Deck 8: Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck, and Other Trait Theorists

Question 1

Cattell's childhood was characterized by

A) excessive poverty.
B) neurotic parents.
C) competition with an older brother.
D) dethronement at age two by the birth of a sibling.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Cattell's approach to personality was to study

A) so-called abnormal people.
B) and attempt to change a personality.
C) through the use of the case study method.
D) personality, not to treat it.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Factor analysis involves

A) correlation between pairs of measurements.
B) clinical analysis of case studies.
C) treatment of data derived from free association.
D) statistical analysis of life history factors.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Source traits are

A) derived from surface traits.
B) the basic elements of personality.
C) unstable and impermanent.
D) syndromes in an abnormal personality.

Question 5

Factor analysis is a

A) new version of Freud's psychoanalysis.
B) statistical measure of the relationships between variables.
C) type of psychotherapy based on personal statistics.
D) method of analyzing the stresses a client is facing.

Question 6

According to Cattell, a valid personality theory should be able to

A) reveal unconscious psychosexual conflicts.
B) identify tendencies toward self-actualization.
C) describe human nature in a sympathetic and positive way.
D) predict behavior in response to a given stimulus situation.

Question 7

Cattell calls characteristics like intelligence and gregariousness ____ traits.

A) common
B) compelling
C) unique
D) unusual

Question 8

Cattell used ______________ for treatment of data.

A) case studies
B) personal observation
C) psychological tests
D) factor analysis

Question 9

For Cattell, if two measures showed a high correlation, then

A) there is no relationship.
B) the factors are derived from the study of the unconscious and conscious.
C) the traits and factors of the two tests are similar or related.
D) the relationship is undetermined.

Question 10

The behavior that results from alcohol intake, for example, is called a(n) ____ trait.

A) constitutional
B) environmental-mold
C) physiological
D) dynamic

Question 11

Spearman used factor analysis to measure mental abilities; Cattell resolved to apply the method to the structure of

A) personality.
B) disorders.
C) circumstances.
D) research.

Question 12

Cattell's theory did not originate in the

A) scientific setting.
B) statistical setting.
C) clinical setting.
D) correlational factor analysis setting.

Question 13

Personality characteristics that correlate with one another but do not constitute a factor are called

A) surface traits.
B) source traits.
C) ability traits.
D) dynamic traits.

Question 14

Cattell's goal in studying personality is to

A) explore the unconscious.
B) predict behavior.
C) change behavior.
D) cure emotionally disturbed persons.

Question 15

Cattell worked with this prominent American psychologist.

A) Carl Rogers
B) Henry Murray
C) Edward L. Thorndike
D) Abraham Maslow

Question 16

The driving forces for behavior are ____ traits.

A) temperament
B) dynamic
C) guiding
D) modal

Question 17

For Cattell, traits are

A) relatively permanent reaction tendencies.
B) basic structural units of personality.
C) derived by the method of factor analysis.
D) all of the answers

Question 18

Temperament traits describe a person's

A) motivation.
B) ability.
C) emotional behavior.
D) unconscious.

Question 19

In Cattell's system, the mental elements of personality are called

A) behaviors.
B) traits.
C) sentiments.
D) attitudes.

Question 20

If a personality theory reflects the personality of its originator, for Raymond Cattell it would be

A) his adherence to traditional psychoanalytic methods, such as dream analysis and free association.
B) the study of single subjects only by the use of case studies.
C) his skepticism about objective reality.
D) the comprehensiveness and adherence to evidence derived from empirical research.

Question 21

The basic factors or source traits of personality are

A) measured by the 16 PF Test.
B) presented in bipolar form (two extremes).
C) derived by factor analysis.
D) all of the answers

Question 22

Cattell identified 11 ergs, which are motivating traits such as

A) curiosity.
B) disgust.
C) self-assertion.
D) all of the answers

Question 23

Sentiments differ from ergs in that sentiments are

A) strengthened or weakened, but cannot disappear.
B) not involved with motivation.
C) innate.
D) permanent parts of personality.

Question 24

Cattell has identified 16 ____ traits that form the basis of personality.

A) surface
B) unique
C) ability
D) source

Question 25

Ergs and sentiments are

A) perceived in normal persons but not in abnormal persons.
B) dynamic motivating traits.
C) the temperament traits.
D) from the same energy source within a person.

Question 26

In Cattell's view, the necessary goal in life is

A) self-actualization.
B) full development of all factors.
C) tension reduction.
D) Cattell does not suggest a necessary goal.

Question 27

Cattell proposed six stages in the development of the personality covering

A) adulthood only.
B) early childhood to adolescence.
C) early childhood only.
D) the entire life span.

Question 28

Cattell's image of human nature stresses the concept of

A) universal psychosexual conflicts.
B) an innate drive for self-actualization.
C) free will.
D) behavior as lawful, orderly, and therefore predictable.

Question 29

Cattell's 16 PF Test measures

A) 37 factors.
B) 16 factors.
C) several factors, depending on the person.
D) It does not measure factors.

Question 30

Social attitudes develop along with the ego, and the superego, security issues, attitudes towards authority and a possible tendency towards

A) psychosis.
B) neuroticism.
C) depression.
D) rebellion.

Question 31

Environmental-mold traits are

A) learned characteristics from the influences of friends, work, and where we live.
B) derived from internal conditions.
C) concerned with motivation.
D) characteristics like intelligence and introversion.

Question 32

Cattell's viewpoint of human nature

A) was, in his younger years, more optimistic about our ability to solve social problems.
B) was, in his younger years, more pessimistic about our ability to solve social problems.
C) was from birth through adolescence.
D) was an optimistic view across the life span.

Question 33

The two kinds of dynamic, motivating traits are

A) love and forgiveness.
B) aesthetic and intellectual.
C) ergs and sentiments.
D) attitudes and emotions.

Question 34

According to Cattell's research, one third of our personality is ________ based.

A) educationally
B) environmentally
C) genetically
D) socially

Question 35

Cattell accepted the influences of both

A) free will and ultimate and necessary goals.
B) the superego and the id.
C) the conscious and unconscious.
D) nature and nurture.

Question 36

As we mature, personality

A) becomes less flexible.
B) changes dramatically.
C) ceases to grow.
D) begins to disintegrate.

Question 37

Cattell's development of personality theory

A) included several Freudian ideas.
B) was closely aligned with Horney's theory.
C) was devoid of any Freudian concepts.
D) was closely aligned to Erikson's eight stages of development.

Question 38

On the uniqueness and universality issue, Cattell noted the existence of ____ traits and ___ traits.

A) obvious/hidden
B) surface/source
C) common/unique
D) learned/observational

Question 39

The basic innate unit of motivation is the

A) sentiment.
B) erg.
C) basic drive.
D) temperament trait.

Question 40

For Cattell, behavior that is considered predictable must be

A) perceived early on in life, such as childhood.
B) perceived in the unconscious mind.
C) lawful and orderly.
D) spontaneous.

Question 41

The 16 PF Test is widely used

A) for personality research and for predicting occupational success.
B) more often than any other personality test.
C) only with neurotics.
D) with children and adults.

Question 42

One advantage of T-data is that

A) it is obtained under controlled laboratory conditions.
B) it requires trained, experienced observers.
C) subjects do not know what is being measured.
D) subjects know themselves better than experimenters do.

Question 43

In what Cattell called the ____ form of factor-analysis, large amounts of data are collected on one subject over a long period.

A) R technique
B) P technique
C) clinical
D) laboratory

Question 44

As Cattell used the term, "objective" tests are those in which

A) results are reported in precise numerical scores.
B) observers record L-data on subjects in real-life situations.
C) subjects do not know what aspect of behavior is being evaluated.
D) precise Q-data from questionnaires are collected.

Question 45

In general, Cattell's theory is

A) popular with the general public.
B) popular with psychologists.
C) respected, but not widely followed.
D) steadily gaining acceptance.

Question 46

All of the following are personality dimensions identified by Hans Eysenck except

A) extraversion versus introversion.
B) neuroticism versus emotional stability.
C) shyness versus social rejection.
D) psychoticism versus impulse control.

Question 47

A potential weakness of Cattell's system is that it relies totally on

A) the assumption that factor analysis is a valid measure.
B) an unusually small body of empirical data.
C) a definition of traits no other trait theories share.
D) case histories and testimonials.

Question 48

Cattell's personality measures are ____ because of the biases that affect scoring and interpretation.

A) subjective
B) realistic
C) objectionable
D) optimistic

Question 49

All of the following would supply Q-data except

A) classroom observations.
B) the 16 PF Test.
C) scales to measure attitudes.
D) scales to measure interests.

Question 50

As a researcher, Cattell preferred what he called the

A) bivariate approach, or laboratory experiment.
B) clinical method, or case studies.
C) multivariate approach, involving the statistical procedure of factor analysis.
D) Cattell used each of these approaches.

Question 51

Cattell agreed that the ______ approach to research is scientific, rigorous, and quantitative.

A) bivariate
B) univariate
C) multivariate
D) independent variate

Question 52

Eysenck believes that personality traits can be derived from

A) case histories.
B) dream analysis.
C) factor analysis.
D) performance projective tests.

Question 53

The result of Cattell's lifetime of work is a system that is

A) steadily continuing to gain acceptance.
B) respected but not widely accepted.
C) popular in the United States but not known abroad.
D) considered useful only by psychotherapists.

Question 54

Q-data are obtained by

A) introspection and self-rating.
B) tape recordings of psychotherapy sessions.
C) observation of behavior in real-life settings.
D) correlations between factors and traits.

Question 55

Factor-analytic research has shown that partners in a stable marriage

A) have highly different personality traits.
B) score high on Factor I.
C) have highly similar personality traits.
D) all of these

Question 56

Cattell's research subjects

A) produced life records.
B) filled out questionnaires.
C) took personality tests.
D) all of the answers

Question 57

Factor analysis is

A) open to subjective bias.
B) totally objective.
C) a precise way to collect data.
D) the most popular statistical technique.

Question 58

The L-data technique uses

A) questionnaires.
B) ratings of specific behaviors in real-life settings.
C) objective tests.
D) observations of laboratory behavior.

Question 59

To understand the total personality, Cattell uses the

A) multivariate approach.
B) univariate approach.
C) Q-data technique.
D) mixed normal and abnormal subject approach.

Question 60

The study of behavioral genetics

A) has gained increasing acceptance and credibility in psychology.
B) shows that environmental factors are more important than genetic factors.
C) was begun by Murray.
D) all of these

Question 61

Environmental-mold traits derive from influences in our social and physical environments.

Question 62

Which one of the following is not one of Hans Eysenck's three personality dimensions?

A) extraversion versus introversion
B) neuroticism versus emotional stability
C) psychoticism versus impulse control
D) cooperation versus competitiveness

Question 63

For Eysenck, the most significant factor in intelligence is

A) environment.
B) heredity.
C) learning.
D) unpredictability.

Question 64

Ability traits describe the general style and emotional tone of our behavior.

Question 65

Unique traits are those aspects of the personality shared by few other people.

Question 66

All of the following are temperaments identified by Ashton and Lee except

A) depression.
B) emotionality.
C) agreeableness.
D) extraversion.

Question 67

Constitutional traits are unitary personality factors that are very stable and permanent, while source traits originate in biological conditions but are not necessarily innate.

Question 68

McCrae and Costa believe the influence of heredity is most pronounced in the factors of

A) openness and agreeableness.
B) openness and conscientiousness.
C) attractiveness and likeableness.
D) neuroticism and extraversion.

Question 69

All of the following are personality factors identified by McCrae and Costa except

A) neuroticism.
B) deference.
C) conscientiousness.
D) openness.

Question 70

The fourth phase of development, maturity, is marked by feeling satisfied and being productive in terms of career, marriage, and family situations.

Question 71

McCrae and Costa's five personality factors

A) are the first five factors identified by Cattell.
B) show that environment is more important than heredity.
C) include agreeableness and conscientiousness.
D) include sociability, impulsivity, and emotionality.

Question 72

According to Cattell, a sentiment results from genetics and cannot be unlearned.

Question 73

Cattell defined sentiments as an environmental-mold trait formed from external social and physical influences.

Question 74

The word erg derives from the Latin word, energia, while sentiments are derived from internal non-social and mental influences.

Question 75

The final stage of life, according to Cattell, is a time of health, vigor, and physical attractiveness and is closely in line with Freud's last stage of development.

Question 76

According to Eysenck's research, extraverts have lower levels of ____ than introverts.

A) hostility
B) cortical arousal
C) self-esteem
D) guilt feelings

Question 77

Cattell used the statistical procedure called factor analysis, which involves assessing the relationship between each possible pair of measurements taken from a group of research participants to determine common factors.

Question 78

The T-data technique involves the use of what Cattell called "objective" tests, in which a person responds without knowing what aspect of behavior is being evaluated.

Question 79

Which one of the following is not an innate temperament identified by Ashton and Lee?

A) Honesty/humility
B) Conscientiousness
C) Openness to experience
D) Intelligence

Question 80

Eysenck believes that personality dimensions such as introversion

A) remain relatively constant throughout the life span.
B) are inconsistent because of heredity.
C) are caused by childhood trauma alone.
D) are influenced equally by environment and heredity.