Deck 13: Psychosocial Problems in Adolescence

Question 1

According to a study of more than 10,000 American adolescents, approximately ________ of teenagers report having an anxiety disorder by age 18 and ________ of these individuals had already developed an anxiety disorder before turning 12.

A) two-thirds; almost none
B) one-third; almost all
C) 50%; over 90%
D) 15%; just over half

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Generally, people associate substance abuse problems in teens with externalizing disorders because

A) these disorders are more visible to observers.
B) substance abuse problems rarely accompany internalizing disorders.
C) substance abuse is an externalizing disorder.
D) substance abuse problems start as externalizing disorders and eventually become internalized.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The maladaptive use of drugs often associated with externalizing and internalizing disorders is known as

A) vaping.
B) substance abuse.
C) conduct disorder.
D) delinquency.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Peter's parents caught him drinking alcohol with a couple of his friends, and now they're worried. They think his alcohol use might turn into a long-term problem. What does research say about situations like Peter's?

A) Many adolescents experiment with alcohol in high school without growing into adult alcoholics.
B) Adolescent alcohol use is the first sign of long-term problems with drugs.
C) Peter's alcohol use is a clear indication of that his parents are too permissive.
D) Peter's behavior is a strong sign that he has been physically or sexually abused.

Question 5

Externalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect an antisocial syndrome, just as internalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect the common underlying factor of

A) negative emotionality.
B) social control.
C) risk-taking behaviors.
D) comorbidity.

Question 6

Which of the following is the best explanation of serious problem behavior during adolescence?

A) Problem behavior is the result of the hormonal changes that accompany puberty.
B) Problem behavior is a manifestation of an inherent adolescent need to rebel against authority.
C) Problem behavior results from having an identity crisis.
D) Problem behavior is likely a signal that something is wrong.

Question 7

________ is an example of an internalizing disorder; ________ is an example of an externalizing disorder.

A) Depression; psychosomatic disturbance
B) Anxiety; delinquency
C) Drug and alcohol abuse; delinquency
D) Truancy; psychosomatic disturbance

Question 8

Denise has just been caught vandalizing public property for the fourth time this year. What statement is most likely to be true of her?

A) Her problems have emerged only during adolescence.
B) Her early home and school life were average.
C) She probably had problems at home and school at an early age.
D) Her home and school life are not connected to her delinquency.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about comorbidity is true?

A) Co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems are exhibited identically in males and females.
B) Some experts question whether it makes sense to draw distinctions between anxiety and depression because rates of comorbidity are so high.
C) There is little comorbidity among different psychosocial problems during adolescence within or across the broad categories.
D) Substance abuse problems are unlikely to be comorbid, exhibiting distinctly externalizing or internalizing problems.

Question 10

Christi suffers from depression. She also gets in fights at school to express her anger and sadness. Christi's problems fall into which category?

A) internalizing disorder
B) externalizing disorder
C) comorbid disorders
D) substance abuse

Question 11

Dara suffers from depression. What type of disorder does Dara's condition reflect?

A) an externalizing disorder
B) a psychosomatic disorder
C) an internalizing disorder
D) a personality disorder

Question 12

Alice has a substance abuse problem. This means she is

A) most likely to also have internalizing disorder.
B) most likely to also have externalizing disorder.
C) equally likely to have internalizing or externalizing disorder.
D) unlikely to have either internalizing or externalizing disorder.

Question 13

Which scenario best represents adolescent alcohol use in today's society?

A) Dahlia started using alcohol at age 17 and by age 19 had stopped drinking completely.
B) Brian first tried alcohol at the beginning of high school and now, at 17, uses it only occasionally.
C) Julia, a high school senior, has never tried alcohol.
D) Michael, a 13-year-old, drinks alcohol almost every day with his friends.

Question 14

Carol has just learned that her son, Mike, has been caught shoplifting for the fifth time. Carol told the police that Mike is just reacting to the stress of going through puberty. How accurate is Carol's idea?

A) Carol is probably correct; adolescence is a very confusing time.
B) Carol is correct; hormones make adolescents behave uncontrollably and rebel against authority.
C) Carol is incorrect; problem behavior is virtually never a direct consequence of the normative adolescent changes.
D) Carol is incorrect; Mike's problem behavior is almost certainly a result of her parenting style.

Question 15

The common factor with respect to comorbidity in internalizing disorders is

A) the subjective state of distress.
B) acting-out behaviors.
C) depression.
D) withdrawal.

Question 16

One recent international study found that countries ________ are likely to have adolescents whose alcohol use is not predictive of violence.

A) with developing economies
B) with large income disparities
C) that have relatively few adolescents compared to other generations
D) where adolescents are more likely to drink in settings were adults are present

Question 17

Theodore has been referred to as an "acting-out" adolescent. He engages in delinquent behavior. Theodore most likely had a(n) ________ disorder.

A) externalizing
B) internalizing
C) anhedonic
D) eating

Question 18

Which of the following is considered an internalizing disorder?

A) drug abuse
B) anxiety
C) truancy
D) delinquency

Question 19

Approximately how many teenagers develop drinking problems or permit alcohol to adversely affect their schooling or personal relationships?

A) about half
B) relatively few
C) the vast majority
D) almost none

Question 20

Most problems of adolescence, such as substance abuse and delinquency,

A) are never resolved.
B) intensify briefly during adulthood.
C) are resolved in middle age.
D) are resolved during adolescence.

Question 21

Greg suffers from depression. His friend Matthew also suffers from depression as well as conduct disorder. According to the theory of problem behavior syndrome, this means

A) Greg is more likely than Mathew to come from an unconventional home environment.
B) Matthew is more likely than Greg to come from an unconventional home environment.
C) Nether boy is likely to come from an unconventional home environment.
D) Both boys probably come from unconventional home environments.

Question 22

The cause of adolescent risk-taking behaviors

A) is environmental.
B) is inherited.
C) may be genetic or environmental.
D) is culturally specific.

Question 23

Since 1991, a survey assessing the use and abuse of a variety of drugs has been distributed to a nationwide sample of 8th graders, 10th graders, and high school seniors every year. The name of this survey is

A) Examining the Future.
B) Monitoring Tomorrow.
C) Monitoring the Future.
D) Focus on the Future.

Question 24

Approximately ________ percent of high school seniors have tried alcohol, and approximately ________ percent have tried marijuana.

A) 60; 45
B) 40; 65
C) 90; 50
D) 30; 20

Question 25

When two problems occur together, such as substance abuse and depression, they are referred to as being

A) comorbid.
B) covert.
C) a coterminous disorder.
D) a parallel diagnoses.

Question 26

Jim and his mom are in an argument because his mom found out that he has smoked marijuana. Jim's defense is, "Half the senior class is doing it!" How accurate is Jim's statement?

A) It is very inaccurate-only 10% of high school seniors have tried marijuana.
B) It is inaccurate-half of Americans have tried marijuana, not half of high school seniors.
C) It is almost accurate-about 45% of all high school seniors have tried marijuana.
D) Statistics about marijuana use are too inconsistent to know.

Question 27

Which of the following individuals is most likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors?

A) Marco, who does not approve of deviance from the norm
B) Karen, who is highly connected to her school and a religious institution
C) Patrick, who is very conservative in his social views
D) Laura, who is not involved in any extra-curricular activities or organizations

Question 28

Problem behavior syndrome involves

A) unconventional thoughts.
B) recurrent depression.
C) close connections to social institutions.
D) low tolerance for socially deviant ideas.

Question 29

When an individual has more than one problem at the same time, it is called

A) an external issue.
B) an internal issue.
C) comorbidity.
D) psychosomatic.

Question 30

Alcohol is the substance that rates highest in terms of ________ of use.

A) gender differences
B) purchase price
C) prevalence and recency
D) overall safety

Question 31

According to social control theory, delinquency is caused by

A) unconventionality in the adolescent's personality.
B) an inherited predisposition toward deviance.
C) biologically based differences in arousal and sensation-seeking.
D) a lack of bonds to the family, the school, or the workplace.

Question 32

What would a social control theorist say about adolescents who engage in risk-taking behavior?

A) They have a biological predisposition toward risky behavior.
B) They are inherently unconventional.
C) They have a weak attachment to society.
D) They have authoritative parents.

Question 33

Studies of alcohol use have shown that

A) about 10% of high school seniors report having driven a car after drinking at least once in the past month.
B) most adolescents who use alcohol before their senior year of high school are likely to be alcoholics by the age of 30.
C) about 40% of eighth graders have abused alcohol in the past month.
D) less than 10% of high school seniors have ever drunk alcohol.

Question 34

Which of the following is one of the popular stereotypes of contemporary adolescents?

A) They use drugs less than their counterparts did in previous generations.
B) The main reason adolescents use drugs is peer pressure.
C) The "epidemic" of substance use by American adolescents is separate from the other problems associated with adolescents.
D) Most adolescents try drugs only one time and then quit.

Question 35

The term "________ syndrome" refers to covariation among various types of externalizing disorders that results from an underlying trait of unconventionality found in the adolescent's personality and social environment.

A) problem behavior
B) biological risk
C) social control
D) gateway

Question 36

A researcher who believes in problem clusters is most likely to argue that

A) a predisposition toward deviance may be inherited.
B) biologically based differences account for differences in arousal and sensation-seeking.
C) defiance develops in deviance-prone children who are reared in hostile environments.
D) involvement in a given problem behavior may lead to involvement in other problem behaviors.

Question 37

Which substance is most commonly used and abused by adolescents?

A) alcohol
B) inhalants
C) amphetamines
D) cocaine

Question 38

Researchers have found, regarding problem behavior in adolescence, that

A) adolescents never exhibit one specific problem, such as depression, without exhibiting any others.
B) adolescents may exhibit only one problem within the same general category, such as depression and anxiety.
C) adolescents may exhibit both internalizing and externalizing problems, such as depression and delinquency.
D) adolescents with severe behavior problems are likely to have followed similar pathways to deviance.

Question 39

Alcohol and tobacco use among adolescents is more common ________; however, illicit drug use (mainly marijuana) is more common ________.

A) in most European countries than in the United States; in the United States than in European countries
B) in the United States than in European countries; in most European countries than in the United States
C) among males; among females
D) among females; among males

Question 40

The message society sends to teenagers about tobacco, drugs, and alcohol

A) heavily promotes their usage as a normal and necessary part of adulthood.
B) clearly discourages their usage in most circumstances.
C) is mixed and unclear about whether they should or should not be used.
D) implies that it is fine for boys to use them, but wrong for girls to do so.

Question 41

Tina smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol, and used drugs moderately in early adolescence, then quickly increased her use between early and middle adolescence, and continued to increase her use throughout high school and late adolescence. Tina is a(n)

A) low escalator.
B) early starter.
C) high escalator.
D) delinquent.

Question 42

Alejandra, a Hispanic adolescent, is best friends with Mina, a foreign-born Hispanic adolescent. Which statement is most likely true about their drug use?

A) Alejandra will use fewer drugs than Mina.
B) Alejandra and Mina will use the same amount of drugs.
C) Alejandra and Mina will use more drugs than their friend Sue, an American Indian adolescent.
D) Mina will use fewer drugs than Alejandra.

Question 43

Alcohol and marijuana are considered ________ drugs because they are almost always used before harder drugs.

A) gateway
B) passage
C) ritual
D) experimental

Question 44

Vaping e-cigarettes is addictive because they contain

A) nicotine.
B) alcohol.
C) cannabis.
D) opioids.

Question 45

According to recent surveys, which drug is used most on a daily basis by high school students?

A) marijuana
B) alcohol
C) tobacco
D) cocaine

Question 46

Researchers believe that changes in rates of adolescent drug use

A) are in opposition to messages they receive from parents and teachers.
B) are in opposition to messages they receive from the media.
C) may relate to adolescent perceptions of how harmful and disapproved of the drug is.
D) show a consistent gap in drug use between males and females.

Question 47

The neurotransmitter associated with the experience of pleasure that is implicated in substance abuse problems is known as

A) serotonin.
B) dopamine.
C) acetylcholine.
D) norepinephrine.

Question 48

Studies of adolescent drug use suggest that

A) a large majority of adolescents have serious drug dependence problems.
B) a large majority of adolescents use hard drugs.
C) drug and alcohol use are the underlying cause of most adolescent problems.
D) the drug of choice among adolescents is alcohol.

Question 49

Which statement is most likely true about American adolescents today?

A) Adolescents are experimenting with drugs at later ages.
B) Marijuana is the only substance used by a substantial number of high school seniors daily.
C) Experimentation with drugs is less common among younger teens than it has been in the past.
D) A large proportion of adolescents use hard drugs.

Question 50

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing substance abuse problems?

A) having excessively permissive parents
B) finding it difficult and challenging to obtain drugs
C) having friends who condemn the use of drugs
D) being involved in a sexual relationship

Question 51

Which of the following adolescents is least likely to use drugs?

A) Mike, a White adolescent
B) Li, an exchange student from China
C) Emily, an Asian-American adolescent
D) Hector, a Black adolescent

Question 52

Studies have shown experiences with alcohol and drugs in early adolescence can permanently affect the way the brain functions due to changes in the ________ system.

A) digestive
B) respiratory
C) limbic
D) opioids

Question 53

Of the following adolescents, who will be the most well-adjusted?

A) Mavis, who is a frequent drug user
B) Jennifer, who began experimenting with drugs and alcohol at age 12
C) Vicki, who has experimented with alcohol
D) Selma, who has had alternating periods of addiction and recovery

Question 54

A recent survey showed that adolescents believe that e-cigarettes

A) make them look bad.
B) are more dangerous than regular cigarettes.
C) are more addictive than opiates.
D) are good for their health.

Question 55

Which adolescent has a personality trait associated with developing drug and alcohol problems?

A) Aaron, who is a slow learner
B) Thomas, who started puberty late
C) Dennis, who is impulsive
D) Steve, who is very focused

Question 56

Corrina is concerned because she learned that her 13-year-old son, Henry, and her 17-year-old son, Hector, were caught drinking. Are either of these teenagers likely to become addicted to alcohol?

A) Yes, Hector is likely to be addicted to alcohol as an adult.
B) Yes, Henry is likely to be addicted to alcohol as an adult.
C) Both boys will be addicted and continue drug use into adulthood.
D) Neither boy; these are both cases of adolescent experimentation.

Question 57

Which list correctly ranks substances used by high school seniors from most to least popular?

A) alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes, E-cigarettes
B) cigarettes, alcohol, cocaine, marijuana
C) alcohol, E-cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine
D) cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, inhalants

Question 58

Eduardo was caught binge drinking on Saturday night. This means that he

A) drinks alcohol every day.
B) drinks alcohol every weekend.
C) has had more than five alcoholic drinks in a row.
D) has had enough alcohol within the past year to cause him to black out.

Question 59

Which of the following statements about adolescent cigarette use is true?

A) The huge increase in the price of cigarettes over the last couple of decades has led to a sharp decrease in the percentage of smoking adolescents.
B) Antismoking campaigns have contributed to the steady decline of cigarette use among adolescents.
C) The most effective way to reduce adolescent smoking has been to enforce laws that restrict sales of cigarettes to minors.
D) Despite changes in tobacco industry policies, the percentage of smoking adolescents has remained stable over the past two decades.

Question 60

Which is considered a risk factor for substance abuse in adolescence?

A) psychological factors
B) hormonal factors
C) political factors
D) educational factors

Question 61

Which prevention program is most likely to be successful?

A) one that focuses on individual adolescents
B) one that combines social competence training with environmental changes
C) one that focuses on drug testing in schools
D) one that does not differentiate use from abuse in its treatment plan

Question 62

Individuals under the age of 18 account for approximately ________ of violent crime in the United States.

A) one-quarter
B) one-tenth
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 63

Evaluations of individual-focused approaches to drug prevention programs have found that

A) these programs are largely ineffective.
B) these programs are more effective for changing adolescents' sexual behaviors than their drug use.
C) scare tactics are more effective than rational information for changing behavior.
D) random drug testing in schools has been the only effective strategy for reducing adolescents' use of drugs.

Question 64

Individuals high in callous-unemotional (CU) traits

A) experience distress more easily and often than others.
B) are less likely to empathize with others.
C) show a heightened response to emotional and painful stimuli.
D) are likely to be career criminals.

Question 65

Individuals who are not only antisocial but also manipulative, superficially charming, impulsive, and indifferent to the feelings of others

A) have conduct disorder.
B) have oppositional defiant disorder.
C) are psychopaths.
D) are bipolar.

Question 66

Which of the following is a category of externalizing problems during adolescence?

A) depression
B) delinquency
C) psychosomatic disturbances
D) anxiety

Question 67

What do researchers believe is the most likely reason why the male-to-female arrest ratio has decreased in recent years?

A) Girls are being arrested more frequently for the same things they did in the past but were not arrested for.
B) The proportion of females who engage in violent crimes has increased substantially.
C) The public is rejecting stereotypes that females do not commit crimes.
D) Police departments have added divisions to focus on female crime.

Question 68

Which of the following would be considered a status offense?

A) using marijuana
B) being truant from school
C) vandalizing property
D) sexual assault

Question 69

A disorder of adulthood characterized by antisocial behavior and persistent disregard for the rules of society and the rights of others is called

A) conduct disorder.
B) oppositional defiant disorder.
C) psychopathic disorder.
D) antisocial personality disorder.

Question 70

According to the age-crime curve, when does offending peak?

A) in adolescence
B) in childhood
C) in adulthood
D) in old age

Question 71

Evaluations of adolescent treatment programs suggest

A) placing adolescents who experiment with drugs into treatment programs has been effective in preventing escalation to drug abuse.
B) drug treatment programs for adolescent substance abuse are more effective when the adolescent's family is involved in therapy with the adolescent.
C) the most effective programs are those that deal with substance abusing adolescents in a private setting, away from their families and friends.
D) most substance abuse treatment programs for adolescents have strict admission guidelines so they accept only adolescents who are seriously abusing drugs.

Question 72

What is a reason why many youth do not receive substance abuse treatment?

A) These programs are rarely offered during times that do not interfere with a typical public school schedule.
B) There are many stigmas attached to seeking drug or alcohol treatment.
C) Many families, especially minority families, cannot afford (or do not have adequate health insurance) to send their adolescent to treatment.
D) It is difficult to actually meet the clinical criteria for "substance abuse"; therefore, it is hard to be accepted into one of these programs.

Question 73

Cliff is 16 years old, is truant from school, drinks alcohol regularly, and has run away from home. Legally speaking, Cliff is a(n)

A) ADHD child.
B) habitual criminal.
C) sociopath.
D) status offender.

Question 74

Which of the following is the main reason some experts advise against applying the term psychopath to people under 18?

A) Most young people who engage in antisocial behavior as teenagers do not continue to do so after their mid-20s.
B) Those with a "psychopath" label are likely to receive lesser sentences.
C) It is very rare for youths to exhibit any psychopathic traits.
D) The label makes them even better at hiding their disorder and antisocial sentiments.

Question 75

Based on prior successful methods, which of the following methods is likely to be most effective in reducing drug and alcohol use?

A) drug and alcohol education
B) raising the price of alcohol and cigarettes
C) scare tactics
D) laws restricting the sale of these items to minors

Question 76

A disorder of childhood and adolescence characterized by excessive anger, spite, and stubbornness, but not necessarily aggression, is called

A) conduct disorder.
B) oppositional defiant disorder.
C) psychopathic disorder.
D) antisocial personality disorder.

Question 77

Confidential surveys of adolescents suggest that

A) between 15 and 20% of adolescents have engaged in delinquent behavior at one time or another.
B) ethnic differences in the prevalence of delinquent and criminal activity are greater than what would be expected from information in official records.
C) nearly two-thirds of American 17-year-old boys have committed a violent crime in the past year.
D) nearly half of all males report being responsible for an assault sometime during adolescence

Question 78

Who is the most likely to be a victim of a crime such as theft, robbery, rape, and assault?

A) Jeffrey, a Black adolescent living in the suburbs
B) Rose, an adult White woman living in a large city
C) Elaine, a White adolescent living in a rural area
D) Mitch, a Hispanic adolescent living in the inner city

Question 79

A look at the commission of violent crimes by adolescents in the United States shows that

A) today, the male-to-female ratio in juvenile arrests for violent crime is about 8 to 1.
B) violent crime among young people has doubled since 1980.
C) in general, violent crime among young people has increased since 1993.
D) as of 2016, violent crime among adolescents was at its lowest level since the 1970s.

Question 80

A repetitive and persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that results in problems at school or work or in relationships with others is called

A) conduct disorder.
B) oppositional defiant disorder.
C) psychopath syndrome.
D) antisocial personality disorder.