Deck 13: Education and Religion

Question 1

Which of the following approaches suggests that if we treat people in particular ways,they may fulfill our expectations?

A)Credentialism
B)Labeling
C)Secularization
D)Teacher-expectancy effect

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which sociologist studied both poor and affluent Chicago schools and found that administrators expected less of children from poorer neighborhoods?

A)Talcott Parsons
B)Howard Becker
C)Robert Rosenthal
D)Max Weber

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the college subcultures identifies with the intellectual concerns of the faculty and values knowledge for its own sake?

A)Academic
B)Collegiate
C)Fraternity
D)Nonconformist

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Researchers have identified distinctive student subcultures on college campuses.The students who focus on having fun and socializing are referred to as the ________ subculture.

A)academic
B)collegiate
C)fraternity
D)nonconformist

Question 5

Title IX of the Education Act of 1972 required federally funded schools to do all of the following except for

A)eliminating sex-segregated classes.
B)prohibiting sex discrimination in admissions and for financial aid.
C)giving female students more opportunities,in proportion to their enrollment and interest,to play sports.
D)permitting federal funding without conditions.

Question 6

Which of the following illustrates a current trend in higher education?

A)White participation in higher education fell from 44 percent to 28 percent between 1978 and 2008.
B)More women than men are receiving college degrees.
C)Equal gains are being made by Latino and African American groups in educational attainment.
D)Men are more likely to receive degrees than women.

Question 7

Which sociological perspective emphasizes how the common identity and social integration fostered by education contributes to overall societal stability and consensus?

A)Functionalist perspective
B)Conflict perspective
C)Interactionist perspective
D)Global perspective

Question 8

In schools in the United States,bilingual education has been defended on the grounds that it

A)is a means to encourage cultural diversity.
B)assists in the cultural integration of immigrant groups.
C)assists in the political integration of immigrant groups.
D)encourages tolerance amongst children and their parents.

Question 9

Teaching students about the physical and political geography of their state,their country,and the world is a(n)

A)manifest function of education.
B)latent function of education.
C)dysfunction of education.
D)example of the correspondence principle.

Question 10

Which sociological perspective is most critical of the differential way in which education bestows status?

A)Functionalist perspective
B)Conflict perspective
C)Interactionist perspective
D)Global perspective

Question 11

A particular college requires students to live on campus during their first two years to help foster a sense of community among diverse groups.This

A)is illegal in most states.
B)serves a latent function of education.
C)serves a manifest function of education.
D)is an attempt to re-socialize improper behavior.

Question 12

Which sociological perspective views education as an instrument of elite domination?

A)Functionalist perspective
B)Conflict perspective
C)Interactionist perspective
D)Global perspective

Question 13

The lifelong process of learning the attitudes,values,and behavior considered appropriate to members of a particular culture is referred to as

A)secularization.
B)subculture.
C)education.
D)socialization.

Question 14

Bestowing status on students by awarding them a diploma after they have successfully completed all graduation requirements can be considered a

A)manifest function of education.
B)latent function of education.
C)dysfunction of education.
D)goal of the interactionist approach to education.

Question 15

Teaching students to be on time,to respect authority,and to follow directions can be considered a

A)manifest function of education.
B)latent function of education.
C)dysfunction of education.
D)goal of the interactionist approach to education.

Question 16

The teacher-expectancy effect reflects the views of which sociological perspective?

A)Functionalist perspective
B)Conflict perspective
C)Interactionist perspective
D)Global perspective

Question 17

Which of the following statements pertaining to education as an agent of change is true?

A)Education programs can transform and have transformed people's lives.
B)Racial,ethnic,and gender differences in income are not as significant as previously thought.
C)Additional years of formal schooling are associated with a more conservative viewpoints.
D)The best indicator of a person's lifetime earnings is a person's familial background.

Question 18

Which sociological perspective portrays contemporary education as basically benign-for example,it argues that schools rationally sort and select students for future high-status positions,thereby meeting society's need for talented and expert personnel?

A)Functionalist perspective
B)Conflict perspective
C)Interactionist perspective
D)Labeling theory

Question 19

Which researcher's work yielded the concept referred to as the teacher-expectancy effect?

A)Talcott Parsons
B)Howard Becker
C)Robert Rosenthal
D)Max Weber

Question 20

Teaching students to read and write,to calculate numbers,and to master the facts of their society's history are all examples of

A)latent functions of education.
B)manifest functions of education.
C)manifest dysfunctions of education.
D)latent dysfunctions of education.

Question 21

Which of the following is stressed by formal education?

A)The liberal use of broad generalizations
B)The importance of qualifying statements
C)The acceptance of established truths
D)The acceptance of established practices

Question 22

The main criticism put forward by opponents of bilingual education is that

A)these programs cost too much.
B)earlier groups of immigrants learned English without these programs.
C)it undermines the social and political integration that education has traditionally promoted.
D)these programs are not effective.

Question 23

Students in Japan are offered guidance sessions that seek to improve the classroom experience and instill values useful in the Japanese business world.These sessions are an example of

A)a hidden curriculum.
B)the correspondence principle.
C)the teacher-expectancy effect.
D)the Protestant ethic.

Question 24

Critics of homeschooling suggest that homeschooled children are

A)less academically prepared for college.
B)isolated from the larger community and lose an important chance to improve their socialization skills.
C)negatively affected if they have an attention deficit disorder.
D)are unable to properly communicate with others.

Question 25

Critics of the hidden curriculum are concerned that

A)it may lead to a type of interpretive behavior.
B)discipline takes precedence over the learning process.
C)it places too much emphasis on creative thought.
D)it may lead to a type of interpretive behavior,and also,it gives discipline precedence over the learning process.

Question 26

Which sociologist's analysis of bureaucracies has been applied to schools in the United States because of the growing number of students enrolled in schools and the greater degree of specialization required within a technologically complex society?

A)Émile Durkheim
B)Talcott Parsons
C)Max Weber
D)Samuel Bowles

Question 27

Studies of tracking show that children placed in nonacademic tracks tend to come from

A)high-income households.
B)two-parent families.
C)minority groups.
D)affluent neighbourhoods.

Question 28

An increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field is referred to as

A)the hidden curriculum.
B)escalation.
C)credentialism.
D)the worker-expectancy effect.

Question 29

Teachers and guidance counselors may encourage male students to pursue careers in the sciences,but then steer equally talented female students into careers as early childhood teachers.Such socialization into traditional gender roles is considered a form of

A)social integration.
B)political integration.
C)social control.
D)political control.

Question 30

In the United States,schoolchildren are taught not to speak until the teacher calls on them and to regulate their activities according to clocks or bells.This learning experience illustrates

A)credentialism.
B)the correspondence principle.
C)the hidden curriculum.
D)the teacher-expectancy effect.

Question 31

Which sociologist pointed out that better-educated people tend to have greater access to factual information?

A)Max Weber
B)Arlie Hochschild
C)Robin Williams
D)Robert Merton

Question 32

The term hidden curriculum refers to

A)the standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools.
B)the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria.
C)the teaching of art,music,industrial arts,acting,and other nonessential courses in high schools.
D)the lesson plans that instructors prepare,and that students and parents never see.

Question 33

In the past,the integrative function of education in the United States was most obvious in its emphasis on

A)teaching diversity in the classroom.
B)promotion of a common language.
C)teaching strict discipline.
D)teaching students that they share a common history.

Question 34

In a particular school system,a teacher's aide must report to her teacher,and the teacher must report to his assistant principal,who then must report to her principal,who then must report to the superintendent,who ultimately is responsible to the board of education.This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?

A)Written rules and regulations
B)Impersonality
C)Division of labor
D)Hierarchy of authority

Question 35

Which of the following is considered a problem with homeschooling?

A)Quality control
B)The number of teachers
C)The quality of the time children spend with parents
D)The rate of learning

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true regarding families who homeschool their children?

A)Most homeschooled students perform better on standardized tests.
B)Most homeschooled students belong to single-parent families.
C)Most homeschooled students belong to middle-income families.
D)Most homeschooled students come from affluent neighborhoods.

Question 37

A particular school district hires a staff member who only works with students who have specific reading difficulties.This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?

A)Written rules and regulations
B)Impersonality
C)Division of labor
D)Hierarchy of authority

Question 38

The marginalization in sex and relationship education in schools of anything other than heterosexual relationships is an example of

A)a hidden curriculum.
B)the correspondence principle.
C)the teacher-expectancy effect.
D)the Protestant ethic.

Question 39

The correspondence principle refers to the tendency of

A)students to develop values and attitudes that are similar to those of their elementary school teachers.
B)schools to place physically handicapped children in classes with peers who are at a similar academic level,regardless of physical condition.
C)schools to promote the values expected of individuals in each social class and to perpetuate social class divisions from one generation to the next.
D)parents to place their children in private schools that teach social values similar to their own.

Question 40

What is tracking?

A)the standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools
B)the process of following a student's academic progress from first through twelfth grades
C)the practice of integrating handicapped children into "regular" classrooms
D)the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria

Question 41

In which of the following ways are Christianity and Islam similar?

A)Both are polytheistic.
B)Both include the belief in prophets.
C)Both consider God's true nature to be revealed through the Torah.
D)Both require confession and communion.

Question 42

In which way does Hinduism differ from other major religions?

A)It embraces a number of major and minor gods.
B)It emphasizes enlightenment through meditation.
C)It is preserved mostly through a single written text.
D)It embraces only one god.

Question 43

Which of the following is true regarding Islam?

A)Followers of Islam vary sharply in their interpretations of traditions.
B)Islam recognizes Jesus as the son of God.
C)Islam is more individualistic in its expression than Christianity.
D)Muslim governments do not reinforce Islamic practices through laws.

Question 44

The ordinary and commonplace events of life are classified as

A)sacred.
B)profane.
C)cult-like.
D)ritualistic.

Question 45

A particular teacher spends 80 percent of her time filling out proper forms required by the school district and the rest of her time actually teaching.This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?

A)Written rules and regulations
B)Impersonality
C)Division of labor
D)Hierarchy of authority

Question 46

The concept of the sacred encompasses

A)the ordinary and commonplace elements of life.
B)the practices required or expected of members of a faith.
C)elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe,respect,or fear.
D)a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to profane things.

Question 47

Secularization is the

A)process through which religion's influence on other social institutions diminishes.
B)process through which religion's influence on other social institutions increases.
C)ordinary and commonplace element of life,as distinguished from the sacred.
D)element beyond everyday life that inspires awe,respect,and even fear.

Question 48

Which perspective generally takes a positive view of the bureaucratization of education?

A)Functionalist perspective
B)Conflict perspective
C)Interactionist perspective
D)Feminist perspective

Question 49

A table,an incense stick,and a candelabra can all be considered

A)profane items.
B)sacred items.
C)neither sacred nor profane items.
D)both sacred and profane items.

Question 50

Which is the important text for followers of Islam?

A)Bible
B)Torah
C)Qur'an
D)Triptaka

Question 51

According to Émile Durkheim,religion is

A)a unified system of beliefs and practices related to profane things.
B)the feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality,such as a divine being.
C)a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to worldly things.
D)a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things.

Question 52

Many cultures have shamans,or spiritual guides,who assist individuals on spiritual journeys to the "underworld" or some other non-earthly realm.These shamanic journeys would likely be considered part of

A)the sacred.
B)the profane.
C)creationism.
D)both the sacred and creationism.

Question 53

Which is the single largest faith in the world?

A)Islam
B)Hinduism
C)Christianity
D)Judaism

Question 54

Which of the following is true regarding Judaism?

A)For Jews,God's true nature is revealed in the Torah.
B)Judaism has a relatively large world following.
C)It does not have much in common with Christianity or Islam.
D)For Jews,the Messiah has yet to return.

Question 55

Your professor receives a promotion when she publishes a journal article within her body of expertise,instead of the promotion going to the department chair's brother-in-law who used to be a cashier but could really use the money.This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?

A)Employment based on technical qualifications
B)Impersonality
C)Division of labor
D)Hierarchy of authority

Question 56

The U.S.government maintains a policy of "separation of church and state." This relationship between the church and the government in the U.S.illustrates

A)creationism.
B)fundamentalism.
C)secularization.
D)the Protestant ethic.

Question 57

Judaism is like Christianity and Islam in which of the following ways?

A)They all use the same religious text.
B)They are all monotheistic.
C)They are all polytheistic.
D)They share the same ritualistic traditions.

Question 58

You enroll in a freshman Introduction to Sociology course at your college,and the classes are held in a large auditorium with stadium seating that holds over a hundred students,with a single instructor behind a lectern.This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?

A)Written rules and regulations
B)Impersonality
C)Division of labor
D)Hierarchy of authority

Question 59

Which sociologist was perhaps the first to recognize the critical importance of religion in human societies?

A)Émile Durkheim
B)Talcott Parsons
C)Karl Marx
D)Robert Merton

Question 60

Which perspective views the bureaucratization of education as simply a reflection of the values of powerful groups in society?

A)Functionalist perspective
B)Conflict perspective
C)Interactionist perspective
D)Feminist perspective

Question 61

Which of the following attributes is true regarding Buddhism?

A)It is identical to Hinduism.
B)It emerged in India.
C)It strives for material pleasures while on earth.
D)It developed in the 1800s.

Question 62

The statements to which members of a particular religion adhere are known as

A)religious beliefs.
B)religious experiences.
C)religious rituals.
D)religious norms.

Question 63

Which sociological perspective emphasizes religion as a source of social integration and unification?

A)Functionalist
B)Interactionist
C)Conflict
D)Feminist

Question 64

Max Weber

A)examined the connection between religious allegiance and capitalist development.
B)called religion the "opiate of the masses."
C)examined the influence of religion on suicide.
D)studied cult behavior in Germany.

Question 65

Members of a particular religious group think that God meant for people "to be fruitful and multiply," so they permit men to have several wives at one time.This is an example of a religious

A)belief.
B)experience.
C)value.
D)ritual.

Question 66

Which sociological perspective emphasizes religion as a source of social support for individuals?

A)Functionalist
B)Interactionist
C)Conflict
D)Feminist

Question 67

What term did Max Weber use to refer to a disciplined work ethic,this-worldly concerns,and a rational orientation to life emphasized by John Calvin and his followers?

A)The sanctuary movement
B)The Protestant ethic
C)Predestination
D)Liberation theology

Question 68

The stained glass ceiling refers to the

A)ability of women to fill leadership positions within religious institutions.
B)difficulty women face obtaining leadership positions within religious institutions.
C)difficulty women have in practicing their beliefs within the U.S.religious system.
D)ability of women to fill any position with any organization.

Question 69

Emphasis on the doctrinal conformity and literal interpretation of religious texts is known as

A)religious ritual.
B)fanaticism.
C)fundamentalism.
D)secularization.

Question 70

Churches that serve as training grounds for community leaders and allow members to refine their organizational skills are performing a

A)latent function.
B)manifest function.
C)manifest dysfunction.
D)latent dysfunction.

Question 71

Which of the following is an example of liberation theology?

A)A Catholic church in South America that leads a movement to earn equal rights for poor women
B)The role of Martin Luther King Jr.and other religious leaders in the civil rights movement in the U.S.in the 1960s
C)The leadership of Pope John Paul II among Catholic clergy adhering to traditional pastoral duties
D)The overall leadership of religious institutions

Question 72

Religious loyalties that contribute to tension and even conflict between groups or nations can be considered

A)manifest functions of religion.
B)latent functions of religion.
C)dysfunctions of religion.
D)interactionist approaches to religion.

Question 73

Which sociological perspective emphasizes individual religious expression through belief,ritual,and experience?

A)Functionalist
B)Interactionist
C)Conflict
D)Feminist

Question 74

Practices required or expected of members of a faith are known as

A)religious beliefs.
B)religious experiences.
C)religious rituals.
D)religious norms.

Question 75

Which sociological perspective emphasizes religion as a potential source of structural social change,through liberation theology?

A)Functionalist
B)Interactionist
C)Conflict
D)Feminist

Question 76

Liberation theology refers to

A)the use of a church,primarily the Roman Catholic Church,in a political effort to eliminate poverty,discrimination,and other forms of injustice.
B)the use of a church,primarily the Muslim temple,in a political effort to eliminate poverty,discrimination,and other forms of injustice.
C)people who support a literal interpretation of the book of Genesis.
D)a religious organization that claims to include most of the members of a society.

Question 77

Which sociological perspective emphasizes the integrative power of religion in human society?

A)Functionalist perspective
B)Conflict perspective
C)Interactionist perspective
D)Global perspective

Question 78

Giving meaning to the divine and defining the spiritual world are among religion's

A)latent functions.
B)manifest functions.
C)manifest dysfunctions.
D)latent dysfunctions.

Question 79

Emphasis on a disciplined work ethic,this-worldly concerns,and a rational orientation to life is known as

A)the opiate of the masses.
B)liberation theology.
C)the Protestant ethic.
D)the Catholic ethic.

Question 80

Which sociological perspective argues that to whatever extent religion actually does influence social behavior,it reinforces existing patterns of dominance and inequality?

A)Functionalist perspective
B)Conflict perspective
C)Interactionist perspective
D)Global perspective