Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

Which of the following is analogous to converting and entering information into a computer in a form the computer can recognize?

A) encoding
B) retrieval
C) storage
D) reminiscence

Answer 1

encoding

Question 2

The duration of sensory memory is

A) longer for vision than for hearing.
B) the same across all sense modalities.
C) longer for hearing than for vision.
D) equal for vision and hearing and different for the other senses.

Answer 2

longer for hearing than for vision.

Question 3

Research demonstrates that the amount of information transferred from sensory memory to short-term memory is

A) very large.
B) immeasurable and insignificant.
C) unique to hearing.
D) very small.

Answer 3

very small.

Question 4

Which of the following is not a memory system in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

A) intermediate memory
B) sensory memory
C) short-term memory
D) long-term memory

Question 5

Which of the following is the name of the physiological change in the brain that allows information to be stored?

A) habituation
B) conditioning
C) consolidation
D) memory alteration

Question 6

Short-term memory is very important for all of the following, except

A) carrying on a conversation.
B) problem-solving.
C) remembering something you learned in class last week.
D) dialling a new telephone number.

Question 7

Which of the following refers to the processes through which information is retained in memory?

A) storage
B) reminiscence
C) encoding
D) retrieval

Question 8

"Repeat these digits after me: 8-0-6-5-9-1-7." What is this task measuring?

A) short-term memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) mathematical memory

Question 9

According to the text, what portion of the information present in sensory memory is transferred to short-term memory?

A) only a small portion
B) all
C) the vast majority
D) about half

Question 10

The longevity of sensory memory is best described as

A) very short.
B) very long.
C) a few nanoseconds.
D) a few hours.

Question 11

When Lisa twirled a flashlight in a dark room, which memory system caused her to briefly perceive a trail of light behind the actual location of the light?

A) intermediate
B) sensory
C) short-term
D) long-term

Question 12

Transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory is called ________; bringing the material that has been stored to mind is called ________.

A) encoding; retrieval
B) consolidation; decoding
C) consolidation; retrieval
D) encoding; decoding

Question 13

Which of the following memory processes refers to the way in which information is entered into memory?

A) retrieval
B) reminiscence
C) storage
D) encoding

Question 14

Hearing the last few words someone has spoken seem to echo briefly in your head is an example of auditory

A) short-term memory.
B) intermediate memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) long-term memory.

Question 15

How many different memory systems does the Atkinson-Shiffrin model propose?

A) five
B) two
C) four
D) three

Question 16

Which of the following refers to the processes that allow us to locate and then use information previously stored in memory?

A) storage
B) buffers
C) retrieval
D) encoding

Question 17

Short-term memory usually codes information according to

A) visual images.
B) sound.
C) meaning.
D) episodes.

Question 18

According to basic memory theory, when you recall information to answer questions on this test, you are

A) retrieving information.
B) reintegrating information.
C) decoding information.
D) assimilating information.

Question 19

Which memory system holds information coming in through the senses for a period ranging from a fraction of a second to several seconds?

A) episodic memory
B) sensory memory
C) semantic memory
D) short-term memory

Question 20

Three basic processes involved in the act of remembering are

A) acquisition, application, and extinction.
B) exposure, attention, and retention.
C) stimulus, interpretation, and response.
D) encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Question 21

When each new, incoming item pushes an existing item out of short-term memory, __________ has occurred.

A) retrieval
B) interference
C) displacement
D) trace decay

Question 22

One form of memory strategy that links new information to previously learned information is called

A) short-term memory strategy.
B) sensory memory strategy.
C) long-term memory strategy.
D) elaboration strategy.

Question 23

Information entered into short-term memory fades quickly unless it is

A) unassociated with past memories.
B) communicated.
C) rehearsed.
D) left alone.

Question 24

Various forms of manipulation of information exist that involve more than simply rote rehearsal. The goal of this manipulation is to retain information in long-term memory. These activities are known as

A) short-term memory rehearsal.
B) memory strategies.
C) long-term rehearsal.
D) sensory strategies.

Question 25

The process of combining separate pieces of information into large units in short-term memory is referred to as

A) the savings method.
B) acoustical storage.
C) chunking.
D) reminiscence.

Question 26

Jane must introduce a senior manager at an important meeting. Jane does not wish to use notes for the brief set of comments she wants to make. She spends the evening before the meeting reading the comments over and over again, until she has them memorized. This process is called

A) rehearsal.
B) over-reading.
C) constant practice method.
D) edict imagery memory.

Question 27

Which of the following types of memory is what most people refer to when they use the term "memory," because it is the system that allows retention of vast amounts of information for an extended period?

A) Interpretative memory
B) Long-term memory
C) Short-term memory
D) Sensory memory

Question 28

According to the levels-of-processing model, which of the following involves shallow processing of information?

A) judging the value of an antique
B) deciding if a word fits in a sentence
C) indicating if a word is printed in capital letters
D) determining if two words rhyme

Question 29

Information in the short-term memory must be rehearsed in order to be retained for longer than about

A) 1 or 2 seconds.
B) 20 or 30 seconds.
C) 5 seconds.
D) 2 or 3 minutes.

Question 30

Anastasia has just looked up a new phone number. While dialling the number, she repeats it to herself to keep it in her

A) short-term memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) intermediate memory.
D) long-term memory.

Question 31

The capacity of the long-term memory system is best described as

A) high.
B) unlimited.
C) small.
D) limited.

Question 32

The capacity of short-term memory is just right for a

A) fourteen-digit credit card number.
B) person's name.
C) digital clock.
D) seven-digit phone number.

Question 33

When a hyphen is placed in a phone number, like 964-2281, remembering the phone number is easier because the hyphen encourages one to make use of

A) rehearsal.
B) chunking.
C) the savings method.
D) attention.

Question 34

Which of the following sets of digits best represents the number of separate items that can be held in the short-term memory?

A) 10056839210377
B) 25776645925
C) 173
D) 7341839

Question 35

A component of working memory is

A) elaborative rehearsal.
B) short-term memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) iconic memory.

Question 36

Which of the following is not descriptive of long-term memory?

A) It is a storehouse of our accumulated knowledge and information.
B) It usually stores information according to sound.
C) It has a virtually unlimited capacity.
D) It is relatively permanent.

Question 37

The maximum time information can be held in the short-term memory without rehearsal is

A) 3 minutes.
B) 30 minutes.
C) 3 seconds.
D) 30 seconds.

Question 38

Rehearsal increases the amount of time information can be held in

A) long-term memory.
B) sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) sensory memory.

Question 39

There are two types of declarative memory: episodic memory and ________ memory.

A) literal
B) working
C) personal
D) semantic

Question 40

What is said to occur when short-term memory is holding its maximum, and each new item entering short-term memory pushes out an existing item?

A) displacement
B) chunking
C) consolidation
D) encoding

Question 41

Which of the following memories is linked to general knowledge not associated with specific times or contexts?

A) non-declarative memory
B) semantic memory
C) episodic memory
D) sensory memory

Question 42

Which of the following is not part of declarative memory?

A) personal life events
B) facts
C) information
D) driving a car

Question 43

"The earth is the third planet from the sun. True or false?" Your ability to answer this question relies on your

A) non-declarative memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) episodic memory.
D) short-term memory.

Question 44

An especially good __________ memory will aid Meredith in winning big on quiz shows such as Jeopardy.

A) short-term
B) episodic
C) semantic
D) non-declarative

Question 45

Which of the following would be stored in non-declarative memory?

A) the memory of your trip to work yesterday
B) knowing how to knit
C) the meaning of "hypothalamus"
D) the date of your mother's birthday

Question 46

Which of the following would not be stored in semantic memory?

A) the chemical formula for water
B) games played at your sixth birthday party
C) the definition of "carnivore"
D) the capital of France

Question 47

Your ability to remember who attended your high school prom is an example of

A) semantic memory.
B) episodic memory.
C) non-declarative memory.
D) mnemonic memory.

Question 48

If you were to write an autobiography, the content would be retrieved primarily from your

A) non-declarative memory.
B) episodic memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) semantic memory.

Question 49

The memory that stores general knowledge and concepts, ideas, and rules about the world is called

A) cognitive memory.
B) episodic memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) non-declarative memory.

Question 50

The levels-of-processing model states that the ability to recall memories depends on

A) whether or not the information was stored in short-term memory long enough to get into long-term memory.
B) how deeply we have processed the information.
C) the amount of rehearsal required to get information into long-term memory.
D) sensory memory detecting and holding the information.

Question 51

Your ability to do well on these exam questions relies on

A) episodic memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) maintenance memory.

Question 52

What is the subsystem within long-term memory that stores facts, information, and personal life experiences?

A) non-declarative memory
B) declarative memory
C) semantic memory
D) episodic memory

Question 53

Jeff is able to ride a bicycle although he hasn't ridden one for a few years, thanks to his

A) episodic memory.
B) non-declarative memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) cognitive memory.

Question 54

What is the subsystem within long-term memory that holds our memory for motor skills gained through repetitive practice?

A) declarative memory
B) semantic memory
C) non-declarative memory
D) episodic memory

Question 55

Which of the following would not be stored in semantic memory?

A) methods of factoring algebraic equations
B) the knowledge that Idaho grows potatoes and Iowa grows corn
C) the meaning of "crustacean"
D) how to play the guitar

Question 56

The component of long-term memory which is autobiographical in nature is __________ memory; the component which is like an encyclopedia or dictionary of stored knowledge is __________ memory.

A) semantic; episodic
B) episodic; semantic
C) non-declarative; declarative
D) declarative; semantic

Question 57

Episodic memory would most closely resemble

A) an encyclopedia.
B) a dictionary.
C) a diary.
D) a cookbook.

Question 58

Which subsystem of long-term memory does not require conscious awareness?

A) semantic memory
B) non-declarative memory
C) episodic memory
D) declarative memory

Question 59

The ability to play tennis is stored primarily in

A) non-declarative memory.
B) representational memory.
C) propositional memory.
D) declarative memory.

Question 60

A newspaper story that describes someone's experiences growing up in a small town is most like

A) iconic memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) non-declarative memory.
D) episodic memory.

Question 61

Yolanda has witnessed a robbery, and the police have asked her to identify the guilty person in a police line-up. Yolanda is performing a

A) savings task.
B) recognition task.
C) relearning task.
D) recall task.

Question 62

A savings score is given in terms of the

A) percentage of items correct on relearning.
B) percentage of items correct on the first attempt.
C) total time spent in seconds or minutes during relearning.
D) time or learning trials saved in relearning relative to the time or learning trials in learning the items originally.

Question 63

When material must be recalled in a specific order, which of the following types of recall is required?

A) serial recall
B) structured recall
C) ordinal recall
D) fixed recall

Question 64

When on the witness stand, Wally is asked to relate the events as they happened on the morning of the crime. For this task, which of the following types of recall is required?

A) free recall
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) serial recall

Question 65

When 3-year-old Josh counts from one to ten, he is using

A) relearning.
B) serial recall.
C) free recall.
D) structured recall.

Question 66

Alan has won his school's spelling bee by correctly spelling the word, "conscious." Alan has performed a

A) recall task.
B) recognition task.
C) savings task.
D) relearning task.

Question 67

__________ consists of motor skills, habits, and simple classically conditioned responses.

A) Non-declarative memory
B) Episodic memory
C) Semantic memory
D) Declarative memory

Question 68

Often we fill in details when recalling natural events. We seem to add material to what we actually experienced. This phenomenon is referred to as

A) a schematization.
B) a reconstruction.
C) hyperamnesia.
D) metamemory.

Question 69

Which of the following methods is the most sensitive way of measuring retention and can detect learning when other methods cannot?

A) recall
B) retrieval
C) recognition
D) relearning

Question 70

Which of the following is not one of the main methods used by researchers for measuring memory?

A) retention
B) relearning
C) recall
D) recognition

Question 71

What is the memory that is not a replica of an event, but one that has been pieced together from a few highlights and uses information that may or may not be accurate?

A) a reconstruction
B) a schematization
C) hyperamnesia
D) metamemory

Question 72

What early memory researcher found that, rather than accurately recalling information detail by detail, people often reconstruct and systematically distort facts to make them more consistent with past experiences?

A) Frederick Bartlett
B) William James
C) Hermann Ebbinghaus
D) Elizabeth Loftus

Question 73

The percentage of time saved in relearning material compared to the time taken in the original learning is called the

A) encoding effect.
B) retrieval score.
C) savings score.
D) relearning score.

Question 74

Which of the following is the best example of a test question involving recall?

A) essay questions
B) true-false questions
C) multiple-choice questions
D) matching questions

Question 75

Answering a multiple-choice question such as this one is a

A) savings memory task.
B) recognition memory task.
C) relearning memory task.
D) recall memory task.

Question 76

Although you may seem to forget all of the material on this exam, you do retain something because you will not have to study it as much for the cumulative final. This is an example of which method of measuring memory?

A) serial recall
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) recall

Question 77

When Bartlett studied memory using rich and meaningful events presented in lifelike scenarios, he found that

A) infantile amnesia was common.
B) people tend to displace a lot of their memories.
C) accurate reports were rare and distortions were common.
D) people had very accurate memories for small details.

Question 78

When psychologists say that a person's memory is a reconstruction, they mean that the memory

A) is false.
B) is an accurate account of an event.
C) has been pieced together and is probably partly accurate and partly inaccurate.
D) was repressed and then recovered.

Question 79

All of the following test items are recognition questions, except

A) multiple-choice questions.
B) matching questions.
C) essay questions.
D) true-false questions.

Question 80

Recall differs from recognition in that recall

A) maximizes retrieval cues.
B) taps short-term memory as well as long-term memory.
C) is a more sensitive method of measuring memory.
D) requires few or no retrieval cues.