Deck 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Developmental psychologists describe Jennifer as an emotion-dismissing parent to her son. Which of the following actions is Jennifer most likely to display?

A) Jennifer will praise her son when he performs a task well.
B) Jennifer will try to change her son's negative emotions.
C) Jennifer will use scaffolding to interact with her son.
D) Jennifer will assist her son in labeling emotions.

Answer 1

Jennifer will try to change her son's negative emotions.

Question 2

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) trust versus mistrust.

Answer 2

initiative versus guilt.

Question 3

Marjorie's son places last in a running race in his school. This makes him upset. He comes home and tells his mother about the result of the competition. His mother initially ignores him thinking that he will stop thinking about the competition. Later, when she sees that her son is still upset, she tries to distract him from the negative emotion by trying to change it. Marjorie's way of talking to her son about his negative emotions indicates that Marjorie is a(n) ________.

A) emotion-coaching parent
B) authoritarian parent
C) emotion-dismissing parent
D) indulgent parent

Answer 3

emotion-dismissing parent

Question 4

According to Erik Erikson, the great governor of initiative is

A) conscience.
B) independence.
C) fear.
D) obedience.

Question 5

Which of the following terms refers to responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings?

A) anxiety
B) empathy
C) coaching
D) modeling

Question 6

Four-year-old Harlan says, "I'm always happy!" Researchers suggest that Harlan, like other kids his own age, has self-descriptions that are typically

A) reflective of reality.
B) reflective of what others think about them.
C) abstract and magical.
D) unrealistically positive.

Question 7

When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting

A) guilt.
B) empathy.
C) correspondence.
D) lack of perspective taking.

Question 8

________ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents.

A) Emotion-dismissing
B) Emotion-facilitator
C) Emotion-coaching
D) Emotion-encouraging

Question 9

Which of the following involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people?

A) immanent justice
B) superego
C) moral development
D) pragmatism

Question 10

________ especially plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. It is an important component of executive function.

A) Moral integrity
B) Emotion regulation
C) Moral development
D) Independence

Question 11

According to Freud, the moral element of personality is called the

A) id.
B) superid.
C) ego.
D) superego.

Question 12

The children of ________ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, are more effective in regulating their negative affect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents.

A) emotion-coaching
B) emotion-facilitator
C) emotion-encouraging
D) emotion-independent

Question 13

According to Freud, to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with parents, internalizing their standards of right and wrong, thus forming the

A) alter ego.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) id.

Question 14

Which of the following aspects of moral development most likely involves anxiety and guilt?

A) moral reasoning
B) moral thoughts
C) moral behavior
D) moral feelings

Question 15

Hans feels ashamed when his parents say, "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a ________ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.

A) social
B) self-conscious
C) penitent
D) sympathetic

Question 16

Brianna is extremely upset because she got scolded by her teacher. Her mother decides to facilitate an open discussion about what happened and why Brianna is upset to help her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Her mother's approach of talking to Brianna about her emotions indicates that Brianna's mother is a(n) ________.

A) emotion-dismissing parent
B) authoritarian parent
C) emotion-coaching parent
D) indulgent parent

Question 17

In the context of expressing emotions, at what age does self-awareness occur?

A) at 1 to 2 months of age
B) at 3 to 6 months of age
C) at 9 to 12 months of age
D) at 15 to 18 months of age

Question 18

Barbara monitors her children's emotions. Her daughter is upset because she got reprimanded by her teacher. Barbara initially ignores her daughter's lamentations but then decides to try to change her daughter's emotions by saying that everyone gets reprimanded and that it is not a big deal. Barbara's approach of talking to her daughter about her negative emotions indicates that Barbara is a(n) ________.

A) indulgent parent
B) emotion-dismissing parent
C) emotion-coaching parent
D) authoritarian parent

Question 19

In Erikson's portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop ________, which is the representation of self, the substance, and content of self-conceptions.

A) self-control
B) self-confidence
C) self-understanding
D) self-centeredness

Question 20

Why is it challenging for parents to discuss emotional topics with their young children?

A) Young children often avoid upsetting topics by changing the topic, pushing away, or running away.
B) They don't want to know what upsets their child.
C) They are afraid they can't comfort their child.
D) They struggle with their own emotions and change the topic.

Question 21

Older children, who are ________, recognize that punishment occurs only if someone witnesses the wrongdoing and that even then, punishment is not inevitable.

A) moral autonomists
B) empathic thinkers
C) gender-typed
D) heteronomous thinkers

Question 22

From about ________ years of age, children display heteronomous morality.

A) 1 to 3
B) 4 to 7
C) 10 to 12
D) 2 to 4

Question 23

Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through

A) authoritative parent-child relations.
B) religious and social conditioning.
C) the children's family experiences.
D) the mutual give-and-take of peer relations.

Question 24

Which of the following approaches holds that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior?

A) Freud's psychoanalytic approach
B) the evolutionary psychology approach
C) the behavioral and social cognitive approach
D) the biological approach

Question 25

Nicola tries to take steps to avert potential misbehavior by her children before it takes place. The moment she sees that her 4-year-old daughter is going to have a meltdown, she distracts her with her favorite activity. She has regular talks with her ten-year-old son wherein she tries to impart her cherished values to him and indicates what is expected of him as he grows older. Nicola is

A) being overly cautious in her parenting approach.
B) being too authoritative in her approach to her children's moral development.
C) acting as moral police to her children and may have a detrimental effect on their moral development.
D) proactive in her approach to her children's moral development.

Question 26

Susan, a 5-year-old, thinks of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, Susan is most likely in the stage of moral reasoning known as

A) heteronomous morality.
B) empathy.
C) autonomous morality.
D) sympathy.

Question 27

At about ________ years of age and older, children show autonomous morality.

A) 7
B) 4
C) 10
D) 5

Question 28

Julie believes that Jason's accidental act of breaking 12 plates is worse than Peter intentionally breaking two plates. Julie can be best described as a(n)

A) moral autonomist.
B) gender-typed individual.
C) empathic thinker.
D) heteronomous moralist.

Question 29

According to Piaget's theory, from ________ years of age, children are in a transition showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some features of the second stage, autonomous morality.

A) 7 to 10
B) 4 to 7
C) 10 to 12
D) 1 to 4

Question 30

Dante is a 10-year-old boy who likes to play soccer during recess. One day, a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game. Dante accepts the rules and now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development?

A) autonomous morality
B) heteronomous morality
C) basic morality
D) extended morality

Question 31

Jerome, 6, and Hani, 10, get up early on Saturday morning to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break their mother's favorite porcelain doll. Jerome knows that he's going to get into "big trouble." Hani tells him not to worry and that their mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani?

A) Jerome-autonomous morality; Hani-heteronomous morality
B) Jerome-heteronomous morality; Hani-autonomous morality
C) Jerome-universal law morality; Hani-context-specific morality
D) Jerome-context-specific morality; Hani-universal law morality

Question 32

In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, which of the following is a characteristic of children showing heteronomous morality?

A) They believe intentions are more important than consequences when judging behavior.
B) They think of justice as an unchangeable property of the world.
C) They are nonbelievers of the concept of immanent justice.
D) They are aware that rules and laws are created by people.

Question 33

________ refers to an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of all three components of moral development, namely moral thought, feeling, and behavior.

A) Ethics
B) Protocol
C) Constitution
D) Conscience

Question 34

Maria believes that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, this scenario indicates that Maria believes in the concept of

A) immanent justice.
B) restorative justice.
C) reciprocal socialization.
D) egocentrism.

Question 35

Katrina, a 6-year-old, becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game and yells, "You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Which of the following types of moral reasoning is Katrina exhibiting?

A) autonomous morality
B) heteronomous morality
C) peer-negotiated morality
D) immanent justice morality

Question 36

According to Jean Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to advance moral reasoning than peer relations because

A) parents are inconsistent in delivering the consequences for broken rules.
B) peers are less likely to allow negotiation and reasoning about broken rules.
C) parents often hand down rules in an authoritarian way.
D) peer groups immediately mete out punishments for rule breaking.

Question 37

Twice each month, Gini helps to serve dinner at the "Community Table," a program that assists homeless people in the town. She brings her two children, aged nine and eleven, with her and talks to them about the need to share time, food, and kindness with others who are less fortunate. Social cognitive theorists would say that Gini's children

A) are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others.
B) are not likely to be impacted by this as their moral behavior is modeled on peers, not parents.
C) will not benefit from these experiences until they are teens.
D) will fail to model their behavior to their mother's unless they see some reward in it.

Question 38

Ben, a 12-year-old, judges the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, Ben will most likely be classified as a(n)

A) autonomous moralist.
B) heteronomous moralist.
C) pragmatist.
D) authoritarian.

Question 39

Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget's theory of moral development?

A) autonomous morality
B) initiative versus guilt
C) heteronomous morality
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 40

The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is known as

A) correspondence.
B) congruence.
C) perspective taking.
D) nurturance.

Question 41

From a young age, Karen has always been praised by her parents for her feminine behavior. Her parents reward her behavior by saying such statements as "Karen, you look very pretty in your frock." Her brother, on the other hand, is reprimanded for playing with Karen's dolls. In the context of social influences on gender development, this scenario is in accordance with the ________ of gender.

A) psychoanalytic theory
B) social cognitive theory
C) gender schema theory
D) social role theory

Question 42

Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of

A) mixed ages.
B) the same sex as theirs.
C) both boys and girls.
D) children from their own socioeconomic status.

Question 43

The ________ of gender stems from the view that a preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

A) psychoanalytic theory
B) social cognitive theory
C) evolutionary psychology view
D) social role theory

Question 44

The social role theory suggests that

A) social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing.
B) the mother role and the father role are social constructions that have emerged from our evolutionary past.
C) social roles are chosen, not determined.
D) nature is the primary determinant of differences between the social labels that we call "gender."

Question 45

The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud's view that a preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. Which of the following describes this condition in girls?

A) the Galatea effect
B) the Electra complex
C) the Golem effect
D) the Oedipus complex

Question 46

Meena is a 3-year-old. She is aware that she is a girl and understands and accepts being a female. This indicates that Meena is conscious of her ________.

A) gender neutrality
B) gender identity
C) ethnicity
D) socioeconomic status

Question 47

According to a research review by Bronstein (2006), which of the following statements is true of parental influences on children's gender development?

A) Mothers socialize their sons to be more obedient and responsible than their daughters.
B) Mothers place more restrictions on sons' autonomy than on daughters'.
C) Fathers engage in more activities with their daughters than with their sons.
D) Fathers put more effort to promote sons' intellectual development than daughters'.

Question 48

A ________ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guides an individual's perceptions.

A) format
B) schema
C) subset
D) system

Question 49

________ involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.

A) Gender role
B) Gender typing
C) Gender identity
D) Gender labeling

Question 50

Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing

A) preferences.
B) schemas.
C) roles.
D) orientations.

Question 51

According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the

A) Oedipus complex.
B) Electra complex.
C) Pygmalion effect.
D) Golem effect.

Question 52

A gender ________ organizes the world in terms of female and male.

A) role
B) identity
C) bias
D) schema

Question 53

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are known as gender

A) roles.
B) identities.
C) expectancies.
D) rules.

Question 54

Gender ________ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

A) acquisition
B) reflection
C) typing
D) acceptance

Question 55

In the context of the size of same-sex groups of children, from about 5 years of age onward

A) boys are more likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are.
B) girls are more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play than boys.
C) girls are more likely to participate in organized group games than boys are.
D) boys are more likely than girls to play in dyads or triads.

Question 56

Which of the following fuels gender typing?

A) gender schema
B) gender identity
C) gender bias
D) gender mismatch

Question 57

Around the age of ________, children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates.

A) three
B) one
C) two
D) one and a half

Question 58

Who among the following is most likely to be rejected by peers based on conformation to gender roles?

A) a little girl in boy's clothing
B) a little boy playing with a doll
C) a little boy playing with a toy truck
D) a little girl carrying a baseball mitt

Question 59

Bit by bit, children pick up what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture and develop gender ________ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember.

A) identities
B) roles
C) schemas
D) types

Question 60

According to research studies by Maccoby (1998, 2002), which of the following statements is true of how boys and girls interact in same-sex groups?

A) Girls are more likely to act in a reciprocal manner.
B) Boys are more likely to avoid rough-and-tumble play.
C) Girls are more likely to engage in ego display.
D) Boys are more likely to engage in collaborative discourse.

Question 61

A parent who encourages his or her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 62

Which parenting style leads to egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant behavior in children?

A) authoritarian parenting
B) authoritative parenting
C) indulgent parenting
D) neglectful parenting

Question 63

Which parenting style is demanding and controlling while also being accepting and responsive?

A) authoritarian parenting
B) indulgent parenting
C) authoritative parenting
D) neglectful parenting

Question 64

Which parenting style could lead to social incompetence, truancy, and delinquency in children?

A) authoritarian parenting
B) authoritative parenting
C) indulgent parenting
D) neglectful parenting

Question 65

Lucy frequently spanks her children, enforces rigid household rules, and exhibits rage toward them when those rules are broken. Her children are unhappy and have weak communication skills. Lucy also pressurizes them to eat when they are already full. In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, Lucy is most likely a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 66

According to Baumrind, a parent who is uninvolved in a child's life, showing neither responsiveness nor control, is displaying a(n) ________ parenting style.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 67

Ursula can set her own schedules for playtime and for studying. Her mother drives her to her ballet classes and soccer practice. However, Ursula needs to keep her grades up and must go to bed early on most weeknights. Ursula's mom is most likely a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 68

Which parenting style is demanding and controlling while also being rejecting and unresponsive?

A) authoritarian parenting
B) indulgent parenting
C) authoritative parenting
D) neglectful parenting

Question 69

Logan is a warm and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his kids. As Logan encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, Baumrind would classify him as a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 70

Suzie, aged three, must eat everything on her plate at dinner. When she does not, her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, watching television, and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishment. Suzie's father is most likely a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 71

According to Baumrind, a parent who is highly involved with his/her children but places few demands or controls on them is displaying a(n) ________ parenting style.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 72

Josh's mother makes his favorite food-burgers, fries, and pizza-every night for dinner. His mother lets Josh play as much as he wants to and study only when he feels like it and imposes no fixed bedtime. Josh's mom is most likely a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 73

Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling but also rejecting and unresponsive?

A) authoritarian parenting
B) indulgent parenting
C) authoritative parenting
D) neglectful parenting

Question 74

Bernard brought home his report card and placed it on the television set. Bernard told his dad that he was required to take the card back to school tomorrow with the signature of one of his parents. Bernard's dad told him to move out of the way as he could not see the television set. The next morning, Bernard found his report card where he had left it the previous day and it was unsigned. He signed his dad's name and put it in his backpack. Bernard's dad is most likely a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 75

In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, children of authoritative parents differ from children of authoritarian parents in that children of authoritative parents

A) cope poorly with stress.
B) are more anxious about comparing themselves to others.
C) are more achievement-oriented.
D) are more likely to be overweight or obese.

Question 76

Misha was sent to his room for hitting his baby sister. Later, his mother talks to him about why he cannot treat his sister this way and about other, more acceptable ways for him to express his anger. Which parenting style does this exemplify?

A) authoritarian parenting
B) authoritative parenting
C) indulgent parenting
D) neglectful parenting

Question 77

In which parenting style do parents show pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior?

A) authoritarian parenting
B) authoritative parenting
C) indulgent parenting
D) neglectful parenting

Question 78

Juan, a father of two children, tells his children, "In my house, my word is the law." He spanks his children frequently when they do not follow his rules. His children are fearful of Juan and try their best to avoid him when he is around. In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, Juan is best classified as a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 79

In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, which of the following is a characteristic of parents following an indulgent parenting style?

A) They let their children do what they want.
B) They are uninvolved in their children's lives.
C) They allow little verbal exchange and place firm limits on their children.
D) They show pleasure in response to their children's constructive behavior.

Question 80

A parent who uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of his or her children is a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.