Deck 10: Intimacy

Question 1

The development of intimacy is especially important in adolescence, because

A) truly intimate relationships do not emerge until adolescence.
B) the adolescent's social world changes, with decreasing emphasis on peers.
C) growth of social cognition reflects less sophisticated conceptions of social relationships.
D) friendships transform being self-conscious to being more activity oriented.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

As used in the study of adolescence, the term intimacy refers to an emotional attachment between two people that is characterized by

A) lack of concern for each other's well-being.
B) a sexual and/or physical relationship.
C) a willingness to disclose private, sometimes sensitive, information.
D) pursuing divergent interests and activities.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

It is likely that a limitation in children's ability to ________ inhibits their ability to have intimate interpersonal relationships.

A) feel emotional pain
B) take another person's perspective
C) care deeply
D) experience fear

Answer 3

B

Question 4

How do intimacy and sex differ?

A) They can exist together or separately within relationships.
B) They are both different words for the same thing.
C) There can be intimacy without sex, but no sex without intimacy.
D) There can be sex without intimacy, but no intimacy without sex.

Question 5

Based on Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development, intimacy is first expressed in

A) sexual relationships.
B) other-sex friendships.
C) mixed-sex relationships.
D) same-sex relationships.

Question 6

According to Sullivan, development can be best understood by examining transformations in

A) psychosexual needs.
B) sexual drive.
C) interpersonal needs.
D) self-conceptions.

Question 7

When college students were asked to rate the most important criteria for deciding when someone is ready to get married, what was the most consistently endorsed item?

A) capacity for intimacy
B) being physically mature enough to have a child
C) being emotionally mature enough to have a child
D) being financially secure

Question 8

Intimate relationships of adolescents

A) require physical involvement with a romantic partner.
B) do not include relationships with parents.
C) exclude connections with same-sex friends.
D) may include a variety of people and types of interactions.

Question 9

According to Sullivan, where does the capacity for intimacy first develop?

A) early adolescent, same-sex relationships
B) early adolescent, other-sex relationships
C) middle adolescent, other-sex relationships
D) preadolescent, same-sex relationships

Question 10

Which statement about intimacy is true?

A) Intimacy is an important concern only in adolescence.
B) One of the central issues in the study of intimacy during adolescence is the onset of dating.
C) Intimacy is characterized by withholding discussion of private and sensitive topics.
D) Intimacy cannot take the form of close friendships between people of the same sex.

Question 11

Sullivan believed that important interpersonal transitions are more likely to be negotiated successfully if

A) they have a solid foundation of security in past relationships.
B) an individual develops appropriate cognitive skills.
C) an individual had many playmates in childhood.
D) they have a solid basis in social cognition.

Question 12

In Sullivan's view, the shift in the "targets" of intimacy during early adolescence from same-sex to other-sex relationships is primarily motivated by

A) the need to transition from nonromantic to romantic relationships.
B) the onset of puberty and the emergence of sexuality and a biologically based sex drive.
C) resolving the homophobic conflict of childhood.
D) the need to appear popular by surrounding one's self with as many peers as possible.

Question 13

Which theorist presented one of the most important theoretical perspectives on the development of adolescent intimacy?

A) Freud
B) Sullivan
C) Erikson
D) Benedict

Question 14

Which child is probably experiencing the need to be intimate with a friend of the same age for the first time?

A) Carlo, who is 7
B) Dierdre, who is 18
C) Randy, who is 11
D) Connie, who is 16

Question 15

Adolescents spend more time ________ than anything else.

A) communicating with their friends
B) engaging in physical activity
C) engaging in sexually-oriented physical contact
D) communicating with adults

Question 16

According to Sullivan, the need for intimacy starts to develop during

A) childhood.
B) preadolescence.
C) early adolescence.
D) late adolescence.

Question 17

Sullivan emphasized the social aspects of growth, suggesting that psychological development can be best understood when looked at in

A) societal terms.
B) interpersonal terms.
C) identity terms.
D) medical terms.

Question 18

Neuroimaging studies have shown that connections between different parts of the brain during adolescence cause

A) improved interpersonal competence.
B) a loss in the ability to empathize.
C) a decrease in the tendency to feel socially isolated.
D) simplified views of social relationships.

Question 19

Children's friendships are based on ________, whereas adolescents' friendships are typically based on ________.

A) activities; competition
B) activities; intimacy
C) intimacy; competition
D) competition; activities

Question 20

Sullivan believed a precondition to forming close relationships as an adolescent is

A) being able to take someone else's perspective.
B) forming intimate friendships during preadolescence.
C) having secure interpersonal relationships since childhood.
D) overcoming the frustration and anxiety associated with making friends in childhood.

Question 21

Research assessing the link between infant attachment and the quality of interpersonal relationships in adolescence and young adulthood finds

A) an inverse relationship between the quality of infant attachment and healthy adolescent relationships.
B) little or no continuity between infant attachment and adolescent relationships.
C) that early relationships are only a factor for people with extremely negative adolescent relationships.
D) that early relationships set the stage for later interpersonal relationships.

Question 22

One study that used brain-imaging techniques to investigate adolescents' neural responses to rejection while playing an online game called "Cyberball" found that

A) adolescents high in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are more likely to develop symptoms of depression.
B) adolescents low in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are more likely to develop symptoms of depression.
C) adolescents high in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are less likely to develop symptoms of depression.
D) there are no biological differences in how individuals respond to not being thrown the ball based on whether he or she scores high or low on rejection sensitivity.

Question 23

It appears that Daniel is uninfluenced by his childhood relationship with his mother. For example, even though his mother wasn't around much during his childhood, instead of being upset, Daniel says, "No big deal, I didn't need her anyway." An attachment theorist would most likely describe Daniel as having

A) a secure attachment.
B) an anxious-avoidant attachment.
C) an anxious-resistant attachment.
D) a preoccupied attachment.

Question 24

According to Sullivan, if the interpersonal tasks of adolescence are negotiated successfully, the young adolescent enters late adolescence able to

A) delay intimacy until adulthood.
B) enjoy multiple sex partners without guilt.
C) experience intimacy and sex in the same relationship.
D) logically separate physical sex from feelings of intimacy.

Question 25

Overall, adolescents who are securely attached to their parents and peers ________ their insecure counterparts.

A) are less likely to engage in substance abuse
B) have less academic success
C) tend to leave their parents' homes later
D) display lower social competence

Question 26

Rejection sensitivity is a term that psychologists use to describe

A) oversensitivity to romantic rejection that is related to an insecure attachment in infancy and early childhood.
B) the development of a working model of relationships in which parental and peer relationships are similar.
C) the development of a working model of relationships in which romantic partners and parents are less important than peers.
D) an oversensitivity to peer rejection in childhood that leads to an oversensitivity to rejection in the adult workplace.

Question 27

Which of the following patterns of attachment is positively correlated with high sociability in childhood?

A) anxious-resistant
B) secure
C) anxious-avoidant
D) dependent

Question 28

Which of the following statements about girls in middle adolescence is true?

A) They usually lack a confidante with whom they can easily talk about their problems.
B) Their friendships are fragile.
C) Their friendships are seldom disrupted by feelings of betrayal.
D) Their friendships, on average, last longer than boys' friendships do.

Question 29

Dr. Fiore has just conducted an adult attachment interview with Jennifer. The interview revealed that Jennifer has never had a very good relationship with her parents, especially her mom. Jennifer exhibits quite a lot of depressive symptomatology and has an extremely disordered relationship with food. Based on this information, Dr. Fiore will most likely categorize Jennifer as

A) anxious.
B) dismissive or preoccupied.
C) avoidant.
D) secure.

Question 30

During infancy, Julia formed a secure attachment with her parents. This attachment has formed the basis for all her future approaches to interpersonal relationships. According to attachment theorists, Julia is employing

A) a Q-sort technique.
B) an intimate ideology.
C) an internal working model.
D) a social support theory.

Question 31

Dr. Diamond plans to conduct an interview with a patient to assess the patient's history of attachment relationships. What method would Dr. Diamond most likely use?

A) an adult attachment interview
B) a Q-sort
C) an internal working model
D) a five-factor model

Question 32

Maria is the mother of a 6-month-old baby girl, Antonia. Antonia does not seem to have a close, trusting bond with Maria. Instead, their relationship is characterized by ambivalence. What type of attachment best describes Antonia's relationship with Maria?

A) secure attachment
B) anxious-resistant attachment
C) anxious-avoidant attachment
D) indifferent attachment

Question 33

During ________ concerns about loyalty and anxieties over rejection become more pronounced and may temporarily overshadow concerns about intimate self-disclosure, particularly among girls.

A) middle adolescence
B) late adolescence
C) early adolescence
D) late childhood

Question 34

An infant who is indifferent to his/her caregiver would have what type of attachment?

A) secure
B) anxious-avoidant
C) anxious-resistant
D) anxious-secure

Question 35

When two people who have the potential to be romantic partners engage in a nonsexual relationship, this is known as

A) an intimate attachment.
B) a disorganized attachment.
C) a platonic friendship.
D) an activity-oriented friendship.

Question 36

The structured interview used to assess an individual's past attachment history and internal working model of relationships is called the

A) Adult Attachment Interview.
B) Q-sort.
C) Intimacy Measure.
D) Adolescent Security Scale.

Question 37

Although it is difficult to separate "selection" and "socialization" effects, individuals who are securely attached in infancy are likely to

A) be socially competent in childhood.
B) lack close friends in adolescence.
C) avoid romantic relationships in adulthood.
D) become easily depressed when rejected in adulthood.

Question 38

Which of the following is a classification commonly used when coding responses to an adult attachment interview?

A) aggressive
B) avoidant
C) attentive
D) preoccupied

Question 39

Studies that compare adolescents' working models of their relationships

A) show that emotional attachments in adolescence depend entirely on attachments formed in infancy.
B) suggest that an individual's beliefs and expectations about relationships are similar across different interpersonal domains.
C) demonstrate dramatically different beliefs and expectations for different interpersonal domains.
D) show that early life attachments have no relevance to relationships developed during adolescence.

Question 40

The close, significant emotional bond between parent and infant is called

A) attachment.
B) goodness-of-fit.
C) symbiosis.
D) the secure base.

Question 41

Although conflicts between adolescents and their close friends are ________ frequent than they are between adolescents and other peers, arguments between close friends are ________ emotional.

A) less; more
B) more; less
C) equally; less
D) more; never

Question 42

Studies on adolescent social media usage have shown that social media ________ adolescents' friendships.

A) destroys
B) replaces
C) improves
D) criminalizes

Question 43

Girls are more likely than boys to express intimacy with their friends by

A) having intimate knowledge about their friends.
B) expressing indifference when comforting their friends.
C) displaying little interest in close friendships.
D) being less concerned about a friend's faithfulness and possible rejection.

Question 44

Adolescent females are more likely than their male peers to settle disagreements with friends by

A) letting things slide.
B) engaging in physical aggression.
C) engaging in verbal aggression.
D) apologizing.

Question 45

Carol, an eighth-grader, is facing a big dilemma and she needs advice. To whom is Carol likely to turn for this support?

A) her friends
B) her parents
C) an adult expert outside the family
D) it depends on the specific issue at hand

Question 46

With respect to Internet use and social networking sites, adolescents are likely to

A) communicate with people they have offline relationships with.
B) spend most of their time engaged in negative interactions.
C) spend time interacting with people their parents would not approve of.
D) become obsessive, to the point of neglecting in-person relationships.

Question 47

Which of the following qualities in a friend would likely be more important to Sarah, a 14-year-old female, than to her 8-year-old sister, Dinah?

A) owning lots of fun toys
B) loyalty
C) enjoying similar activities
D) being helpful

Question 48

Which of the following statements about adolescents' level and degree of interaction with parents is true?

A) Adolescents interact more often with, are closer to, and argue more with their mothers than with their fathers.
B) Adolescents interact more often and are closer to their mother; however, both sons and daughters report arguing more often with their fathers than their mothers.
C) There are no differences in adolescents' level or degree of interaction with mothers and fathers.
D) Sons interact more often and are closer to fathers and daughters interact more often and are closer to mothers.

Question 49

Cassandra and Rosemarie spend a lot of time obsessing over each other's problems. What is this called?

A) co-rumination
B) an upward spiral
C) mutual self-disclosure
D) co-internal working model

Question 50

Self-disclosure and loyalty become important dimensions of friendship in

A) childhood.
B) preadolescence.
C) early adolescence.
D) middle adolescence.

Question 51

Which of the following increases closeness, while also increasing depression and anxiousness?

A) emotional mimicry
B) self-disclosure
C) internal working models
D) co-rumination

Question 52

Friendships based on which of the following criteria are more likely to be found among adolescents than younger children?

A) play
B) association
C) shared activities
D) loyalty

Question 53

Research suggests that with regard to the link between adolescents' relationships with their peers and their families,

A) close family relationships do not necessarily reflect close peer relationships.
B) close peer relationships do not necessarily reflect close family relationships.
C) peer and family relationships suggest little support for attachment theory.
D) improving the quality of relationships at home can help adolescents improve their peer relationships.

Question 54

Research has shown that negative interactions among teens on social media are

A) much more harmful than negative interactions in person.
B) much less harmful than negative interactions in person.
C) quite similar to negative interactions in person.
D) more likely to lead to violence than negative interactions in person.

Question 55

Which of the following explanations of friendship would probably be associated with a child of the highest age?

A) "He always wants to play with me."
B) "He will stick up for me when a bully picks on me."
C) "He helps me figure out how to build things."
D) "He likes to go to the park with me."

Question 56

The likelihood that an individual will turn to a peer during a time of trouble ________ in adolescence and the likelihood of turning to a parent ________.

A) increases; increases
B) decreases; decreases
C) decreases; remains stable
D) increases; remains stable

Question 57

Optimal social development during adolescence most likely requires healthy relationships with

A) parents.
B) peers.
C) important non-parental adults.
D) both parents and peers.

Question 58

Allison says that Susan is her friend because she can tell Susan secrets and Susan won't tell anyone else. Allison's definition of friendship is based on

A) play.
B) prosocial behavior.
C) intimacy and trust.
D) association.

Question 59

Adolescents display intimacy with their friends by

A) focusing on their own concerns rather than involving friends in their problems.
B) having synchronized behaviors and emotional states.
C) showing indifference to their friends' feelings.
D) becoming less likely to negotiate than to disengage when resolving their disagreements.

Question 60

Fourteen-year-old Fatimah, who has relatively low self-esteem and is relatively high in rejection sensitivity, is most likely to be upset with her best friend if the friend

A) criticizes Fatimah's clothes.
B) spends more time with a new friend she has made.
C) cannot come shopping with Fatimah because she has to babysit her sister.
D) disagrees with Fatimah about the boys each girl is dating.

Question 61

Kwame is a 16-year-old male. He spends most of his free time alone. His peers seldom invite him to spend time with them, and, even when they do, he often declines. Despite being lonely much of the time, he rarely tries to make friends or socialize, as he fears rejection. It is likely that Kwame

A) engages in excessive co-rumination.
B) does not experience a typical reaffiliation motive.
C) lacks an internal working model.
D) has an overly secure attachment to his mother.

Question 62

Which adolescent would be predicted to have the closest relationship with a maternal grandfather?

A) a boy living with both of his biological parents
B) a girl living with both of her biological parents
C) a boy whose body is just starting to undergo the physical changes of puberty and is living with his divorced mother
D) a girl whose body is just starting to undergo the physical changes of puberty and is living with her divorced mother

Question 63

During preadolescence, ________ is the single most important determinant of friendship.

A) sex
B) ethnicity
C) socioeconomic status
D) neighborhood

Question 64

The average age of an American adolescent to begin dating

A) is culturally universal.
B) depends on context.
C) is lowest for Hispanic females.
D) is lowest for Asian males.

Question 65

According to one study from Furman and Simon, on which person's behavior does an internal working model of relationships have the greatest effect?

A) Sarah, an adolescent girl
B) Tom, an adolescent boy
C) An internal working model of relationships has an equal effect on boys and girls.
D) An internal working model of relationships has no effect on boys or girls.

Question 66

Jesse is a physically immature 14-year-old who goes to school where it is expected that 14-year-olds date. Hillary is a physically mature 14-year-old who goes to school where it is expected that students delay dating until age 16. Which adolescent is more likely to date?

A) Hillary
B) Jesse
C) Neither Hillary nor Jesse is likely to date.
D) Both Hillary and Jesse are likely to date.

Question 67

Which of the following is the best indicator of when an adolescent will begin dating?

A) chronological age
B) biological development
C) the school/community norms
D) whether he or she has older siblings

Question 68

Contemporary discussions of adolescent romance

A) are almost entirely based on Sullivan's views.
B) contradict attachment theory.
C) tend to disregard ecological perspectives on development.
D) draw on multiple theories and perspectives

Question 69

The shifting focus from same-sex to opposite-sex friends during adolescence

A) varies widely among individuals.
B) is an abrupt process.
C) is a gradual process.
D) occurs at an earlier age for boys than for girls.

Question 70

For adolescent girls, dating often provides a context for the ________, while for adolescent boys it is more often a context for the ________.

A) development of attachment; development of intimacy
B) development of intimacy; expression of attachment
C) expression of intimacy; development of intimacy
D) expression of attachment; development of attachment

Question 71

In contrast to Sullivan's claims about adolescent friendships, more current research has found that

A) cross-sex intimacy replaces intimacy with same-sex peers.
B) adolescents usually have intimate friendships with only one or two opposite-sex peers at any given time.
C) the number of same-sex intimate friends adolescents have tends to increase or stay the same as they make opposite-sex intimate friends.
D) although cross-sex interactions increase during adolescence, there is little cross-sex intimacy.

Question 72

In general, which of the following relationships tends to be the least intimate?

A) mother-son relationship
B) mother-daughter relationship
C) father-son relationship
D) father-daughter relationship

Question 73

In general, which of the following relationships tends to be the closest?

A) mother-son relationship
B) mother-daughter relationship
C) father-son relationship
D) father-daughter relationship

Question 74

Within the United States and in Canada, adolescents of which racial/ethnic group are the least likely to date?

A) Asian
B) Hispanic
C) American Indian
D) White

Question 75

Statistics on the age at which young people marry indicate that

A) it is approximately the same for males and females.
B) girls marry younger today than in their mothers' generation.
C) both males and females tend to be much older at first marriage than was the case in the 1950s.
D) more males than females marry before they are 20.

Question 76

The average duration of a romantic relationship during the middle high school years is about ________ months.

A) 2
B) 6
C) 12
D) 18

Question 77

Dating among adolescents today is largely a

A) recreational activity.
B) part of the courtship process.
C) part of mating selection.
D) meaningless activity.

Question 78

The extent to which an individual receives emotional or instructional assistance from his or her friends, family, and acquaintances is called ________ support.

A) social
B) parental
C) instructional
D) recreational

Question 79

Different ethnic groups express intimacy between adolescents and parents

A) with modest actual differences.
B) in substantially different ways.
C) in identical manners.
D) more differently than their stated beliefs.

Question 80

Early adolescents who have more other-sex friends than their peers tend to

A) have longer romantic relationships.
B) begin entering romantic relationships at a later age.
C) be older girls befriending younger boys.
D) avoid romantic relationships until adulthood.