Deck 11: Stratification by Gender

Question 1

The self-awareness of being romantically or sexually attracted to a defined group of people is referred to as

A)sexual identity.
B)gender identity.
C)sexuality.
D)gender.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following terms is used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to an emphasis on tasks,a focus on more distant goals,and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions?

A)Identification
B)Instrumentality
C)Expressiveness
D)Identity

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Assuming that flying a commercial place is a man's job and that parental duties are a woman's job is an example of the

A)social construction of gender.
B)social construction of sexuality.
C)social construction of expressiveness.
D)social construction of genetic traits.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following terms is used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family?

A)Expressiveness
B)Identification
C)Instrumentality
D)Identity

Question 5

Research on children's books published in the U.S.in the 1940s,1950s,and 1960s found that

A)females were significantly overrepresented in central roles and illustrations.
B)female characters were portrayed as passive and in need of strong males.
C)females were portrayed as competent and generally equal to males.
D)female characters were portrayed as aggressive and on the same level as strong males.

Question 6

Which of the following sociological perspectives refers to the obstacles to women's advancement in the Army as a brass ceiling?

A)Interactionist
B)Conflict
C)Global
D)Functionalist

Question 7

Which perspective suggests that men may originally have become powerful in preindustrial times because their size,physical strength,and freedom from childbearing duties allowed them to dominate women physically,but in contemporary societies these considerations are not so important?

A)Functionalist perspective
B)Conflict perspective
C)Interactionist perspective
D)Global perspective

Question 8

According to Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales,the expressive role is performed by

A)men.
B)women.
C)children.
D)whichever adult has a career.

Question 9

Although it does not explicitly endorse traditional gender roles,which sociological perspective implies that dividing tasks between spouses is beneficial for the family unit?

A)Functionalist perspective
B)Conflict perspective
C)Interactionist perspective
D)Global perspective

Question 10

Jaime's current gender identity does not match their physical identity at birth.Jaime is considered

A)transsexual.
B)transgender.
C)transvestites.
D)bisexual.

Question 11

A man doing which of the following would be a violation of the male gender role?

A)Playing football
B)Getting into a fight
C)Joining a knitting circle
D)Spitting

Question 12

Functionalists view gender roles in which of the following ways?

A)Gender roles assist in keeping women oppressed within the family structure.
B)Gender roles have a bias toward male power.
C)Gender roles are necessary to keep the family in balance.
D)Gender roles are not necessary.

Question 13

A woman doing which of the following would be a violation of the female gender role?

A)Wearing acrylic nails
B)Crying in public
C)Talking knowledgeably about cars
D)Babysitting

Question 14

The expectation that women will be emotionally supportive is an example of

A)a genetic trait.
B)a gender role.
C)homophobia.
D)sexuality.

Question 15

Which of the following sociological perspectives finds that women feel empowered by the experience of combat?

A)Functionalist
B)Conflict
C)Interactionist
D)Global

Question 16

How people see themselves,as either male,female,or something else is referred to as

A)sexual orientation.
B)sexuality.
C)gender identity.
D)sexual identity.

Question 17

Fear of and prejudice against homosexuality is called

A)homophobia.
B)gay fright.
C)Ebonics.
D)heterophobia.

Question 18

Which of the following terms refers to expectations regarding the proper behavior,attitudes,and activities of males and females?

A)Expressiveness
B)Gender roles
C)Gender schema
D)Instrumentality

Question 19

An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a woman in the military because of her official exclusion from combat is known as a

A)glass ceiling.
B)brass ceiling.
C)gold ceiling.
D)camouflage ceiling.

Question 20

Conflict theorists view gender differences as

A)a reflection of the subjugation of one group,such as women,by another group,such as men.
B)necessary for the effective accomplishment of family and societal tasks.
C)unrelated to the overall exploitation and injustice found in capitalist societies.
D)unnecessary in order to accomplish what needs to get done.

Question 21

Using an analogy to Marx's analysis of class conflict,conflict theorists would argue that women are in a position comparable to that of the

A)bourgeoisie.
B)proletariat.
C)capitalist.
D)upper class.

Question 22

Which term refers to the convergence of social forces that contributes to the subordinate status of poor non-White women?

A)web of power
B)kitchen prison
C)matrix of domination
D)gender trap

Question 23

An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender,race,or ethnicity is called

A)expressiveness.
B)a gender role.
C)the glass ceiling.
D)instrumentality.

Question 24

The ideology that one sex is superior to the other is known as

A)sexual harassment.
B)sexism.
C)sex stratification.
D)gender identity.

Question 25

The veil may be seen as a rejection of ________ prevalent in Western societies.

A)strict standards of modesty
B)the beauty myth
C)human rights standards
D)the respect for women

Question 26

Which sociological perspective emphasizes that patterns of male dominance in cross-sex conversations that express themselves in day-to-day exchanges represent one more battleground in the struggle for gender equality as women try to get a word in edgewise?

A)Functionalist perspective
B)Conflict perspective
C)Interactionist perspective
D)Global perspective

Question 27

According to Muslim traditions,

A)women are permitted to wear revealing garments when they are with their families.
B)a woman's feet must always be covered.
C)there are no restrictions on men's clothing.
D)women are permitted to wear revealing garments when they are with their families,but a woman's feet must always be covered.

Question 28

Which of the following would be an example of men traditionally "doing masculinity"?

A)Opening a door for a female
B)Styling hair
C)Feeding a baby
D)Crying in public

Question 29

Which of the following would be an example of a man "redoing" traditional gender?

A)Fist fighting in public
B)Organizing a birthday lunch at work
C)Not crying when hurt
D)Carrying lots of heavy items

Question 30

Although male dominance in cross-sex conversations is an example of a micro-level analysis,it is also a reflection of macro-level relationships.Which sociological perspective(s)would focus on the macro-level forces that influence these male-female conversations?

A)Functionalist and conflict perspectives
B)Conflict and global perspectives
C)Interactionist and conflict perspectives
D)Global and functionalist perspectives

Question 31

Which of the following terms refers to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of a society?

A)Institutional discrimination
B)Innovation
C)Indoctrination
D)Instrumentality

Question 32

A scientific company lays off employees by seniority,retaining those that have been employed the longest.The majority of the female employees had been hired only in the past 10 years and were educated as part of the push to get more females into math and sciences.This situation is an example of

A)instrumentality.
B)expressiveness.
C)institutional discrimination.
D)pluralism.

Question 33

Which sociological perspective has influenced the creation of the feminist perspective the most?

A)Functionalist perspective
B)Conflict perspective
C)Interactionist perspective
D)Global perspective

Question 34

Women earn about ________ for every dollar a man earns.

A)95 cents
B)90 cents
C)85 cents
D)83 cents

Question 35

Which sociologist coined the term matrix of domination?

A)Patricia Hill Collins
B)Karl Marx
C)bell hooks
D)Ida Wells-Barnett

Question 36

Which of the following is an occupation where women are overrepresented?

A)Chefs
B)Dentists
C)Event planners
D)Police officers

Question 37

Some radical feminist theorists view the oppression of women in male-dominated societies as

A)retribution.
B)inevitable.
C)hyperreactive.
D)merely a falsity.

Question 38

Which of the following is an occupation where women are underrepresented?

A)Tellers
B)Dental assistants
C)Librarians
D)Postal service mail carriers

Question 39

The hijab is a

A)type of head scarf worn by some Muslim women.
B)form of prayer among Muslims.
C)type of pants worn by some Muslim men.
D)traditional Muslim food preparation.

Question 40

Which of the following statements about the status of women throughout the world is true?

A)Women grow half the world's food,but they rarely own land.
B)Women constitute one-half of the world's paid labor force but are generally found in the lowest paying jobs.
C)Single-parent households headed by women are typically found only in industrialized countries because such arrangements cannot survive in developing countries.
D)According to a detailed overview of the status of the world's women,issued by the World Bank in 2015,existing gender strategy does not need to be changed.

Question 41

Which of the following terms refers to an advantage that men have when employed in female-dominated occupations?

A)Glass ceiling
B)Glass escalator
C)Crystal stairs
D)Transparent ascension

Question 42

Most people do not display strictly "masculine" or "feminine" qualities all the time.

Question 43

We socially construct our behavior so that male-female differences are either created or exaggerated.

Question 44

Which of the following illustrates Arlie Hochschild's concept of the "second shift"?

A)A woman works from 9 to 5 as a nurse and then has a second job as a waitress at a local diner.
B)A man has a career as an accountant;and when he gets home,he cleans his apartment and makes dinner for himself.
C)A woman has a career as a stockbroker,and she is also responsible for maintaining the apartment,doing the shopping,and cooking for herself and her family.
D)A women who has a career,but also hires help for the home.

Question 45

Which of the following sociological perspectives would acknowledge that the persistence of gender roles in a given culture may make it more likely for men to take advantage of women sexually?

A)Interactionist
B)Functionalist
C)Conflict
D)Global

Question 46

Male nurses,male grade school teachers,and male librarians may experience some scorn in the larger society.Within the workplace itself,they

A)are often similarly scorned.
B)typically earn the same as women.
C)are typically perceived as token representatives.
D)often rise to become supervisors.

Question 47

Gender stratification requires not only individual socialization into traditional gender roles within the family,but also the promotion and support of those traditional roles by other social institutions.

Question 48

Terms such as "her" are an example of gender neutral pronouns.

Question 49

Which of the following sociological perspectives notes that sexual harassment remains a vicious behavior and its commonplace use in conversation should not ignore that fact?

A)Interactionist
B)Functionalist
C)Conflict
D)Global

Question 50

The overwhelming majority of people begin with a definite sex and quickly receive societal messages about how to behave.

Question 51

Stay-at-home fathers are still considered an unusual phenomenon.

Question 52

Audit studies are a type of experiment used in the social sciences to create matched cases and test for discrimination.

Question 53

The double burden borne by many women-work outside the home followed by child care and housework-is referred to as

A)Second employment.
B)Double duty.
C)The second shift.
D)Working double time.

Question 54

Children's books published since the 1970s have shown significant improvement in the representation of females,nearly as many as male characters shown in central roles.

Question 55

Which of the following statements about the feminist movement is true?

A)There was no feminist movement in the U.S.until the 1980s.
B)The second wave of feminism in the U.S.was inspired in part by Millett's Sexual Politics.
C)Modern feminist theory is based on the interactionist perspective.
D)Friedrich Engels argued that the rise of industrialization benefited women.

Question 56

Which of the following sociological perspectives see sexual harassment as a product of unequal power-men wielding their authority over women,and bosses over employees?

A)Conflict
B)Global
C)Interactionist
D)Functionalist

Question 57

Homophobia has almost no bearing on gender-role socialization.

Question 58

Which amendment gave women the right to vote in national elections?

A)Tenth Amendment
B)Fourteenth Amendment
C)Nineteenth Amendment
D)Twenty-second Amendment

Question 59

Recent research suggests that men who shave their body hair,cry in public,and have pedicures are violating gender norms.

Question 60

The belief in social,economic,and political equality for women is referred to as

A)social equality.
B)glass escalator.
C)feminism.
D)None of these answers is correct.

Question 61

A woman's workday is a lot shorter than a man's.

Question 62

White women are more likely than others to call themselves feminists.

Question 63

Explain the gender spectrum.

Question 64

Compare and contrast women and men's gender roles and the obstacles that either face if they start adhering to roles that are considered inappropriate.

Question 65

Choose two different occupations and write a detailed support for why you wouldn't want either a man or woman performing the related tasks.Remember to be honest with both yourself and your audience.When finished,trade your piece with a classmate and start a dialogue about why you both chose the occupations you did and whether the conversation might get you to reconsider your original statement.

Question 66

Gender,race,and social class are the only sources of oppression in the United States.

Question 67

The major institutions in our society are run equally by both males and females.

Question 68

Taking into account age,education,marital status,children,occupational specialization,work experience,and hours worked in a year reduces the pay gap between men and women by only 3 cents.

Question 69

Feminism is an ideology that favors equal rights for women.

Question 70

A conflict theorist would argue that men's work is uniformly valued,while women's work (whether unpaid labor in the home or wage labor)is devalued.

Question 71

Women everywhere suffer from second-class status.

Question 72

The federal government does not consider sexual harassment a form of discrimination that violates the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Question 73

Unemployed women do double the amount of extra housework as unemployed men.

Question 74

Women are often more advantaged when working in male occupations because of the existence of the glass ceiling.

Question 75

Explain how homophobia contributes to gender-role socialization in the United States.

Question 76

There is a clear gender gap in the performance of housework,although it has been narrowing.

Question 77

Women in the United States remain noticeably underrepresented in politics.

Question 78

Describe the process involved in the social construction of gender roles in a society.Give some examples to support your answer.

Question 79

Worldwide,women hold about 10 percent of corporate managerial positions.

Question 80

The majority of individuals who experience sexual harassment do not report it.