Deck 10: Racial and Ethnic Inequality

Question 1

Ethnocentrism refers to

A)a negative attitude toward an entire category of people,such as a racial or ethnic minority.
B)the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice.
C)the process by which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture.
D)the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A minority group is a group

A)that is set apart from others because of physical differences.
B)that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.
C)whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a dominant group.
D)that has reached very moral decisions about a way of life.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A stereotype is a(n)

A)factually induced belief about another person.
B)unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group.
C)person or group that one blames irrationally for one's own problems or difficulties.
D)belief that one race is superior and that all others are innately inferior.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In sociological terms,members of a minority group

A)experience unequal treatment.
B)are outnumbered by the dominant group.
C)speak a different language than the dominant group.
D)observe a different religion than the dominant group.

Question 5

An ethnic group is a group

A)that is set apart from others because of physical differences.
B)that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.
C)whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a dominant group.
D)that has reached very moral decisions about a way of life.

Question 6

An unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group is referred to as

A)differential association.
B)exploitation.
C)a stereotype.
D)institutional discrimination.

Question 7

Prejudice is a(n)________;discrimination is a(n)________.

A)belief;action
B)action;belief
C)action;action
D)belief;belief

Question 8

William I.Thomas observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation or person,but also to the social meaning that situation or person has for them.This observation reflects which sociological perspective?

A)Functionalist perspective
B)Conflict perspective
C)Interactionist perspective
D)Global perspective

Question 9

Characteristics of national origin or distinctive cultural patterns are used primarily by a society to set apart

A)minority groups.
B)ethnic groups.
C)racial groups.
D)polarization groups.

Question 10

German Americans,Italian Americans,and Norwegian Americans are all examples of

A)racial groups.
B)ethnic groups.
C)polarization groups.
D)minority groups.

Question 11

Asian Americans are identified in the textbook as an example of a(n)

A)ethnic group.
B)racial group.
C)reference group.
D)status group.

Question 12

Sociologists have identified five basic properties-unequal treatment,physical or cultural traits,ascribed status,solidarity,and in-group marriage-to describe

A)minority groups.
B)racial groups.
C)ethnic groups.
D)polarization.

Question 13

African Americans are identified in the textbook as an example of a(n)

A)ethnic group.
B)racial group.
C)reference group.
D)status group.

Question 14

Which of the following terms refers to a negative attitude toward an entire category of people?

A)Exploitation
B)Prejudice
C)Discrimination
D)Pluralism

Question 15

What term is used by sociologists to describe a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance?

A)Ethnic group
B)Racial group
C)Social group
D)Reference group

Question 16

In sociological terms,which of the following is a minority group in the United States?

A)Women
B)Protestants
C)Whites
D)Catholics

Question 17

A process in which racial categories are created,inhabited,transformed,and destroyed is referred to as

A)racial selection.
B)racial profiling.
C)racial bias.
D)racial formation.

Question 18

In the ________ process,those who have power define groups of people according to a racist social structure.

A)racial formation
B)racial bias
C)racial profiling
D)racial selection

Question 19

A person proclaims loudly that "all Black people are lazy and shiftless and collect welfare." This is an example of

A)discrimination.
B)a stereotype.
C)pluralism.
D)exploitation theory.

Question 20

The one-drop rule was an example of

A)racial profiling.
B)the issues concerning white privilege.
C)the social construction of race.
D)redlining.

Question 21

Which of the following illustrates institutional discrimination?

A)Your neighbor blames "the Jews" for the financial crisis.
B)A mental institution in New York will not allow residents of Connecticut to receive services in the facility.
C)To save money,a city fires all employees hired during the past three years,the same period as an aggressive minority-hiring program.As a result,the majority of those fired are members of various minority groups.
D)A prejudiced personnel officer secretly refuses to hire women.

Question 22

The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo is referred to as

A)color-blind racism.
B)prejudice.
C)discriminatory racism.
D)None of these answers is correct.

Question 23

Prejudice is to discrimination as

A)norm is to value.
B)attitude is to behavior.
C)behavior is to attitude.
D)"good" is to "bad."

Question 24

Recent Chinese immigrants to the U.S.often find jobs working in sweatshops in New York City's Chinatown,where they work 16 or more hours a day in the garment industry,earning less than minimum wage.The big businesses that hire these illegal and often uninformed immigrants illustrate

A)the contact hypothesis.
B)exploitation theory.
C)labeling theory.
D)a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 25

The process of denying opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons is known as

A)stereotyping.
B)ethnocentrism.
C)discrimination.
D)segregation.

Question 26

The positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs,promotions,and education opportunities is known as

A)remittances.
B)pluralism.
C)sharing economy.
D)affirmative action.

Question 27

At one time,many Puerto Ricans were effectively barred from serving in the Chicago Police Department because they failed to meet the height requirement.This was an example of

A)prejudice.
B)scapegoating.
C)institutional discrimination.
D)a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 28

Restrictive employment-leave policies are an example of

A)institutional discrimination.
B)white privilege.
C)racism.
D)prejudice.

Question 29

Joe grew up in an Italian household in an Italian community in New Jersey.He believes that the traditional Italian celebration of Easter,which includes a large number of family members and mountains of food consumed during a long dinner,is the best way to celebrate this holiday.Joe is illustrating

A)prejudice.
B)ethnocentrism.
C)discrimination.
D)pluralism.

Question 30

Rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit or factor simply because they are white is also known as

A)white success.
B)white dominance.
C)white bias.
D)white privilege.

Question 31

Law and medical school preferences that are shown to children of wealthy and influential alumni is an example of

A)the glass ceiling.
B)stereotypes.
C)white privilege.
D)institutional discrimination.

Question 32

Which sociological perspective views the economic structure as a central factor in the exploitation of minority groups?

A)Functionalist perspective
B)Conflict perspective
C)Interactionist perspective
D)Global perspective

Question 33

Proponents of color-blind racism oppose

A)equal treatment for all.
B)merit-based college admissions.
C)employer-provided health insurance.
D)public welfare assistance.

Question 34

Institutional discrimination is the

A)denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society.
B)belief that individuals or groups should be denied equal rights and opportunities.
C)stereotyping of people who work in public or private institutions.
D)establishment of laws that intentionally deny opportunities and equal rights to members of minority groups.

Question 35

The police practice of assuming that people of a certain race,ethnicity,or national origin are likely to be engaged in illegal activities is referred to as

A)explanative prejudice.
B)racial profiling.
C)institutionalized stereotyping.
D)the contact hypothesis.

Question 36

Exploitation theory is a

A)Weberian theory that views racial subordination as benefiting society because it creates a supply of cheap labor.
B)Parsonian theory that views ethnic subordination as a means of regulating social interactions between dominant and subordinate groups.
C)Spencerian theory that views ethnic subordination as a valuable means of social control.
D)Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the U.S.as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism.

Question 37

A sociologist argues that the capitalist ruling class is willing to tolerate high rates of illegal immigration because these immigrants serve as a cheap labor pool.This sociologist is most likely drawing upon

A)the contact hypothesis.
B)the anomie theory of deviance.
C)exploitation theory.
D)labeling theory.

Question 38

The pattern of discrimination against people who try to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods is known as

A)remittance.
B)profiling.
C)formation.
D)redlining.

Question 39

An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender,race,or ethnicity is known as

A)pluralism.
B)a glass ceiling.
C)institutional discrimination.
D)exploitation theory.

Question 40

Racism is defined as

A)a belief that one race is supreme and that all others are innately inferior.
B)the tendency of people to respond to and act on the basis of stereotypes.
C)the systematic killing of an entire people or nation.
D)the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice.

Question 41

Vladimir,a Russian immigrant to the U.S. ,insists that everyone call him "Joe," and he refuses to speak Russian even when in casual conversation with Russian-speaking neighbors.This is an example of

A)amalgamation.
B)pluralism.
C)the contact hypothesis.
D)assimilation.

Question 42

Segregation refers to the act of

A)deliberately and systematically killing the members of an ethnic,racial,or nationality group.
B)physically separating two groups,an action often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group.
C)combining a majority and a minority group through intermarriage.
D)denying opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons.

Question 43

The drawing of formal boundaries between groups who are unable to resolve an ethnic or racial conflict is known as

A)amalgamation.
B)expulsion.
C)secession.
D)genocide.

Question 44

A Colombian woman and an Italian man,working together as members of a construction crew,overcome their initial prejudices and come to appreciate each other's talents and strengths.This is an example of

A)the self-fulfilling prophecy.
B)the contact hypothesis.
C)exploitation theory.
D)amalgamation.

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of segregation?

A)Jews and Catholics marrying one another and producing children
B)Interracial marriage
C)Confining Japanese Americans to relocation camps during World War II
D)Drawing formal boundaries in order to separate two different groups of people

Question 46

The former policy of the South African government that was designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites was known as

A)institutional discrimination.
B)apartheid.
C)afrocentricity.
D)White power.

Question 47

Amalgamation refers to the process of

A)combining a majority group and a minority group to form a new group.
B)expelling a group of people from a territory.
C)deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation.
D)forsaking a cultural identity in order to become part of a different culture.

Question 48

Expulsion refers to the process of

A)combining a majority group and a minority group to form a new group.
B)expelling a group of people from a territory.
C)deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation.
D)forsaking a cultural identity in order to become part of a different culture.

Question 49

Genocide refers to the process of

A)combining a majority group and a minority group through intermarriage to form a new group.
B)expelling a group of people from a territory.
C)deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation.
D)forsaking a cultural identity in order to become part of a different culture.

Question 50

The contact hypothesis

A)is a Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the U.S.as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism.
B)states that interracial contact between people of equal status will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previous stereotypes.
C)was a theory that gave moral support to the continued existence of apartheid in South Africa.
D)is a Parsonian theory that views ethnic subordination as a means of regulating social interactions between dominant and subordinate groups.

Question 51

Acts of racial profiling are

A)always illegal.
B)often initiated by law enforcement officers.
C)generally opposed by the American public.
D)generally opposed by law enforcement officials.

Question 52

The ethnicity shared by the majority of Mexicans is the result of a gradual merging of generations of Spaniards and indigenous peoples.This is an example of

A)amalgamation.
B)pluralism.
C)segregation.
D)assimilation.

Question 53

John was pulled over by police officers in his hometown without provocation and cause.John determined that it was because he was African American and thus,the officers were racially profiling.This example illustrates which of the following perspectives?

A)Labeling
B)Functionalist
C)Conflict
D)Interactionist

Question 54

Pluralism in the U.S.is considered a(n)

A)social norm.
B)ideal more than a reality.
C)reality more than an ideal.
D)common socialized practice.

Question 55

John and Susan,both of different ethnicities,have been tasked with running a seminar on how to address harassment and discrimination in the workplace.Their cooperative efforts help illustrate which of the following perspectives?

A)Labeling
B)Conflict
C)Functionalist
D)Interactionist

Question 56

In Australia,when Aborigines become part of the dominant society but then refuse to acknowledge their grandparents' traditional tribal ways,they are practicing the process of

A)amalgamation.
B)labeling.
C)assimilation.
D)exploitation.

Question 57

The belief that the U.S.was a "melting pot," which became very compelling in the first part of the twentieth century,suggested that the nation had an almost divine mission to produce

A)pluralism.
B)amalgamation.
C)segregation.
D)assimilation.

Question 58

A White male lawyer mentors a young female Latina lawyer.According to the contact hypothesis,this situation would

A)be likely to increase stereotypes rather than reduce them.
B)be likely to cause both lawyers to become less prejudiced.
C)encourage the White lawyer to engage in color-blind racism.
D)involve the operation of sexism as well as racism.

Question 59

A farmer is called to help sandbag a levy that is about to flood his town.The farmer is stationed between two correctional-center inmates who are required to assist in the flood-control efforts.As a result of this experience,the farmer has developed a newfound respect for inmates.This example would be consistent with which perspective?

A)Functionalist perspective
B)Conflict perspective
C)Interactionist perspective
D)Global perspective

Question 60

Expulsion is illustrated by

A)France pushing out over 10,000 ethnic Roma.
B)the killing of large numbers of Native Americans by the U.S.government.
C)marriages between Whites and Native Americans,producing multiracial children.
D)the internment of thousands of Japanese Americans.

Question 61

Which of the following is considered to be the most unifying force among Arabs?

A)Culture
B)Language
C)Religion
D)Wealth

Question 62

June is a Filipino American who has saved up thousands of dollars.She will be sending the funds to her extended family in her home country.This is referred to as

A)remittances.
B)redlining.
C)sharing economy.
D)amalgamation.

Question 63

In the view of sociologists,the distinction between racial and ethnic minorities is clear-cut.

Question 64

One in ________ Native American teenagers has attempted suicide,a rate four times higher than the rate for other teenagers.

A)two
B)four
C)six
D)eight

Question 65

Jim Crow laws were passed in the Southern states in order to

A)enforce official segregation.
B)force legal integration.
C)allow enslavement of Blacks.
D)end segregation.

Question 66

The largest influx of Vietnamese immigration occurred

A)during and after the Spanish-American War.
B)during and after World War I.
C)during and after World War II.
D)during and after the Vietnam War.

Question 67

Which of the following terms refers to first-generation Japanese immigrants?

A)Issei
B)Sansei
C)Nisei
D)Cantonese

Question 68

The social definitions of race and ethnicity affect a person's place and status in a stratification system.

Question 69

Membership in a minority (or dominant)group is not voluntary;people are born into the group.

Question 70

In the future,a growing proportion of the United States will be

A)Asian or Hispanic.
B)White or Hispanic.
C)Arab or Asian.
D)White or Asian.

Question 71

Which of the following terms refers to a political philosophy,promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s,that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions?

A)Rainbow Coalition
B)Blackpower
C)Civil rights
D)Manifest destiny

Question 72

Anti-Semitism is a form of

A)discrimination.
B)racial profiling.
C)prejudice.
D)stereotype.

Question 73

In 1988,President Ronald Reagan signed unprecedented legislation called the Civil Liberties Act,requiring the federal government to apologize for the forced relocation of ________ to "evacuation camps" during World War II.

A)Japanese Americans
B)Jewish Americans
C)African Americans
D)Vietnamese Americans

Question 74

Which population group represents the largest minority in the U.S.?

A)African Americans
B)Latinos
C)Asian Americans
D)Jews

Question 75

The term racial group is used to describe a group that is set apart from others because of obvious cultural distinctions.

Question 76

An emphasis on concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than on deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage is referred to as

A)white privilege.
B)symbolic ethnicity.
C)assimilation.
D)ethnocentrism.

Question 77

Race is a social construction.

Question 78

Which of the following groups makes up the largest percentage of Asian Americans?

A)Japanese
B)Chinese
C)Korean
D)Asian Indians

Question 79

Since the change in U.S.immigration policy during the 1960s to encourage immigration of relatives of U.S.residents and people with desirable skills,where have a majority of immigrants originated from?

A)Asia and Eastern Europe
B)Europe and Latin America
C)Latin America and South America
D)Asia and Latin America

Question 80

Relative to other Latin American immigrants,Cuban immigrants during the Castro regime

A)had higher rates of poverty.
B)had higher rates of illiteracy.
C)had higher rates of education.
D)were more likely to be White.