Deck 4: States of Consciousness

Question 1

The SCN acts on this information by signalling the________, located in the centre of the brain.

A) hippocampus
B) central lobe
C) pineal gland
D) adrenal gland

Answer 1

pineal gland

Question 2

A good example of an ultradian rhythm is

A) hunger.
B) eye blinking.
C) sleep.
D) menstruation.

Answer 2

menstruation.

Question 3

Researchers believe that the suprachiasmatic nucleus acts as

A) our biological clock.
B) the regulator of our heart rate.
C) a trigger for thirst and hunger sensations.
D) the source of inner awareness of time.

Answer 3

our biological clock.

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of an ultradian rhythm?

A) blood pressure
B) menstruation
C) hunger
D) the body's response to medications

Question 5

The continuous stream of perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and sensations of which we are aware is referred to as

A) behaviour analysis.
B) unconscious processing.
C) automatic processing.
D) consciousness.

Question 6

All of the following are considered to be part of infradian rhythms, except

A) heartbeats.
B) alertness.
C) hunger.
D) menstruation.

Question 7

The two circadian rhythms which are most relevant to the study of sleep are patterns of alertness and

A) blood pressure.
B) heart rate.
C) body temperature.
D) secretion of hormones.

Question 8

Which of the following does not appear to follow a circadian rhythm?

A) menstruation
B) appetite
C) secretion of hormones
D) blood pressure and heart rate

Question 9

Circadian rhythms are controlled largely by the

A) calendar.
B) pituitary gland.
C) brain.
D) heart.

Question 10

The discomfort that results from jet lag is caused by disruption of

A) active consciousness.
B) circadian rhythms.
C) the receptive cycle.
D) the vestibular system.

Question 11

Circadian rhythms commonly refer to physiological cycles that are approximately ____ long.

A) 24 hours
B) 30 days
C) 7 days
D) 72 hours

Question 12

What is regarded as the physical site of our biological clock?

A) the thalamus
B) the pineal gland
C) the suprachiasmatic nucleus
D) the heart

Question 13

The subjective nature of consciousness has been recently examined through objective studies by psychologists using such tools as

A) the MRI and aptitude tests.
B) the CT scan and the EEG.
C) psychotherapy and projective tests.
D) legal and illicit drugs.

Question 14

Research suggests all of the following about jet lag, except that

A) it can cause permanent memory loss.
B) it is made worse by exposure to melatonin.
C) it can be aided by exposure to bright light during the early morning hours.
D) it can be avoided to a certain degree by altering sleep patterns before travel.

Question 15

Which of the following best defines consciousness?

A) wakefulness
B) rationality
C) awareness
D) receptiveness

Question 16

The daily fluctuations in body temperature and the sleep-wakefulness cycle are called

A) infradian rhythms.
B) ultradian rhythms.
C) alpha rhythms.
D) circadian rhythms.

Question 17

For most people, 2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. is a time of day when they

A) are less alert than during the rest of the day.
B) are especially prone to sexual fantasies.
C) are least likely to be able to sleep.
D) are at their intellectual peak.

Question 18

In addition to circadian rhythms, other biological rhythms influence human functioning. Most noteworthy among these are __________________

A) ultradian and infradian rhythms.
B) complex and simple rhythms.
C) gastrointestinal rhythms.
D) metabolic rhythms.

Question 19

The most fundamental altered state is

A) sleep.
B) states reached through meditation.
C) alcohol induced.
D) a drug-induced state.

Question 20

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is located in the brain's ________.

A) cortex
B) parietal lobe
C) hypothalamus
D) hippocampus

Question 21

Which of the following is not typical of REM sleep?

A) paralysis of large muscles
B) rapid eye movements
C) slow, regular respiration and heart rate
D) dreaming

Question 22

Your company is creating a new rotating night shift for its workers. How would you advise them to proceed in order to reduce the risks associated with circadian rhythm disruption?

A) Make sure that night shifts always span the entire night.
B) Install a free coffee machine for the workers to use when the feel sleepy.
C) Rotate shifts every night by at least 6 hours, so that no worker is left on the night shift for very long.
D) Allow a break for workers to have a brief nap during their shifts.

Question 23

How many different stages of NREM sleep have been identified?

A) two
B) three
C) one
D) four

Question 24

Simone flew from Edmonton, Alberta, to London, England, two days ago. Since then, she has been feeling sleepy during the day but has had difficulty sleeping during the night. The probable reason for her difficulty is that

A) airline travel has temporarily disrupted her hypothalamus.
B) she is exhausted from sight-seeing.
C) her body clock is not synchronized with clock time.
D) she has eaten meals at odd hours, disrupting her digestive system.

Question 25

Early research on sleep included monitoring subjects in all of the following areas except

A) chin-muscle tension.
B) heart and respiration rates.
C) eye movements.
D) large-muscle twitches.

Question 26

Research has shown that the hour change during daylight savings time

A) is a popular travel day because of its effects on jet-lag.
B) is associated with increased traffic accidents and deaths.
C) is associated with an increased rate of violent crime.
D) has no significant effects on behaviour.

Question 27

All of the following help shift workers feel better, except

A) a drug called modafinil.
B) eating a large meal before, during, and immediately after a night shift.
C) brief naps during each shift.
D) light exposure during the last four hours of sleep.

Question 28

All of the following are believed to decrease problems associated with working night shifts, except

A) staying awake for 24 hours after a night shift by increasing caffeine intake.
B) exposure to bright light during the last four hours of sleep.
C) use of a wakefulness drug called modafinil.
D) brief nap periods during a shift, where possible.

Question 29

Which of the following is more typical of NREM than REM sleep?

A) fast, regular respiration and heart rate
B) vivid dreams
C) eye movements
D) some bodily movement

Question 30

All of the following statements are true of shift workers, except that

A) they have more digestive problems.
B) they perk up during their subjective night.
C) they use more caffeine and alcohol.
D) they sleep fewer hours.

Question 31

Disruption of circadian rhythms is most likely to be a long-term problem for people who

A) travel abroad every summer.
B) work rotating shifts.
C) don't go to sleep and wake up at approximately the same time every day.
D) have an inner-ear infection.

Question 32

Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep?

A) delta waves
B) increased brain temperature
C) activation of large muscles
D) decrease in adrenaline

Question 33

Which statement is the best description of sleep cycles in normal sleep?

A) Each consists of four stages of REM sleep followed by NREM sleep.
B) Each consists of one or more stages of NREM sleep.
C) Each consists of one or more stages of NREM sleep followed by REM sleep.
D) Each consists of one or more stages of REM sleep.

Question 34

Which of the following statements is not true about subjective night?

A) The urge to sleep is greatest.
B) Energy and efficiency are at their lowest points.
C) Productivity diminishes.
D) Body temperature is at its highest.

Question 35

As a person shifts from a waking state to being asleep,

A) heart rate gradually increases.
B) blood pressure rapidly increases.
C) brain activity decreases.
D) respiration rates increase slowly.

Question 36

Research suggests that problems with night shifts can be overcome by

A) higher personnel turnover.
B) exposure to periods of high light while working.
C) asking for volunteers.
D) the playing of soft music in the workplace.

Question 37

The negative impacts of shift work

A) are typically resolved within three months of resuming normal sleep patterns.
B) are usually reversed after one full night of normal sleep.
C) are usually reversed after three consecutive nights of normal sleep.
D) can last for years, and some effects may be permanent.

Question 38

In order to reduce the impact of circadian rhythm disruption, light masks should be used

A) for the entire sleep session.
B) during the last four hours of a sleep session.
C) during the first four hours of a sleep session.
D) For the four hours just prior to a sleep session.

Question 39

Which of the following occurs during REM sleep?

A) slower and irregular respiration
B) lower blood pressure
C) paralysis of the large muscles
D) decreased brain activity

Question 40

Which of the following is an effective strategy for combating jet lag?

A) Skipping an extra night's sleep after arriving at your destination.
B) Avoiding sunlight in the morning and exposure to bright light in the evening.
C) Gradually advancing your sleep schedule by an hour a night before you leave home.
D) The consistent use of caffeine throughout the day.

Question 41

Stage 3 is known as the beginning of

A) slow-wave sleep.
B) REM sleep.
C) the sleep cycle.
D) active sleep.

Question 42

Which age group has the most difficulty sleeping, the most awakenings, and the lightest sleep?

A) infants
B) young adults
C) adolescents
D) the elderly

Question 43

Sleep cycles last approximately

A) 45 minutes.
B) 60 minutes.
C) 90 minutes.
D) 100 minutes.

Question 44

The stage of sleep in which most people spend the least amount of time during the night is

A) Stage 2.
B) Stage 3.
C) Stage 1.
D) REM.

Question 45

The brain waves that occur in Stage 4 sleep are primarily

A) beta waves.
B) alpha waves.
C) delta waves.
D) theta waves.

Question 46

Harriet is 85 years old. She finds her sleep at night to be lighter and less satisfying. This should be considered

A) typical for adolescence.
B) a sign of terminal decline.
C) infantile sleep pattern syndrome.
D) normal.

Question 47

Stage 4 sleep begins when

A) dreams begin.
B) more than 50 percent of brain activity is delta waves.
C) delta waves begin to appear.
D) one first falls asleep.

Question 48

About 50% of a night's sleep is spent in

A) Stage 2 sleep.
B) Stage 4 sleep.
C) Stage 3 sleep.
D) Stage 1 sleep.

Question 49

The deepest sleep is called

A) Stage 4.
B) Stage 3.
C) Stage 2.
D) Stage 1.

Question 50

Which of the following groups has the longest sleep time and the highest percentage of REM sleep?

A) children from six to puberty
B) infants and young children
C) adults
D) adolescents

Question 51

Which of the following groups has the most REM sleep?

A) the elderly
B) adolescents
C) infants and young children
D) children from six to puberty

Question 52

Which of the following groups spends many hours in bed, but is the least likely to experience satisfying sleep?

A) children from six to puberty
B) the elderly
C) adolescents
D) infants and young children

Question 53

Which of the following groups is considered to contain champion sleepers-who sleep long but stay awake and alert through the day?

A) adolescents
B) children from six to puberty
C) infants and young children
D) adults

Question 54

After the first two sleep cycles, the sleeper will spend the rest of the night

A) dreaming.
B) alternating between stage 2 and REM sleep.
C) in slow-wave sleep.
D) in Stages 2 and 3.

Question 55

Which age group gets the most sleep in a typical 24-hour cycle?

A) adults
B) infants and young children
C) the elderly
D) teenagers

Question 56

Eunice is 55 years old. Compared to when she was 35, if her sleep patterns have been typical, she will most likely experience which of the following?

A) more frequent, but shorter periods of awakening during the night
B) lighter sleep
C) deeper sleep
D) fewer awakenings in the night

Question 57

In terms of sleep, adolescents

A) have the same sleep patterns as the elderly.
B) typically require two more hours of sleep per night than they usually get.
C) actually have the most problem in going to sleep.
D) sleep longer hours than infants.

Question 58

Compared to the first two sleep cycles, sleep cycles later in the night are characterized by less

A) REM sleep.
B) dreaming.
C) Stage 2 sleep.
D) slow-wave sleep.

Question 59

Which age group is most likely to fall asleep easily, sleep soundly for more than eight hours, and feel awake and alert during the day?

A) children from age six to puberty
B) adolescents
C) the elderly
D) infants

Question 60

A sleeping person is most easily awakened from

A) Stage 2 sleep.
B) Stage 3 sleep.
C) Stage 1 sleep.
D) Stage 4 sleep.

Question 61

Which of the following is an accurate statement about sleep patterns?

A) About 25 percent of people are classified as larks.
B) An owl's body temperature peaks earlier in the day than does a lark's.
C) Only 10 percent of people are true owls.
D) Larks have higher average intelligence than owls.

Question 62

Which of the following best describes the typical content of dreams?

A) Dreams typically reflect the preoccupations of waking life.
B) Dreams are typically focused on anxiety-provoking problems from daily life.
C) Dreams are filled with remote and frightening images that we hide from consciousness.
D) Dreams with pleasant contents are actually quite rare.

Question 63

Compared to REM dreams, NREM dreams are

A) more visual.
B) more vivid.
C) more thought-like.
D) more emotional.

Question 64

Annie has troubling, recurring dreams, and is practising the ability to control her dreams. What is the name for this skill?

A) active dreaming
B) lucid dreaming
C) activation-synthesis dreaming
D) parasomnia

Question 65

Compared to NREM dreams, REM dreams are

A) more thought-like.
B) more vivid.
C) less emotional.
D) less visual.

Question 66

Psychologists believe one of the purposes of REM sleep is to

A) help organize and store relevant information.
B) replenish our energy level.
C) grow new neurons.
D) support NREM sleep activity.

Question 67

Larks are to ________ as owls are to ________.

A) lower body temperatures; higher body temperatures
B) few sleep problems; easily adapting to night shifts
C) sleeping quietly; sleep apnea
D) eating during the day; eating throughout the night

Question 68

What is the term for an increased amount of REM sleep that occurs after REM deprivation, which is often associated with unpleasant dreams or nightmares?

A) REM rebound
B) REM reversal
C) microsleep
D) REM intrusion

Question 69

Which type of sleep seems to aid in learning and memory in humans and other animals?

A) Stage 2
B) REM sleep
C) Stage 1
D) Stages 3 and 4

Question 70

People who have frightening recurring dreams experience all of the following, except

A) greater stress.
B) greater depression and anxiety.
C) repeated awakenings in the night.
D) minor physical complaints.

Question 71

Which of the following reflects one of the known differences in dream content between men and women?

A) Men dream about street scenes and tool usage more than women.
B) Women dream about sunny vacation destinations more than men.
C) Men's dreams are more vivid than those of women.
D) Women dream about sexual encounters more than men.

Question 72

The increase in the percentage of REM sleep to make up for REM deprivation is called

A) sleep appreciation.
B) REM accommodation.
C) REM rebound.
D) REM accrual.

Question 73

Which of the following is not likely to happen if you go without sleep for two days?

A) You will hallucinate.
B) You are less able to concentrate.
C) You are likely to have microsleeps.
D) You are easily irritated.

Question 74

Gary has not experienced a normal amount of REM sleep for the past few nights due to alcohol use. During the next night's sleep, Gary would be expected to

A) sleep for significantly fewer hours.
B) get an increased amount of REM sleep.
C) show neither an increase nor decrease in REM sleep.
D) get a decreased amount of REM sleep.

Question 75

Two of the most common themes of dream content are

A) being chased and sexual experiences.
B) illness of a loved one and death.
C) failing an exam and flying.
D) being attacked and falling.

Question 76

As part of a research study, Alicia keeps a journal beside her bed and she records what she was dreaming about as soon as she awakens from a dream. Based on evidence presented in the text, this technique is used probably because

A) manifest content is more difficult than latent content to recover if the dreams are recorded much after they occur.
B) dream memories only last about 10 minutes after the dreams have occurred.
C) she is very forgetful and easily distracted.
D) latent content is more difficult than manifest content to recover if the dreams are recorded much after they occur.

Question 77

Dream memories usually do not last more than ________ after the dream is over.

A) 30 minutes
B) 1 minute
C) 20 seconds
D) 10 minutes

Question 78

According to researchers, each of the following statements about the content of dreams is correct, except that

A) dreams are generally consistent with the overall concerns of the dreamer.
B) most dreams are lucid dreams.
C) males' dreams tend to have more aggressive content.
D) females' dreams tend to contain more references to animals.

Question 79

Following REM deprivation, there is usually

A) an increase in REM sleep.
B) a decrease in REM sleep.
C) an absence of REM sleep.
D) no change in the amount of REM sleep.

Question 80

What are the momentary lapses from wakefulness into sleep that usually occur when a person has been sleep-deprived?

A) sleep insertion
B) microsleeps
C) rem intrusion
D) momentary sleep reversal