) self-esteem
C) self-awareness
D) self-control

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true of children's self-esteem?

A) Children have the highest self-esteem when they perform competently in domains that are important to them.
B) Self-esteem decreases when children face a problem and try to cope with it.
C) Self-esteem increases when children avoid a problem.
D) The straightforward teaching of real skills to children often results in decreased achievement and, thus, in diminished self-esteem.

Question 11

In the context of prosocial behavior, which of the following statements is true of perspective taking?

A) It improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need.
B) It makes children become less skeptical of others' claims.
C) It is likely to make children engage in more aggressive and oppositional behavior.
D) It plays a minimal role in determining whether children develop prosocial attitudes and behavior.

Question 12

The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called

A) self-concept.
B) self-confidence.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-esteem.

Question 13

________ is also called self-worth or self-image.

A) Self-control
B) Self-esteem
C) Self-efficacy
D) Self-concept

Question 14

In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to

A) compare themselves with others.
B) refrain from social comparison.
C) use physical characteristics to describe themselves.
D) use outer states to describe themselves.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true of the consequences of low self-esteem in children?

A) It makes children prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions.
B) It has been implicated in overweight and obesity, anxiety, depression, suicide, and delinquency.
C) It often translates into an arrogant, grandiose, and unwarranted sense of superiority over others.
D) It reflects accurate perceptions of one's self that often match reality.

Question 16

When Robert says, "I have brown eyes and black hair," it reflects Robert's

A) self-control.
B) self-concept.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-esteem.

Question 17

Children with high self-esteem typically

A) become bullies as they grow up.
B) are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions.
C) tend to be insecurely attached to their parents.
D) have low initiative, which produces uniquely positive outcomes.

Question 18

Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this practice?

A) They tend to undervalue the rewards that aggression can bring.
B) The increased self-esteem produces better school performance.
C) They are increasingly prone to develop antisocial actions.
D) They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism.

Question 19

Children have the highest self-esteem when

A) they are competent in all tasks that are given to them.
B) they perform competently in domains that are important to them.
C) they are extrinsically rewarded by role models.
D) they are encouraged to avoid problems they face rather than cope with them.

Question 20

________ refers to global evaluations of the self.

A) Self-control
B) Self-concept
C) Self-esteem
D) Self-awareness

Question 21

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, which appears during middle and late childhood, is called

A) industry versus inferiority.
B) trust versus mistrust.
C) integrity versus despair.
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Question 22

A person who is arrested for stealing company documents says, "Yes, I did steal the documents, and I am willing to go to jail for it. These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover-up of the unsafe properties of its chemical. I think the public has a right to know about it." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify this person as using ________ reasoning.

A) conventional
B) unconventional
C) preconventional
D) postconventional

Question 23

In the context of emotional and personality development in middle and late childhood, which of the following is true of self-regulation?

A) Low self-regulation is linked to a narrowing gap in low-socioeconomic-status children's emotional problems.
B) High self-regulation is linked to higher levels of deviant behavior.
C) It leads to decreased social competence and achievement.
D) It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts.

Question 24

Megan bases her moral decisions on fear of punishment. In the context of Kohlberg's levels of moral thinking, Megan is currently in the ________ reasoning level of moral thinking.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) interconventional
D) postconventional

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true of the criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) Kohlberg's theory stresses that moral thoughts are essentially unimportant in children's moral development.
B) Kohlberg's approach misses or misconstrues some important moral concepts in specific cultures.
C) Kohlberg's theory puts relationships and concern for others above abstract principles.
D) Kohlberg's approach emphasizes that morality begins with rapid evaluative judgments of others.

Question 26

Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) Kohlberg's theory is based on the prevention of suffering of others.
B) Compassion is given too much importance in Kohlberg's theory.
C) There is too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.
D) There is no emphasis on the need for justice in matters of morality.

Question 27

Tapi believes that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected. She believes that the current law in her country that prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed. In the context of Kohlberg's levels of moral thinking, which of the following describes Tapi's level of moral reasoning?

A) postconventional
B) conventional
C) preconventional
D) universal

Question 28

Which of the following is true of Dale Schunk's findings about students with high self-efficacy?

A) They are less likely than students with low self-efficacy to expend effort on learning tasks.
B) They have an "I cannot" attitude and frequently experience helplessness.
C) They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy.
D) They avoid learning tasks, especially those that are challenging.

Question 29

Kohlberg emphasized perspective taking and ________ as critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges children to change their moral reasoning.

A) sibling interaction
B) peer interaction
C) parental influence
D) teacher influence

Question 30

Which of the following is an important distinction between a psychiatrist and a psychologist?

A) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist cannot prescribe medication.
B) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist has a medical degree.
C) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist has an undergraduate degree.
D) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist must spend 3 to 4 years as a resident physician.

Question 31

In a survey, participants were asked whether buying a stolen television is morally right. More than 80 percent of the respondents said that it is morally wrong. However, 50 percent of the respondents admitted that they would buy the television if guaranteed that they would not be caught. In the context of the scenario, which of the following statements would most likely serve as a criticism for Lawrence Kohlberg's theory on moral development?

A) As people age, their moral reasoning is increasingly based on the application of standards set by others.
B) Moral thinking is an intuitive gut reaction.
C) Purchasing stolen property is an accepted social convention.
D) Moral reasoning can sometimes be a shelter for immoral behavior.

Question 32

Julio, a 12-year-old, cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. In the context of Erik Erikson's eight stages of human development, Julio is at risk for developing a sense of

A) stagnation.
B) inferiority.
C) shame and doubt.
D) identity diffusion.

Question 33

In the context of the developmental changes in emotions during the middle and late childhood years, who among the following children most likely exhibits the ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions?

A) Chris who has learned to tone down his anger when one of his classmates irritates him
B) Lila who is aware that her sadness today is influenced by her friend moving to another town last week
C) Damian who realizes that achieving something might involve both anxiety and joy
D) Broderick who feels sympathy for a distressed person and experiences vicariously the sadness the distressed person is feeling

Question 34

Which of the following is an aspect of social-emotional learning that the Second Step program focuses on in pre-K?

A) executive function skills
B) problem-solving skills
C) communication skills
D) decision-making skills

Question 35

Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral development by

A) identifying the personality type related to high and low self-esteem in children.
B) presenting children with a series of stories in which characters face moral dilemmas.
C) observing children interact with each other when they were in conflict.
D) interviewing families about how they have taught moral principles to their children.

Question 36

The floods in the Midwest left 40,000 people homeless, and Keith's family is one of the families affected by the disaster. He is trying to help his son, Judd, cope with the tragedy. In this scenario, which of the following is a recommendation that Keith should follow to help Judd cope with the stress?

A) Keith should allow Judd to retell the details of the event and be patient in listening to him.
B) Keith should discourage Judd from talking about disturbing feelings related to the event.
C) Keith should allow Judd to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy.
D) Keith should encourage discussion of the event with others in front of Judd.

Question 37

Darren is an active twelve-year-old boy. When his friend Simon cheats in a game, he tends to get irritated. However, Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why cheating is bad. Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions?

A) low self-esteem
B) self-regulation
C) high self-esteem
D) self-efficacy

Question 38

Students with ________ for learning may avoid many learning tasks, especially those that are challenging.

A) high self-efficacy
B) diffused self-concept
C) low self-efficacy
D) low self-awareness

Question 39

According to Albert Bandura, which of the following statements is true of self-efficacy?

A) It is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve.
B) It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts.
C) It is linked to developmental advances in the brain's prefrontal cortex.
D) It refers to global evaluations of the self.

Question 40

When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against the treatment of women on her university campus, Kai says that all human beings should have equal rights. According to Kai, the university has rules that are unfair to women; and she is morally against such discriminatory practices. Kai is likely operating at the ________ reasoning level of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory.

A) postconventional
B) conventional
C) unconventional
D) preconventional

Question 41

Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that

A) females engage in more prosocial behavior than males do.
B) males engage in more prosocial behavior than females do.
C) girls are likely to be more aggressive than boys.
D) boys are better at reading and writing than girls.

Question 42

According to research studies, in which of the following areas do girls exhibit better skills than boys?

A) visuospatial skills
B) verbal skills
C) physical skills
D) mathematical skills

Question 43

Angie's mother allows her to schedule her study and relaxation time on her own and, in turn, expects Angie to continue doing well in school and to discuss her activities ahead of time. Her mother frequently checks on her school progress and talks to her about her problems and her social life. In this context, Angie's mother's approach to parent-child relationships is most likely to be a process of

A) boundary ambiguity.
B) latchkey control.
C) unilateral control.
D) coregulation.

Question 44

Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy?

A) regulating to have complete control over their own lives
B) learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis
C) learning to live with deprivation of privileges
D) exercising supervision and control of younger siblings

Question 45

Males report experiencing and expressing more ________ than do females.

A) joy
B) fear
C) anger
D) shame

Question 46

Identify a true statement about Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

A) Kohlberg's theory puts too much emphasis on interpersonal communication.
B) Kohlberg's theory views people in terms of their connectedness with others.
C) Kohlberg's theory takes a care perspective with regard to moral development.
D) Kohlberg's theory puts justice at the heart of morality.

Question 47

One area of math in which boys are found to be better at is

A) advanced calculus.
B) numeracy skills.
C) visuospatial skills.
D) computation skills.

Question 48

It is common to hear children start using the word fair as a synonym for equal or same starting at around ________ years of age.

A) four
B) six
C) eight
D) ten

Question 49

Which of the following statements reflects Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) Kohlberg's theory is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships and concern for others.
B) Kohlberg's theory sees an individual as a product of a family process and as dependent on the process to make moral decisions.
C) Kohlberg's theory does not capture much of the moral reasoning voiced in various cultures around the world.
D) Kohlberg's theory places too much emphasis on moral behavior and not enough emphasis on moral thought.

Question 50

In the context of domain theory, which of the following scenarios best represents social conventional reasoning?

A) Sheila raising her hand before speaking in class
B) Monica providing the airport staff with her passport before boarding her flight
C) Damian undergoing a medical test before donating blood to another person
D) Mathew punishing his son for lying

Question 51

In the context of developmental changes in parent-child relationships, which of the following is true of family management practices?

A) They are positively related to students' grades.
B) They are positively related to school-related problems.
C) They are negatively related to students' self-responsibility.
D) Fathers are more likely than mothers to engage in a managerial role in parenting.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true of the developmental changes in parent-child relationships?

A) As children move into the middle and late childhood years, parents spend considerably less time with them.
B) Parents play a minimal role in supporting children's academic achievement in middle and late childhood.
C) Fathers are more likely than mothers to engage in a managerial role in parenting.
D) Family management practices are positively related to school-related problems.

Question 53

Children's sharing comes to reflect a more complex sense of what is just and right during

A) middle and late infancy.
B) late infancy.
C) middle and late childhood.
D) early adolescence.

Question 54

In contrast with Kohlberg's theory, Gilligan argues for a(n) ________ perspective, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

A) justice
B) care
C) nonegocentric
D) egocentric

Question 55

In the context of domain theory, moral rules are widely accepted, somewhat impersonal, and

A) arbitrary.
B) obligatory.
C) only applicable to certain individuals.
D) subject to change by social consensus.

Question 56

Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females, such as "boys play with trucks and girls play with dolls," are known as gender

A) identities.
B) constancies.
C) stereotypes.
D) roles.

Question 57

Middle childhood is a period in which some control is transferred from parent to child. This process is gradual and produces

A) deregulation.
B) socioregulation.
C) coregulation.
D) bioregulation.

Question 58

Tamara often tells her daughter that a well-adjusted girl is supposed to be dependent, nurturing, and uninterested in power. She also believes that girls should learn to cook and take care of the household. Tamara's notion reflects

A) gender stereotypes.
B) gender constancies.
C) gender identities.
D) gender schemas.

Question 59

With regard to morality, Nasrin believes that the focus should be on abstract principles rather than on relationships and concern for others. Therefore, she has a(n) ________ perspective on morality.

A) prosocial
B) care
C) justice
D) unconventional

Question 60

Fernando does not cut in line, raises his hand in class before talking, and stops his car at stop signs on the road. He focuses on rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system. Which of the following best describes Fernando's reasoning?

A) prosocial reasoning
B) social order reasoning
C) social consensus reasoning
D) social conventional reasoning

Question 61

In the context of peer statuses, ________ children give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, control their negative emotions, act like themselves, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited.

A) rejected
B) controversial
C) average
D) popular

Question 62

Only ________ of stepfamily couples stay remarried.

A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) three-fourths

Question 63

How can rejected children be trained to interact more effectively with their peers?

A) They should be kept isolated from their peers to prevent aggressive outbursts.
B) They should be taught to more accurately assess whether the intentions of their peers are negative.
C) They should be taught to stay away from their peers in order to prevent confrontations.
D) They should be subjected to corporal punishment whenever they exhibit aggressive behavior toward their peers.

Question 64

In the context of parent-child relationships, the major shift to autonomy with regard to children does not occur until about age ________ or later.

A) nine
B) sixteen
C) twelve
D) five

Question 65

Peer competence in middle and late childhood has been linked to

A) better satisfaction in marriage in early adulthood.
B) less depression in middle adulthood.
C) better job performance in middle adulthood.
D) better relationships with coworkers in early adulthood.

Question 66

According to John Coie, which of the following is a reason why aggressive, peer-rejected boys have problems in social relationships?

A) They are more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention.
B) They are less emotionally reactive.
C) They receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers.
D) They are unappreciated by their parents and teachers.

Question 67

Unlike nonaggressive children, when aggressive boys search for cues to determine a peer's intention, they respond more

A) rapidly.
B) efficiently.
C) reflectively.
D) thoughtfully.

Question 68

Most of Blanca's classmates call her a "bully," and many say that they "don't like her at all." Only few children consider her to be a friend. Which of the following is Blanca's probable peer status?

A) popular
B) neglected
C) rejected
D) controversial

Question 69

The extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group is called their ________ status.

A) psychometric
B) socioeconomic
C) popularity
D) sociometric

Question 70

An analysis of stepfamilies found that ________ percent of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems.

A) fifty
B) forty
C) twenty-five
D) twenty

Question 71

Which of the following statements is true of stepfamilies?

A) Most stepfamilies are preceded by divorce rather than death of a spouse.
B) Stepfamilies include far more infants or preschool children than elementary and secondary school children.
C) The histories and multiple relationships involved in stepfamilies make adjustment between the couples simpler.
D) In stepmother families, the mother typically has custody of the children and remarries, introducing a stepfather into her children's lives.

Question 72

Which of the following statements is true of peer groups and peer interactions in middle and late childhood?

A) Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately thirty percent of their time with peers.
B) The size of the peer group decreases with the age of the child.
C) Children under twelve years of age prefer mixed-sex peer groups to same-sex peer groups.
D) As children move through middle and late childhood, peer interaction is more closely supervised by adults.

Question 73

Anthony is rarely nominated as someone's best friend. He is actively disliked by many children in his class. In the context of peer statuses, Anthony would be classified as a(n) ________ child.

A) controversial
B) rejected
C) neglected
D) average

Question 74

According to Kenneth Dodge, aggressive boys are more likely to perceive another child's actions as hostile when

A) their self-esteem is challenged.
B) the child's intention is ambiguous.
C) their aggressive responses can be exercised discreetly.
D) the child presents himself or herself as a weak and gullible victim.

Question 75

An aggressive boy's interpretation of an encounter as hostile and his classmates' perception of his behavior as inappropriate are examples of ________ in behavior development.

A) stereotyping
B) cognitive dissonance
C) cultural bias
D) social cognition

Question 76

Gavin is rarely nominated as a best friend, but his peers don't dislike him. In the context of peer statuses, Gavin would be classified as a(n) ________ child.

A) controversial
B) rejected
C) neglected
D) average

Question 77

Benjamin, a student, sits at the back of the classroom. Only few children in the class know his name. He does not have any best friends, but he is not disliked by his classmates. Which of the following is Benjamin's probable peer status?

A) popular
B) neglected
C) rejected
D) controversial

Question 78

Erica, who has two children, marries Wayne. Wayne has a daughter from his previous marriage. After the union, their family will be considered a ________ stepfamily.

A) complex
B) segregated
C) simple
D) mixed

Question 79

In the context of the five peer statuses distinguished by developmentalists, ________ are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.

A) controversial children
B) average children
C) neglected children
D) rejected children

Question 80

According to developmentalists, which of the following is a peer status among children?

A) gifted children
B) neglected children
C) homeschooled children
D) conforming children