Deck 11: Personality, Theory and Assessment

Question 1

Personality is defined as

A) the degree of popularity or social approval accorded an individual.
B) the common characteristics that all individuals share regardless of superficial differences.
C) unpredictable deviations from an individual's usual pattern of behaviour.
D) an individual's unique and stable pattern of characteristics and behaviour.

Answer 1

an individual's unique and stable pattern of characteristics and behaviour.

Question 2

Which of the following is not a major component of Freud's theory?

A) the dominant role of the unconscious in determining our thoughts and behaviour
B) the concept of infantile sexuality
C) the idea that many of our thoughts and behaviours happen by chance or accident
D) the central role of sexual instinct

Answer 2

the idea that many of our thoughts and behaviours happen by chance or accident

Question 3

The definition of the term "personality" includes which of the following aspects?

A) idiosyncratic features which cannot be measured
B) unique patterns of behaving
C) unique features for which measurement devices exist
D) unique patterns of thinking

Answer 3

unique patterns of behaving

Question 4

According to Freud, your address and telephone number would usually reside in your

A) unconscious.
B) preconscious.
C) conscious mind.
D) ego.

Question 5

Which of the following is not one of the ideas central to psychoanalytic theory?

A) the sexual instinct
B) the unconscious
C) infantile sexuality
D) the lack of a cause for most human thought and behaviour

Question 6

According to Freud, whatever we are thinking at any given moment would be part of our

A) id.
B) preconscious.
C) conscious.
D) unconscious.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes what is meant by the term "psychoanalysis"?

A) It is a theory of the unconscious.
B) It is a therapy for treating psychological disorders.
C) It is both a therapy for treating psychological disorders and a theory of personality.
D) It is a theory of personality.

Question 8

The term _____________refers not only to a therapy for treating psychological disorders but also to a personality theory.

A) preconscious
B) Jungian
C) humanistic
D) psychoanalysis

Question 9

The id is ________ unconscious and operates according to the ________ principle.

A) completely; reality
B) partly; pleasure
C) partly; reality
D) completely; pleasure

Question 10

When Hua momentarily recalls an incident from childhood, that memory moved from the

A) conscious to the preconscious.
B) preconscious to the unconscious.
C) unconscious to the conscious.
D) preconscious to the conscious.

Question 11

According to Freud, the bulk of the human mind is in the realm of the

A) preconscious.
B) superego.
C) unconscious.
D) conscious.

Question 12

According to Freud, we can assume that as you read this question you are experiencing this moment in your

A) unconscious.
B) preconscious.
C) conscious.
D) ego.

Question 13

In the psychoanalytic system of the personality, where are the untamed passions and biological urges held?

A) superego
B) conscious
C) ego
D) id

Question 14

Sigmund Freud's theory is built on

A) a theoretical description of the way in which people learn to socialize from their family.
B) assumptions about lifelong human growth and development.
C) the concept of psychic determinism.
D) information gained from the treatment of his patients and his own life experiences.

Question 15

The theory of psychoanalysis was developed under the leadership of

A) Alfred Adler.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Abraham Maslow.
D) Carl Rogers.

Question 16

According to Freud, the id

A) serves as the individual's conscience.
B) desires immediate, total gratification of needs and urges.
C) acts according to the morality principle.
D) operates according to the reality principle in satisfying needs.

Question 17

According to Freud, which of the following reside in the conscious?

A) selfish needs
B) stored knowledge
C) repressed memories
D) moment-to-moment thoughts and feelings

Question 18

According to Freud, which of the following would not reside at the level of the unconscious?

A) shameful experiences
B) accessible memories
C) immoral urges
D) untamed passions

Question 19

Which of the following, according to Freud, contains elements of experience that are usually out of awareness, but that can be made conscious if focused upon?

A) preconscious
B) primitive
C) conscious
D) unconscious

Question 20

An individual's unique characteristic patterns of thinking, behaving and feeling is called

A) psychic determiners.
B) intelligence.
C) temperament.
D) personality.

Question 21

One might say that the ________ is in control of rapists and murderers.

A) id
B) libido
C) preconscious
D) superego

Question 22

The superego could be described as

A) the source of our knowledge.
B) more primitive than the id.
C) enlightened and modern.
D) our book of moral rules.

Question 23

You just found a gold watch in a darkened movie theatre. According to Freud's theory, which part of your personality would urge you to turn it in to the lost and found?

A) ego
B) id
C) unconscious
D) superego

Question 24

The ego operates on the ________ principle and is best described as ________.

A) reality; moral
B) reality; pleasure-seeking
C) pleasure; practical
D) reality; practical

Question 25

According to Freud, the part of the personality that corresponds roughly to the conscience is the

A) superego.
B) ego.
C) id.
D) preconscious.

Question 26

What is Freud's term for the psychic or sexual energy that comes from the id and provides energy for the entire personality?

A) thanatos
B) fixation
C) magnetism
D) libido

Question 27

According to Freud, what part of the personality takes account of the external world and directs behaviour so as to satisfy the demands of the id?

A) superego
B) id
C) ego
D) conscious

Question 28

The concept of the superego is similar to the concept of

A) conscience.
B) socialization.
C) justice.
D) self-actualization.

Question 29

Which of the following operates by the guideline "I want it and I want it now!"?

A) ego
B) conscious
C) superego
D) id

Question 30

According to psychoanalytic theory, one of the ego's task is to

A) hold the id in check until conditions appropriate for satisfaction of its impulses exist.
B) operate in accordance with the pleasure principle.
C) set moral guidelines for the id.
D) provide the source of energy for human personality.

Question 31

The part of the personality that must determine the most appropriate ways and means of satisfying your biological urges is the

A) ego.
B) ego ideal.
C) id.
D) superego.

Question 32

Which of the following is not descriptive of Freud's ego?

A) moral
B) practical
C) rational
D) reality oriented

Question 33

The moral system of personality, which consists of conscience and ego ideal, is the

A) superego.
B) ego.
C) preconscious.
D) id.

Question 34

The part of the personality which would make you want to eat, drink, and be merry is your

A) id.
B) ego ideal.
C) superego.
D) ego.

Question 35

According to psychoanalytic theory, __________ operates according to the __________ principle.

A) id; reality
B) superego; reality
C) id; pleasure
D) ego; compromise

Question 36

According to Freud, the id operates in accordance with the ________ principle, whereas the ego operates in accordance with the ________ principle.

A) pleasure; moral
B) pleasure; reality
C) reality; pleasure
D) immoral; reality

Question 37

Which of the following terms best describes the role played by the ego, in consideration of the id and reality?

A) negotiator
B) demanding
C) enforcer
D) defiant

Question 38

According to Freud, the part of the personality that corresponds roughly to the word "reason" is the

A) ego.
B) conscious.
C) id.
D) superego.

Question 39

The part of the personality Freud called the id roughly corresponds to the concept of

A) conscience.
B) desire.
C) reason.
D) restriction.

Question 40

The id is best described as

A) practical and opportunistic.
B) practical and unsympathetic.
C) irrational and selfish.
D) moral and rational.

Question 41

What defence mechanism did Freud believe was the most important, the most frequently used, and present to some extent in all other defence mechanisms?

A) repression
B) sublimation
C) rationalization
D) projection

Question 42

The defence mechanism in which people attribute their own undesirable traits to others is called

A) projection.
B) sublimation.
C) rationalization.
D) denial.

Question 43

Id is to ________ as ego is to ________.

A) pleasure-seeking; rational
B) rational; moral
C) pleasure-seeking; moral
D) moral; rational

Question 44

Projection is defined as

A) reverting to a behaviour that might have reduced anxiety at an earlier stage of development.
B) attributing our own undesirable thoughts or behaviour to others.
C) taking out our frustrations on a less threatening person or object.
D) making excuses to justify our failures or mistakes.

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of rationalization?

A) Phil fails to recognize his attraction to his son's date.
B) Bernard asks a professor to raise his grade; when the professor refuses, Bernard throws a temper tantrum.
C) Paul redirects anger from his boss to his dog.
D) Hua explains that he ate an entire chocolate cake so that it wouldn't spoil in the summer heat.

Question 46

Rationalization is defined as

A) taking out our frustrations on a less threatening person or object.
B) attributing our own undesirable thoughts or behaviour to others.
C) reverting to a behaviour that might have reduced anxiety at an earlier stage of development.
D) making excuses to justify our failures or mistakes.

Question 47

Trudy denies her anger with her best friend Leah, and claims that it is Leah who is upset. Trudy may be using the defence mechanism called

A) projection.
B) ego protection.
C) sublimation.
D) denial.

Question 48

Jamil has a great fear of dentists. He makes an appointment with his dentist, but although he marks the date and time on his calendar and in his date book, he still forgets to go. Freud would say that Jamil practiced the defence mechanism of

A) exclusion.
B) repression.
C) projection.
D) repulsion.

Question 49

The purpose of a defense mechanism is to

A) protect the superego from the ego.
B) complete the development of the mind so that all three parts can express themselves.
C) protect ourselves against anxiety and maintain self-esteem.
D) allow the expression of the id in its raw form.

Question 50

According to Freud, repression operates in all of the following ways, except

A) removing painful memories from consciousness and keeping them in the unconscious.
B) preventing disturbing aggressive impulses in the unconscious from entering consciousness.
C) preventing disturbing sexual impulses in the unconscious from entering consciousness.
D) rechannelling sexual or aggressive energy into pursuits and accomplishments that society considers praiseworthy.

Question 51

Which of the following involves the use of self-deception and distortions by the ego to protect against anxiety?

A) life instinct
B) free association
C) fixation
D) defence mechanisms

Question 52

Id is to ego as

A) desire is to conscience.
B) desire is to reason.
C) conscience is to desire.
D) reason is to desire.

Question 53

William lives a lifestyle that places him at a high risk for contracting the HIV (AIDS) virus. He insists that he does not have any chance of being infected and refuses to take precautions. From the psychoanalytic point of view, William is using the defence mechanism of

A) reaction formation.
B) denial.
C) sublimation.
D) displacement.

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of repression?

A) Gustavo does not remember being humiliated by his football coach.
B) Bernard asks a professor to raise his grade; when the professor refuses, Bernard throws a temper tantrum.
C) Hua explains that he ate an entire chocolate cake so that it wouldn't spoil in the summer heat.
D) Paul redirects anger from his boss to his dog.

Question 55

Ego is to ________ as superego is to ________.

A) rational; moral
B) pleasure-seeking; rational
C) pleasure-seeking; moral
D) moral; rational

Question 56

Boris has just been told by his fiancée that the engagement is off. He insists that she is playing a joke and does not really mean it. But she does. Boris is probably using

A) projection
B) regression.
C) reaction formation.
D) sublimation.

Question 57

Id is to ________ as superego is to ________.

A) pleasure-seeking; rational
B) rational; moral
C) pleasure-seeking; moral
D) moral; rational

Question 58

Whenever the ego is unable to solve its problems rationally, it turns to

A) emotions.
B) the superego.
C) free association.
D) defence mechanisms.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is not true of defence mechanisms?

A) They help defend the ego against anxiety.
B) To be effective, they must operate on an unconscious level.
C) They involve a distortion in the way we perceive reality.
D) Their use indicates abnormal behaviour.

Question 60

Forgetting a traumatic childhood experience would be an example of

A) displacement.
B) sublimation.
C) rationalization.
D) repression.

Question 61

Creating a work of art in moments of severe personal crisis may be an expression of the defence mechanism of

A) displacement.
B) rationalization.
C) sublimation.
D) repression.

Question 62

Kay resents her mother because she feels that her mother neglected her when she was growing up. Kay's overly kind and attentive behaviour toward her mother, who is old and sick, may be an example of the defence mechanism called

A) reaction formation.
B) sublimation.
C) displacement.
D) rationalization.

Question 63

After being punished by his father, Andy hits his younger brother. This is an example of

A) rationalization.
B) sublimation.
C) repression.
D) displacement.

Question 64

According to Freud, a fixation develops as a result of

A) either too much or too little gratification at a psychosexual stage.
B) too much gratification at a psychosexual stage.
C) the proper mix of overindulgence and frustration at a psychosexual stage.
D) too little gratification at a psychosexual stage.

Question 65

Which of the following is an example of displacement?

A) Paul redirects anger from the boss to the dog.
B) Phil fails to recognize his attraction to his son's date.
C) Hua explains that he ate an entire chocolate cake so that it wouldn't spoil in the summer heat.
D) Bernard asks a professor to raise his grade; when the professor refuses, Bernard throws a temper tantrum.

Question 66

Often when his wife criticizes him, Eric will pout for a while and then without a word, leave home and return to his mother's house for several hours. What would Freud label Eric's behaviour?

A) reaction formation
B) displacement
C) rationalization
D) regression

Question 67

According to Freud, too much or too little gratification in a psychosexual stage is likely to result in

A) a fixation.
B) a greater than average need for sexual activity in adulthood.
C) a psychological need to move on to the next psychosexual stage.
D) a decreased need for sexual activity in adulthood.

Question 68

Michel recently quit smoking, and now he constantly talks about how disgusting and dangerous smoking is. What defence mechanism might Michel be using?

A) reaction formation
B) displacement
C) regression
D) sublimation

Question 69

Supplying an excuse for arriving late is an example of

A) repression.
B) rationalization.
C) sublimation.
D) displacement.

Question 70

The defence mechanism in which people defend against anxiety by adopting behaviours opposite of their true feelings is called

A) reaction formation.
B) sublimation.
C) displacement.
D) rationalization.

Question 71

What defence mechanism do most of us use to justify our failures and to explain behaviour of which we are ashamed?

A) sublimation
B) displacement
C) projection
D) rationalization

Question 72

Regression occurs when we

A) take out our frustrations on a less threatening person or object.
B) rechannel negative psychic energy to a more positive activity.
C) behave as if we were less mature than we are, to protect ourselves from a current anxiety.
D) blame others for that for which we are responsible.

Question 73

The defence mechanism in which the energy from an unacceptable impulse is redirected into a socially desirable form is called

A) rationalization.
B) projection.
C) reaction formation.
D) sublimation.

Question 74

Displacement is defined as

A) making excuses to justify our failures or mistakes.
B) reverting to a behaviour that might have reduced anxiety at an earlier stage of development.
C) taking out our frustrations on a less threatening person or object.
D) attributing our own undesirable thoughts or behaviour to others.

Question 75

Dahlia has shown an aggressive streak since she was a child. As an adult, she learned to channel her "fighting" instinct toward becoming an excellent kickboxing instructor. Which of the following defence mechanisms has she used?

A) reaction formation
B) projection
C) repression
D) sublimation

Question 76

What term did Freud use to describe what occurs when development is arrested by either too much or too little gratification at one of the stages of psychosexual development?

A) derailment
B) overcompensation
C) stunting
D) fixation

Question 77

According to Freud, the sex instinct

A) first appears during the phallic stage.
B) first appears at puberty.
C) is learned.
D) is present at birth.

Question 78

As a consequence of his unresolved Oedipus complex, Will channelled his unconscious incestuous sexual desires into becoming a sex therapist. Which of the following defence mechanisms is he using?

A) rationalization
B) projection
C) regression
D) sublimation

Question 79

Maxine makes excuses, finding self-deceiving justification for unacceptable ideas and impulses. This is called

A) suppression.
B) projection.
C) repression.
D) rationalization.

Question 80

Which of the following is not one of Freud's psychosexual stages?

A) genital
B) latency
C) libido
D) anal