Deck 15: Fluid and Acidbase Balance

Question 1

The transfer of heat between objects by conduction involves direct contact.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Skin vasoconstriction reduces the temperature of the skin.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The core temperature is maintained at a fairly constant level, but skin temperature is quite variable.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Heat exhaustion is accompanied by extensive sweating, whereas heat stroke is characterized by an absence of sweating.

Question 5

Aspirin reduces a fever by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins.

Question 6

Neuropeptide Y is a strong appetite inhibitor.

Question 7

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form of energy into another.

Question 8

Heat loss from the body by evaporation occurs even in very cold weather.

Question 9

Internal work includes the expended energy when skeletal muscles are contracted to move external objects.

Question 10

The normal core temperature is 37°C.

Question 11

Sustained exercise is the most common cause of hyperthermia.

Question 12

An elevated body temperature is always indicative of an infection.

Question 13

Leptin stimulates the release of melanocortins.

Question 14

The nude body absorbs more radiant heat energy than the body covered in light-coloured clothing.

Question 15

Body temperature is normally maintained at an elevated level during sustained exercise.

Question 16

Metabolic rate equals energy expenditure/unit of time.

Question 17

Skin thermoreceptors are capable of regulating core temperature in the absence of the hypothalamic temperature control centres.

Question 18

The temperature control centre in the posterior region of the hypothalamus is activated in response to exposure to cold.

Question 19

The inner core includes the abdominal and thoracic organs.

Question 20

Aspirin reduces a fever by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins.

Question 21

Leptin is a hormone released from adipose tissue.

Question 22

A decrease of insulin in the blood may signal satiety.

Question 23

An animal can be driven to overeat by either selective stimulation of the appetite centres or destruction of the satiety centres.

Question 24

There is an obligatory increase in metabolic rate resulting from food intake.

Question 25

Psychosocial influences can lead to obesity.

Question 26

Shivering is the main voluntary means of increasing the production of heat in the body.

Question 27

The presence of skin blood vessels diminishes the effectiveness of the skin as an insulator.

Question 28

The basal metabolic rate is the body's lowest metabolic rate.

Question 29

Internal energy expenditure is the energy utilized by the skeletal muscles when external objects are moved.

Question 30

The most dominant factor influencing the BMR is the level of circulating, active thyroid hormone.

Question 31

Oral temperature is the same as core temperature.

Question 32

Sweating is the only mechanism for heat loss when body temperature is the same as environmental temperature.

Question 33

The thermoneutral zone for skin vasomotor activity is in the range of 20°C to 29°C.

Question 34

Weight loss occurs when the energy derived from the food consumed is less than the energy expended by the body.

Question 35

All causes of hyperthermia are pathological and fatal.

Question 36

Oral temperature is lower than the core temperature.

Question 37

Fat people tend to eat more on a daily basis than thin people.

Question 38

Peripheral thermoreceptors monitor skin temperature.

Question 39

Sweating is the only mechanism for heat loss when body temperature is the same as environmental temperature.

Question 40

Shivering is the main voluntary means of increasing the production of heat in the body.

Question 41

Upon exposure to heat, skin vasodilation occurs, which increases the temperature gradient between the skin and environment, thus promoting heat loss.

Question 42

Profuse sweating occurs during heat stroke as body temperature climbs rapidly.

Question 43

Which of these actions is the major means of decreasing heat loss in response to a cold environmental temperature?

A)skin vasoconstriction
B)skin vasodilation
C) increasing the temperature gradient between the skin and the environment
D) formation of "goose bumps"

Question 44

Profuse sweating occurs during heat stroke as the body's temperature climbs rapidly.

Question 45

Which of the following events does NOT characterize heat exhaustion?

A)reduced plasma volume
B)extensive sweating
C) rapidly rising body temperature
D) fainting

Question 46

As the level of circulating, active thyroid hormone increases, the BMR increases correspondingly.

Question 47

The appetite centres stimulate feeding behaviour, whereas the satiety centres inhibit feeding behaviour.

Question 48

Most of the energy contained within food will be lost as heat.

Question 49

Metabolic rate can be measured indirectly by measuring the rate of oxygen consumption.

Question 50

An elevated body temperature is always indicative of an infection.

Question 51

Hyperthermia-associated, abnormally high levels of thyroid hormone elevate the core temperature by increasing the rate of metabolic activity.

Question 52

The most important factor influencing heat transfer by radiation is the relative humidity of the atmosphere.

Question 53

Hyperthermia refers to all imbalances between heat gain and heat loss that increase body temperature.

Question 54

Temperature-regulating mechanisms are NOT 100 percent effective.

Question 55

The most important factor influencing heat transfer by radiation is the relative humidity of the atmosphere.

Question 56

Skin vasoconstriction reduces the temperature of the skin.

Question 57

Skin vasoconstriction increases the skin's insulative capacity.

Question 58

Which of these statements correctly describes obesity?

A)The percentage of body fat and body mass index are two commonly used determinants of obesity.
B)The health risks are the same for a person who is in the obese category and a person who is in the overweight category.
C) Waist circumference (WC) is not a significant measurement in gathering a fat weight distribution picture.
D) A link between obesity and heredity has not yet been scientifically proven.

Question 59

Upon exposure to heat, skin vasodilation occurs, which increases the temperature gradient between the skin and environment, thus promoting heat loss.

Question 60

The feeding and satiety centres are located in the hypothalamus.

Question 61

Which of these statements correctly describes leptin?

A)It is absorbed by adipocytes.
B)It encourages appetite.
C) It targets the thalamus.
D) It is secreted by adipocytes and leads to appetite suppression.

Question 62

What percentage of the energy found in nutrient molecules is lost as heat?

A)10 percent
B)25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 63

Which one of these factors does NOT increase metabolic rate?

A)sleeping
B)diet-induced thermogenesis
C) epinephrine
D) thyroid hormone

Question 64

Which of these is NOT a means of increasing or conserving heat production?

A)shivering
B)skin vasodilation
C) nonshivering thermogenesis
D) increased muscle tone

Question 65

Which of these factors does NOT act as a satiety signal?

A)cholecystokinin
B)increased glucose utilization
C) orexin
D) leptin

Question 66

When does the lowest metabolic rate occur?

A)during sleep
B)during a basal metabolic rate determination
C) during exercise
D) after a meal

Question 67

By which of these means is heat NOT lost from the body when the surrounding temperature is low?

A)by radiation
B)by conduction
C) by nonshivering thermogenesis
D) by convection

Question 68

About how many kilocalories of energy are liberated by consumption of three litres of oxygen?

A)4.8 kcal
B)9.6 kcal
C) 14.4 kcal
D) 19.2 kcal

Question 69

Which of the following will happen if more energy is contained in the food eaten than is expended?

A)A positive energy balance will return to normal.
B)The excess energy will be stored in muscle tissue.
C) All the excess energy will be liberated.
D) A positive energy balance will exist, and the excess energy will be stored in adipose tissue.

Question 70

Which of the following does NOT happen when a negative energy balance exists?

A)The body makes use of stored energy reserves.
B)The caloric content of the food ingested is less than the energy output.
C) The caloric content of the food ingested exceeds the energy lost due to heat or work.
D) The body loses weight to meet energy needs.

Question 71

Which one of these factors increases the metabolic rate to the greatest extent?

A)increased skeletal muscle activity
B)increased mental effort
C) increased dietary fibre intake
D) increased brown fat deposition

Question 72

Which of these statements does NOT correctly describe the control of food intake?

A)There are a pair of feeding centres and a pair of satiety centres in the hypothalamus that play a major role in controlling food intake.
B)Stimulation of the feeding centres drives the individual to eat.
C) Stimulation of the satiety centres brings about the feeling of having had enough to eat.
D) Distention of the digestive tract constitutes the major input for regulating food intake.

Question 73

Which of these mechanisms does NOT help to maintain body temperature on hot days?

A)decreased muscle tone
B)vasoconstriction of skin vessels
C) sweating
D) vasodilation of skin vessels

Question 74

Which of these statements does NOT correctly describe obesity?

A)It means having an excess amount of body fat.
B)It tends to run in families, suggesting there is a genetic association.
C) In Canadian children, it decreased between 1981 and 2001.
D) Rates are different for various populations and geographical locations within Canada.

Question 75

Which of these is a theory of satiety involving the hormone leptin?

A)hydrostatic theory
B)glucostatic theory
C) lipostatic theory
D) ischymetric theory

Question 76

Which of these actions happens during fever?

A)Endogenous pyrogen released from neurons of the cerebral cortex in response to an infection elevates the hypothalamic "set point."
B)Cold response mechanisms are initiated by the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature to the new "set point."
C) Heat loss mechanisms are triggered to eliminate the excess heat from the body.
D) The hypothalamus promotes skin vasodilation to rapidly increase heat loss.

Question 77

What type of heat loss occurs by sitting on a cold car seat?

A)radiation
B)convection
C) conduction
D) evaporation

Question 78

How many kilocalories is 5300 calories?

A)0.053 kcal
B)0.53 kcal
C) 5.3 kcal
D) 53 kcal

Question 79

Which of these statements correctly describes internal work?

A)It includes all the energy-expending activities that must go on all the time to sustain life.
B)It refers to all energy expenditure by tissues other than skeletal muscles.
C) It includes the energy expenditure required to move external objects.
D) It refers to all energy expenditure by skeletal muscles.

Question 80

Which of these statements correctly describes nonshivering thermogenesis?

A)It is stimulated by epinephrine and thyroid hormone.
B)It refers to the general increase in muscle tone in response to abrupt exposure to cold.
C) It enhances the insulative capacity of the skin by promoting increased deposition of brown fat under the skin.
D) It refers to the elevation of body temperature in response to pyrogen release.