Deck 9: Autonomy

Question 1

Issues of autonomy

A) are typically resolved during toddlerhood.
B) are typically resolved during adolescence.
C) are typically resolved in early adulthood.
D) recur throughout the life span.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Karen's parents have noticed that throughout Karen's adolescent years, their relationship has transformed, and they can confide in Karen more than they used to. What type of autonomy is Karen developing?

A) emotional
B) cognitive
C) behavioral
D) psychosocial

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following examples describes the psychoanalytic theory of detachment?

A) During puberty Lazar is always fighting with his father. He stops confiding in his parents and turns solely to his friends for support.
B) As Mayuree begins adolescence, she frequently bickers with her parents, but she still talks to her mother when she needs support.
C) Lashawn relies less on his mother than he did when he was younger. He takes more responsibility for his own actions and decisions.
D) Susan's relationship with her father is changing. She is beginning to think of him more as a friend than an authority figure.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

As Da-Xia moves into adolescence, her opinions begin to differ from those of her parents. She realizes that her parents are not always right and is starting to develop her own values. Which type of autonomy is Da-Xia developing?

A) behavioral autonomy
B) psychosocial autonomy
C) emotional autonomy
D) cognitive autonomy

Question 5

The paradox of adolescent autonomy is that

A) adolescents today are more economically dependent than in previous times yet have fewer responsibilities than their peers in previous eras.
B) whereas adolescents today are expected to be increasingly autonomous psychologically and socially, they are now less autonomous economically.
C) whereas adolescence extends longer today than it did in previous eras, today's adolescents are more autonomous than in previous times.
D) adolescence is shorter today than in previous eras, but today's adolescents are expected to be less psychologically and socially autonomous from their parents.

Question 6

Which of the following aspects of autonomy involves the capacity to make independent decisions and follow through with them?

A) behavioral autonomy
B) psychosocial autonomy
C) emotional autonomy
D) cognitive autonomy

Question 7

In classical psychoanalytic theories, the process of separation that occurs during early adolescence is referred to as

A) detachment.
B) separation anxiety.
C) distinction.
D) individuation.

Question 8

Which of the following examples reflects the development of emotional autonomy in an adolescent-parent relationship?

A) Dima talks to his father about everything and sees his father the ultimate authority on politics, relationships, and life in general.
B) Although Mila has a few friends from school, she spends little time on relationships outside her family. Mila is mostly emotionally invested in her parents.
C) When Ogechi is upset about an argument with her best friend, she asks other friends for their opinions instead of rushing to her mother for advice.
D) Haziq's parents do not confide in him. Haziq is usually preoccupied with his own feelings and unable to sympathize when his mother and father are having a difficult day.

Question 9

Which of the following types of autonomy refers to that aspect of independence related to changes in an individual's close relationships?

A) behavioral autonomy
B) psychosocial autonomy
C) emotional autonomy
D) cognitive autonomy

Question 10

The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called

A) rebellion.
B) autonomy.
C) detachment.
D) morality.

Question 11

Which statement about autonomy in adolescence is true?

A) Autonomy is closely related to adolescent rebellion.
B) The growth of autonomy during adolescence is gradual and progressive.
C) The growth of autonomy during adolescence is rather dramatic.
D) The development of adolescent autonomy mainly involves acting independently.

Question 12

Cara hates that her mother always asks her where she is going and who she is hanging out with. Cara's attempts to keep secrets are her attempt to establish

A) autonomy.
B) responsibility.
C) maturity.
D) self-reliance.

Question 13

Whereas ________ refers to individuals' capacity to behave on their own, ________ has emotional and cognitive as well as behavioral components.

A) independence; self-sufficiency
B) autonomy; independence
C) independence; autonomy
D) autonomy; self-sufficiency

Question 14

Which statement regarding autonomy development best fits with Anna Freud's theory?

A) The physical changes of puberty cause little disruption in the family system.
B) Detachment in adolescence is a result of tensions between family members.
C) Emotional autonomy during adolescence involves a transformation of family relationships.
D) Intrapsychic conflicts arise from ambivalent feelings toward the parent of the opposite sex.

Question 15

In contrast to the psychoanalytic perspective, many researchers today assert that a late adolescent who is gradually and progressively sharpening his/her sense of self as autonomous, competent, and separate from one's parents is in the process of

A) autonomy.
B) individuation.
C) self-evaluation.
D) detachment.

Question 16

Which of the following is one theory as to why individuals develop autonomy during adolescence?

A) The physical changes of puberty trigger changes in the adolescent's emotional relationships at home.
B) Puberty drives the adolescent toward increasing emotional dependence on the family.
C) Individuals develop a system of values based on rules and authority during adolescence.
D) Adolescents are capable of less abstract thinking and unable to weigh different perspectives.

Question 17

Peter is noticing changes in the expression of affection and distribution of power in his relationships with his parents. He is less likely to rush to them with a problem and is spending more time with his friends. What type of autonomy is developing with Peter?

A) behavioral
B) emotional
C) cognitive
D) psychosocial

Question 18

Juanita has decided not to go along with her friends and drink after school. She realizes that drinking is wrong and decides not to give in to the peer pressure. What of the three types of autonomy is Juanita exhibiting?

A) behavioral
B) emotional
C) cognitive
D) psychosocial

Question 19

An adolescent's desire for autonomy may actually have an evolutionary basis, which reflects

A) adolescents' competitiveness with their same-sex parent.
B) an individual's desire to live in an environment with the least amount of competition for key resources.
C) an individual's desire to increase his or her opportunity for reproduction outside the family.
D) a desire to seek a better living environment than the one in which the adolescent was raised.

Question 20

Many young people find it frustrating that

A) they feel emotionally independent but must abide by their parents' rules as long as they are being supported economically.
B) their parents expect them to be so autonomous and independent at such a young age.
C) they are economically independent, but still rely on parents for approval regarding religious and political issues.
D) they are working the same jobs as some adults but have less freedom and more supervision than the adults.

Question 21

Research indicates that ________ has negative effects on adolescents' mental health, whereas ________ has positive effects.

A) dependence; detachment
B) detachment; individuation
C) individuation; dependence
D) individuation; detachment

Question 22

Which statement concerning adolescents' ability to see their parents as people is true?

A) As adolescents develop this ability, they become more emotionally distant from their families.
B) This aspect of emotional autonomy often develops later in adolescents' relations with their fathers than with their mothers.
C) After puberty, adolescents clearly see their parents as individuals and not just as parents.
D) High-schoolers are much better at seeing their parents as individuals than middle-schoolers.

Question 23

Which of the following events have researchers suggested is one of the most important triggers of the individuation process?

A) puberty
B) identity development
C) detaching from parents
D) seeing parents as people

Question 24

Tau's parents comment that his first year in college has been very good for him because he has become more responsible for his actions and choices and less dependent on them. Tau's parents are describing

A) individuation.
B) detachment.
C) self-esteem.
D) de-idealization.

Question 25

Michelle's parents believe in relaxed rules and guidelines. They believe that rules and regulations will inhibit Michelle's discovery of herself as a person. In what way is this parental philosophy likely to affect Michelle?

A) Michelle will be emotionally detached from her parents.
B) Michelle will be genuinely autonomous.
C) Michelle will frequently lie to her parents.
D) Michelle's will have a close relationship with her parents.

Question 26

When Ramesh gets frustrated or upset, he turns to his peers rather than his parents for support. As a matter of fact, Ramesh relies on his peers more than his parents for most things. Ramesh is probably from an

A) indulgent home.
B) authoritarian home.
C) authoritative home.
D) autocratic home.

Question 27

Which of the following statements about emotional autonomy is true?

A) Emotional autonomy involves a transformation in family relationships, rather than detachment.
B) Children tend to be closer to their parents emotionally in early adolescence than during childhood.
C) An absence of conflict between an adolescent and his or her parents indicates a delay in the development of emotional autonomy.
D) Adolescents cannot develop emotional autonomy without detachment from their parents.

Question 28

Kalyani spends a lot of time with her boyfriend, but she also makes sure she has enough time at home to relax and get her homework done. Kalyani most likely

A) lies to her parents and feels distant from them.
B) argues frequently with her parents and relies on her peers for support.
C) balances autonomy and connectedness in her relationship with her parents.
D) sees her parents as individuals and not merely as parents.

Question 29

Healthy individuation and positive mental health are fostered by ________ family relationships.

A) constraining
B) authoritarian
C) close
D) distant

Question 30

Kiana believes that her parents are too strict and has decided not to abide by their rules. She refuses to do her chores around the house and breaks curfew every night. Kiana is probably from

A) a permissive home.
B) an authoritarian home.
C) an authoritative home.
D) an indifferent home.

Question 31

Parents who use a lot of psychological control are best characterized as being

A) emotionally distant and permissive.
B) overprotective and intrusive.
C) authoritative and critical.
D) autocratic and harsh.

Question 32

Which of the following types of households creates adolescents who do not develop healthy autonomy, have difficulty complying with rules, and are usually dependent on their friends?

A) authoritarian
B) autocratic
C) authoritative
D) indulgent

Question 33

Which of the following parenting behaviors encourages healthy adolescent individuation?

A) having rigidly enforced rules until the adolescent has developed autonomy
B) providing a family environment that is characterized by close family relationships
C) accepting that conflict and hostility are a normal part of the parent-child relationship
D) providing few guidelines so the adolescent develops their own standards for behavior

Question 34

Which of the following types of parenting promotes healthy emotional autonomy in adolescents?

A) authoritarian
B) indulgent
C) authoritative
D) indifferent

Question 35

Emotional autonomy develops best when parents encourage ________ and ________.

A) individuation; emotional closeness
B) individuation; emotional distance
C) detachment; emotional distance
D) independence; interdependence

Question 36

Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of increased emotional autonomy among adolescents?

A) Adolescents are eager to get their parents help and advice with problems.
B) Adolescents feel their parents are all-knowing and all-powerful.
C) Adolescents are able to see their parents as people.
D) Adolescents have difficulty sympathizing with their parents' problems.

Question 37

Which of the following is a characteristic of an adolescent's growing emotional autonomy?

A) Adolescents become more likely to believe their parents are all-knowing.
B) Adolescents become less likely to hold onto idealized pictures of their parents.
C) Adolescents become less attached to relationships outside the family.
D) When something goes wrong, adolescents assume their parents will "fix everything."

Question 38

Viggo says to his friends, "You know, sometimes my Dad is wrong, and I tell him so and I give him my opinion. I didn't used to do that when I was younger-I used to think that everything he said was right." Viggo is demonstrating

A) rebellion.
B) de-idealization.
C) detachment.
D) responsibility.

Question 39

During late adolescence and the college years, students who live away from home report which of the following?

A) better communication with their parents
B) more strained family relationships
C) lower levels of satisfaction with their family relationship
D) less affection for their parents

Question 40

As individuals transition from adolescence into adulthood and progress through the process of individuation, they tend to

A) increasingly view lying to their parents as unacceptable.
B) improve their techniques for lying to parents without being detected.
C) lie to their parents more and more often.
D) realize that their parents frequently lied to them when they were children.

Question 41

Peers usually have more influence than parents over adolescents' decisions regarding

A) work.
B) education.
C) social matters.
D) moral issues.

Question 42

Otis, a 17-year-old male, is most likely to be influenced by the opinions of his parents when dealing with which of the following questions?

A) Should I copy Niall's homework?
B) What should I wear to the party?
C) Who should I vote for in the student council election?
D) How do I get Brianna to like me?

Question 43

When researchers have used brain-imaging technology to investigate patterns of adolescent brain activation, they have found that regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to ________ intensely activated during early and middle adolescence than in adulthood.

A) rewards are more
B) rewards are less
C) punishment are more
D) punishment are less

Question 44

Between early and late adolescence, individuals increase in their

A) susceptibility to their peers' opinions.
B) ability to seek and evaluate the advice of others.
C) sensitivity to immediate rewards.
D) emotionally influenced, risky decision making.

Question 45

Research studies have indicated that the extent to which parents grant their children autonomy depends on the constellation of sons and daughters in the home and

A) their children's IQ.
B) the family's financial situation.
C) parents' attitudes toward sex roles.
D) whether the home is a single-parent family.

Question 46

Which statement about conformity to peers is true?

A) Conformity is higher during later adolescence.
B) Conformity is low when the behavior in question is antisocial.
C) Conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence.
D) Conformity to peers is low during early and middle adolescence.

Question 47

Between middle and late adolescence, individuals become

A) less likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with a decision.
B) more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices.
C) less likely to control their impulses.
D) more influenced by anticipated rewards.

Question 48

In early and middle adolescence, adolescents become more ________ with respect to parents, and more ________ with respect to peers.

A) autonomous; conformist
B) conformist; autonomous
C) autonomous; autonomous
D) conformist; conformist

Question 49

The family of which of the following adolescent girls is most likely to have earlier expectations for their child's autonomy?

A) Olivia, a White adolescent
B) Guan-yin, a Chinese adolescent
C) Chetana, an Indian adolescent
D) Min-seo, a Korean adolescent

Question 50

Craig's parents were permissive when he was a child and mostly let him spend his time as he liked. Now that he is 14, they are becoming stricter. They do not let him make decisions about what to do with his free time, and they closely monitor his activities. How is Craig likely to respond to this shift?

A) He will confide in his parents more and rely less on his peers.
B) He will decide to spend more time on schoolwork.
C) He will withdraw from his family and friends.
D) He will resist obeying his parents' rules.

Question 51

Which statement accurately describes research findings on sex and birth order differences in behavioral autonomy?

A) Sex differences are small, but later-born adolescents are granted more autonomy earlier.
B) Sex and birth order differences are very small and often inconsistent.
C) Birth order differences are small, but boys are usually granted more autonomy than girls.
D) Girls are granted more autonomy than boys, and older siblings are usually given more freedom earlier.

Question 52

With age, adolescents become more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions they make and more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices, and not just the immediate ones. These improvements seem to be due to which of the following?

A) the decline in the extent to which decisions are influenced by their potential immediate rewards
B) being more drawn to the potential benefits of a decision than the potential costs
C) decreases in self-regulation during middle and late adolescence
D) the increase in the probability that decision making is influenced by emotions

Question 53

Many individuals have argued that older adolescents should have the right to seek health care services without parental knowledge or consent because

A) the basic cognitive abilities necessary to make such decisions are mature by the age of 16.
B) it will help them to develop behavioral autonomy.
C) they are at an age where they could legally become emancipated.
D) they are more sexually active than younger adolescents.

Question 54

Emilio is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Emilio most likely to side with his friends and against his parents?

A) where to take his girlfriend on a date
B) the issue of capital punishment
C) the choice of religious affiliation
D) the value of a college education

Question 55

When asked what a guilty person should do when being interrogated by police, younger adolescents are more likely than older adolescents to recommend that the person

A) remain silent.
B) demand a lawyer.
C) confess.
D) blame someone else.

Question 56

Research comparing the decision-making abilities of young adults with people in their mid-20s has found that the young adults demonstrate ________ self-control than the people in their mid-20s when the two groups are ________.

A) better; calm
B) better; emotionally aroused
C) worse; calm
D) worse; emotionally aroused

Question 57

Before Hila fills out her course registration for fall semester, she asks her parents which courses they think she should take. Hila also consults the guidance counselor at school as well as some of her close friends. She weighs their suggestions, then enrolls in the courses that seem best suited to her educational goals. Which type of autonomy is Hila demonstrating?

A) cognitive autonomy
B) behavioral autonomy
C) emotional autonomy
D) psychosocial autonomy

Question 58

Which of the following statements about peer influence on Latino adolescents is true?

A) Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among relatively more acculturated Latino adolescents than their less acculturated peers.
B) Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among Latino adolescents who were born abroad than Latino adolescents born in the United States.
C) Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among Latino adolescents than among the overall U.S. population of adolescents.
D) Susceptibility to peer pressure is lower among Latino adolescents than among the overall U.S. population of adolescents.

Question 59

For which of the following questions is an adolescent most likely to turn to outside experts for advice?

A) What steps do I need to take to get admitted to college?
B) How should I decorate my first dorm room?
C) Will it be hard to make friends at college?
D) Is the University of Michigan a fun place to go to college?

Question 60

According to research on adolescent "reward sensitivity," who would be most likely to settle for $750 tomorrow rather than receive $1,000 a year from now?

A) 10- to 11-year-olds
B) 14- to 15-year-olds
C) 16- to 17-year-olds
D) 22- to 25-year-olds

Question 61

Reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called ________ reasoning.

A) principled
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) preconventional

Question 62

Which of the following is an example of cognitive autonomy?

A) establishing more adult-like relationships with family members
B) relying less on your parents for emotional support
C) refusing to cheat on an exam even when the teacher is not in the room
D) seeking the advice of others when faced with a serious question

Question 63

At which of the following ages would you expect susceptibility to peer pressure, especially for delinquent behaviors, to be the greatest?

A) 8 years
B) 11 years
C) 14 years
D) 19 years

Question 64

A person who obeys the rules because of a sense of social obligation to behave in certain ways is functioning at which level of moral development?

A) prosocial
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) preconventional

Question 65

During late adolescence, the susceptibility to peer pressure

A) remains stable.
B) increases
C) is highly variable.
D) decreases.

Question 66

An individual who sees society's rules and conventions as relative and subjective is at which stage of moral reasoning?

A) preconventional
B) postconventional
C) conventional
D) This description does not match any stage of moral reasoning.

Question 67

Postconventional reasoning can also be referred to as

A) emotional reasoning.
B) principled moral reasoning.
C) self-reliant reasoning.
D) autonomous reasoning.

Question 68

According to the cognitive-developmental perspective, the most important indicator of an individual's stage of moral reasoning is

A) whether the individual chose the correct answer.
B) how long the individual took to respond to the moral dilemma.
C) the reasoning behind an individual's response.
D) an individual's choice of words in his or her response.

Question 69

Which of the following is a characteristic of the development of cognitive autonomy?

A) decreasingly abstract thinking about moral, political, ideological, and religious issues
B) increasing emotional distance from parents
C) beliefs that are increasingly rooted in general principles that have an ideological basis
D) beliefs that are increasingly founded in the values of one's family

Question 70

Which of the following adolescents is likely to be the most susceptible to peer pressure?

A) Giang, an Asian male adolescent
B) Kyle, a White male adolescent
C) Aurelia, a Black female adolescent
D) Camila, a Latina female adolescent who was born in Colombia

Question 71

Adolescents are more likely to engage in problem behaviors if they are

A) distant from their parents.
B) close with their parents.
C) close with their peers.
D) distant from their peers.

Question 72

One recent brain imaging study that was investigating individual differences in susceptibility to peer pressure found that individuals who showed a heightened sensitivity to social evaluation were

A) more able to resist peer influences.
B) less able to resist peer influences.
C) less likely to be influenced by their emotions when making important decisions.
D) more likely to be influenced by their emotions when making important decisions.

Question 73

Which of the following adolescents is likely the most susceptible to peer pressure?

A) Bethany, a 17-year-old female, who spends time studying or going to the movies with her friends
B) Gavin, a 14-year-old male, who frequently spends time with friends who use alcohol and shoplift
C) Kazimir, an 11-year-old male, who spends most of his free time with his parents and sister
D) Toula, a 16-year-old female, who reads fashion magazines and blogs with her friends

Question 74

Malkhaz believes that there is nothing wrong with drinking a little beer because, "Everyone my age does it once in a while and I'll be a social outcast if I don't have a drink." Malkhaz's level of moral development would be described as

A) preconventional stage.
B) conventional stage.
C) postconventional stage.
D) prosocial stage.

Question 75

As a child, Jose doesn't understand that he simply cannot take the things he wants. As he gets older, he begins to understand the concept of ownership. This change is an example of

A) moral development.
B) peer pressure.
C) moral disengagement.
D) prosocial behavior.

Question 76

Adolescents who have less positive relationships with their parents than typical adolescents are more likely than others in their age groups to do which of the following?

A) spend time with friends under adult supervision
B) affiliate with antisocial peers
C) spend time with their siblings
D) obey their parents' rules

Question 77

Research suggests that adolescents ________ are the most likely to be susceptible to peer pressure.

A) whose parents become more authoritarian over time
B) whose parents encourage autonomy
C) who have positive regard for their parents
D) from authoritative homes that encourage independent decision making

Question 78

Which of the following adolescents (all are the same age) is likely to have a heightened susceptibility to peer pressure?

A) Stephen, a White male adolescent
B) Paul, a Black male adolescent
C) Alexis, a White female adolescent
D) Jocelyn, a Black female adolescent

Question 79

Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes shifts in

A) the kind of reasoning that individuals use to make decisions.
B) the content of the moral decisions that individuals make.
C) an individual's actions as a result of moral reasoning.
D) an individual's level of responsiveness to moral dilemmas.

Question 80

Research suggests that the majority of adolescents probably function at which of the following moral reasoning levels?

A) prosocial
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) preconventional