Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

In his original studies with dogs, Pavlov concluded that the salivation response had been learned because

A) dogs should have been calmed by the musical tones, not excited to the point of salivation.
B) all behaviour is learned.
C) gradual progress towards this response had been observed.
D) dogs do not naturally salivate to musical tones.

Answer 1

dogs do not naturally salivate to musical tones.

Question 2

In Pavlov's original research, dogs heard a tone and then had meat powder placed in their mouths which caused them to salivate. In this case, salivating to the meat powder is an example of

A) a conditioned stimulus.
B) a conditioned response.
C) an unconditioned response.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 2

an unconditioned response.

Question 3

In the psychology of learning, any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds is called

A) a mark.
B) a discriminative event.
C) a signal.
D) a stimulus.

Answer 3

a stimulus.

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of an unconditioned reflex?

A) Joseph smiling after receiving a high grade on an exam
B) Damien cheering his favourite team in the final play-off game
C) Amanda saying "Thank you" to a helpful sales clerk in a store
D) Bob pulling his hand back after touching a hot stove burner

Question 5

Which of the following is not an example of an unconditioned reflex?

A) John's pupils dilating in response to a bright light
B) Mike pulling his hand back quickly after touching a hot stove
C) Rick wiping his dirty hands off on his jeans before picking up the mail from the table
D) Tony's tears when he is peeling onions

Question 6

Experience causes learning if it results in

A) a cognitive understanding of what has changed.
B) internal changes in the organism which may or may not be detectable.
C) a relatively permanent change in behaviour, capability, or attitude.
D) maturation of the targeted area.

Question 7

An involuntary response to a particular stimulus, such as an eye-blink response to a puff of air or salivation to food placed in one's mouth, is called a

A) modified behaviour.
B) conditioned response.
C) vicarious response.
D) reflex.

Question 8

Which of the following would be an example of learning, according to the definition in the text?

A) Now that he is six feet and three inches tall, Michael can dunk a basketball.
B) Andy rides his bicycle without training wheels for the first time.
C) The newborn calf stands up and begins to walk.
D) A spider spins its first web.

Question 9

In classical conditioning, if an animal responds to a stimulus the first time the stimulus is presented, the response is called the

A) conditioned response.
B) extinction response.
C) maturation response.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 10

In Pavlov's original research, dogs heard a tone and then had meat powder placed in their mouths which caused them to salivate. After many pairings of the tone and meat powder, they would salivate when the tone was presented alone. In this case, the meat powder is an example of

A) an unconditioned response.
B) a conditioned response.
C) a conditioned stimulus.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 11

An important aspect of the definition of learning is that the learned behaviour

A) is a result of experience.
B) is present in all adult members of the species.
C) must be adaptive for the organism.
D) must be observable.

Question 12

In Pavlov's original research, dogs heard a tone and then had meat powder placed in their mouths, which caused them to salivate. After many pairings of the tone and the meat powder, they would salivate when the tone was presented alone. In this case, the tone is an example of

A) an unconditioned stimulus.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) a conditioned stimulus.
D) a conditioned response.

Question 13

Birds' migration and salmon's spawning are not considered learned behaviours, because they

A) are not relatively permanent.
B) do not result from experience.
C) have not been reinforced.
D) are not always overt.

Question 14

In Pavlov's original research, dogs heard a tone and then had meat powder placed in their mouths, which caused them to salivate. After many pairings of the tone and the meat powder, they would salivate when the tone was presented alone. In this case, the conditioned response would be

A) salivating to the tone.
B) the meat powder.
C) the tone.
D) the meat powder's influence on salivating.

Question 15

Which behavioural changes are considered to be learned?

A) Those occurring as a result of maturation
B) Those occurring as a result of illness
C) Those occurring as a result of experience
D) Those occurring as a result of fatigue

Question 16

According to Pavlov, when classically conditioning a response, it is best to present the conditioned stimulus

A) several minutes before the unconditioned stimulus.
B) slightly before the unconditioned stimulus.
C) immediately after the unconditioned stimulus.
D) at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 17

The term learning applies to behaviour changes

A) that are relatively permanent.
B) that result from maturation.
C) stemming from fatigue, drugs, or illness.
D) that are temporary.

Question 18

Which of the following refers to the learned aspect from an example of classical conditioning?

A) salivating to the sound of the word steak
B) giving food pellets to a pigeon after it pecks at a red dot target
C) pairing a bell with the presentation of food
D) presenting a puff of air to cause a person's eyelid to blink

Question 19

In his investigation of classical conditioning, Ivan Pavlov found that dogs

A) refused to eat food that they had seen make other dogs sick.
B) who had been conditioned could no longer digest food normally.
C) would not eat food within reach until given the appropriate signal.
D) began to salivate at the sight or sound of laboratory assistants bringing food, as well as from the taste of the food.

Question 20

In classical conditioning, the stimulus which elicits a response the first time it is presented to an organism is called the

A) generalized stimulus.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) neutral stimulus.

Question 21

Andrea's mother always puts special napkins on the table when she serves fried chicken, Andrea's favourite food. Now Andrea begins to salivate as soon as she sees the special napkins on the table. The conditioned stimulus in this situation is

A) the special napkins.
B) the fried chicken.
C) Andrea's mother.
D) salivation.

Question 22

Carrie fed her cat canned tuna that was opened with an electric can opener. Even when she was merely opening a can of corn, her cat responded physically as if it were about to be fed. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the

A) sound of the electric can opener.
B) eating behaviours.
C) corn.
D) tuna.

Question 23

Articles of clothing or other features that are repeatedly paired with sexual arousal or pleasure may become ________ for such reactions.

A) unconditioned responses
B) conditioned responses
C) conditioned stimuli
D) unconditioned stimuli

Question 24

A puff of air on the surface of your eye will make you blink reflexively. If you hear a buzzer repeatedly just before air is puffed into your eye, eventually you will blink as soon as you hear the buzzer. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the

A) eye-blink response to the puff of air.
B) puff of air.
C) buzzer.
D) eye-blink response to the buzzer.

Question 25

Andrea's mother always puts special napkins on the table when she serves fried chicken, Andrea's favourite food. Now Andrea begins to salivate as soon as she sees the special napkins on the table. The special napkins in this situation are the

A) unconditioned response.
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned stimulus.

Question 26

Carrie fed her cat canned tuna that was opened with an electric can opener. Even when she was merely opening a can of corn, her cat responded physically as if it were about to be fed. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the

A) corn.
B) tuna.
C) sound of the electric can opener.
D) eating behaviours.

Question 27

Allison is a fashion model, so cameras and flashbulbs are a part of her life. She responds to the click of a camera with a slight contraction of her pupils, even when a flashbulb is not being used. This contraction of her pupils is an example of

A) an unconditioned response.
B) a conditioned response.
C) a discriminatory response.
D) a reflexive response.

Question 28

Andrea's mother always puts special napkins on the table when she serves fried chicken, Andrea's favourite food. Now Andrea begins to salivate as soon as she sees the special napkins on the table. The unconditioned stimulus in this situation is

A) Andrea's mother.
B) salivation.
C) the fried chicken.
D) the special napkins.

Question 29

Andrea's mother always puts special napkins on the table when she serves fried chicken, Andrea's favourite food. Now Andrea begins to salivate as soon as she sees the special napkins on the table. Salivating to the sight of the napkins in this situation is the

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 30

In classical conditioning, which element functions as a signal?

A) the unconditioned stimulus
B) the conditioned response
C) the conditioned stimulus
D) the unconditioned response

Question 31

For years, Sylvester the cat has been fed canned tuna that has been opened with an electric can opener. Now Sylvester races into the kitchen every time he hears the can opener. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

A) the sound of the can opener
B) Sylvester's owner
C) food other than his
D) the tuna

Question 32

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the loud noise is the

A) unconditioned response.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 33

Little Tammy is frightened by thunder and cries when she hears it. During a season of frequent electrical storms, thunder is always preceded by lightning. Now Tammy cries as soon as she sees lightning, before the thunder can be heard. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is

A) lightning.
B) crying at the sight of lightning.
C) thunder.
D) crying at the sound of thunder.

Question 34

After repeatedly pairing a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, a trainer presents the conditioned stimulus alone, and the subject responds with

A) a conditioned stimulus.
B) a conditioned response.
C) an unconditioned stimulus.
D) an unconditioned response.

Question 35

In classical conditioning, what is the term for a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response because it has been paired repeatedly with another stimulus that reliably elicits that response?

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned reflex
C) conditioned stimulus
D) aversive stimulus

Question 36

Morgana was once frightened by big, barking dogs-she now cries when she sees a dog. After this has occurred many times, Morgana now also cries at the sight of a dog leash or collar. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is

A) crying at seeing a leash or collar.
B) the leash or collar.
C) the dog.
D) crying at hearing a dog.

Question 37

Salivating when you are eating steak is ________ response; salivating when you see a thick steak being barbecued on television is ________ response.

A) an unconditioned; an unconditioned
B) a conditioned; a conditioned
C) an unconditioned; a conditioned
D) a conditioned; an unconditioned

Question 38

For years, Sylvester the cat has been fed canned tuna that has been opened with an electric can opener. Now Sylvester races into the kitchen every time he hears the can opener. What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

A) the tuna
B) Sylvester's owner
C) the sound of the can opener
D) running to the kitchen

Question 39

In which of the following does a stimulus that cannot initially elicit a response acquire the ability to do so as a result of repeated pairing with the stimulus that does elicit the response?

A) observational conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) vicarious conditioning

Question 40

Morgana was once frightened by big, barking dogs-she now cries when she sees a dog. After this has occurred many times, Morgana now also cries at the sight of a dog leash or collar. In this example, the conditioned response is

A) the sound of barking.
B) crying at hearing a dog.
C) crying at seeing a dog leash or collar.
D) the dog.

Question 41

Juanita had an automobile accident on a bridge, and now she becomes very nervous whenever she has to cross any bridge. Which process accounts for this feeling?

A) discrimination
B) generalization
C) extinction
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 42

Following extinction, if a conditioned stimulus is presented at a later time, it may again evoke a conditioned response. This phenomenon is referred to as

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) blocking.
D) stimulus generalization.

Question 43

Following conditioning, repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus will lead to a reduction and eventually a disappearance of the conditioned response. This phenomenon is referred to as

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) generalization.
C) acquisition.
D) extinction.

Question 44

In order to extinguish a classically conditioned response, you must repeatedly present the ________ without the ________.

A) conditioned response; conditioned stimulus
B) conditioned response; unconditioned response
C) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
D) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Question 45

Little Harold overcame his fear of water after two bullies had held him under the water. Although he swam the rest of the season without noticeable fear, on the first day of swimming the next summer, he began to cry and said he was scared. What had occurred?

A) spontaneous recovery
B) extinction
C) discrimination
D) generalization

Question 46

Extinction requires which of the following?

A) conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus presentations
B) conditioned stimulus-only presentations
C) unconditioned stimulus-only presentations
D) no presentations of either conditioned or unconditioned stimuli

Question 47

Which factor listed below led Pavlov to determine that an extinguished conditioned response was not erased or forgotten, but only inhibited?

A) The unconditioned stimulus produced stronger unconditioned responses than before conditioning.
B) The conditioned response could be recovered in much less time than was originally required to learn it.
C) The conditioned stimulus always produced some diminished response after extinction.
D) Brain scans indicated that a permanent change at the synapses had occurred.

Question 48

The important variable in determining whether a conditioned response will generalize to a stimulus other than the original conditioned stimulus depends mainly on the ________ of two stimuli.

A) intensity
B) familiarity
C) modality
D) similarity

Question 49

Ali grew-up in a country where police committed horrible atrocities against civilians. Now in Canada, when Ali sees a police officer he is overcome by a great fear. The fact that Ali is now fearful of all police officers in Canada suggests that

A) discrimination has occurred.
B) generalization has occurred.
C) extinction has occurred.
D) spontaneous recovery has occurred.

Question 50

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning shows that

A) classically conditioned responses have survival value for organisms.
B) classically conditioned responses endure permanently.
C) the association between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response has not been completely forgotten.
D) responses learned through classical conditioning are more durable than responses learned through operant conditioning.

Question 51

Which element in classical conditioning is the learned signal?

A) conditioned stimulus
B) conditioned response
C) unconditioned stimulus
D) unconditioned response

Question 52

What happens when a conditioned response is extinguished?

A) The conditioned stimulus becomes an inhibitor.
B) The conditioned stimulus no longer signals that the unconditioned stimulus will follow.
C) The association between the unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response is forgotten.
D) The association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is forgotten.

Question 53

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus is called

A) generalization.
B) extinction.
C) discrimination.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 54

Sirens on police cars, fire trucks, and ambulances do not sound exactly alike, but because of ________ we react similarly to them.

A) discrimination
B) spontaneous recovery
C) generalization
D) extinction

Question 55

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, crying at the loud noise is the

A) unconditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) conditioned stimulus.

Question 56

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the balloon is the

A) unconditioned response.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 57

Last winter, Carmen skidded on the ice and hit another car. This left her with a fear of driving on ice and snow that she finally overcame by the end of the winter. But her fear returned when she had to drive for the first time on the snow this winter. This is an example of

A) generalization.
B) discrimination.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) extinction.

Question 58

Failure to occasionally pair the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus will lead to

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) extinction.
D) remission.

Question 59

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the fear produced by the sight of the balloon is the

A) unconditioned response.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 60

The tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to evoke the conditioned response is called

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) generalization.
C) extinction.
D) discrimination.

Question 61

The skill of discrimination has

A) an effect on our ability to learn through operant conditioning.
B) survival value.
C) no real use to humans.
D) a solid basis in research for being found only in lower animals.

Question 62

When a neutral stimulus is paired with an existing conditioned stimulus and thus gains the power to elicit the conditioned response,

A) higher-order conditioning has taken place.
B) operant conditioning has occurred.
C) aversive conditioning has taken place.
D) observational learning has occurred.

Question 63

Tom is in love with Peggy. He now thinks of her when he passes a place where they took a walk, when he hears a song that they listened to together, or when he notices an advertisement for a movie at the cinema they visited. Each of these responses is an example of

A) avoidance learning.
B) latent learning.
C) higher-order conditioning.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 64

Over the course of 38 therapy sessions, Watson and Mary Cover Jones used all of the following strategies to remove Peter's fear of the white rabbit, except

A) gradually bringing a white rabbit closer and closer to him until he eventually grew fond of it.
B) having him watch his friends play with a white rabbit.
C) showing him first pictures of white rabbits, then toy white rabbits, and introducing a real white rabbit.
D) having him eat candy in his high chair during the therapy sessions.

Question 65

Using classical conditioning, some advertisers attempt to create pleasant feelings in us when they make their commercials. How do they do this?

A) They tell us the truth about the product in a nice way.
B) They show us the product followed by the name of the company.
C) They pair a neutral product with attractive people or places.
D) They reinforce us with a rebate when we buy the product.

Question 66

Which of the following is not a response initially learned through classical conditioning?

A) a phobia
B) a fear of a dentist's drill
C) hunger
D) excitement at finding money

Question 67

Alexi has conditioned Yuri to salivate when a red light is presented. To which of the following colours of light is Yuri most likely to salivate?

A) orange
B) yellow
C) blue
D) green

Question 68

In one of Pavlov's experiments, many doges were trained to salivate at the sound of a bell that was repeatedly paired with food. If one dog responded only to the original bell, but did not respond to other similar bells, that dog was showing the ability to

A) generalize.
B) recover.
C) detect.
D) discriminate.

Question 69

In order to teach an animal to salivate when only a certain tone is played, you must

A) sound the tone and present the food when the dog salivates correctly.
B) present food before every tone, but let the animal eat it only when it's the right tone.
C) only pair food with the one tone you want the animal to salivate to.
D) pair the food with all the tones, but add noxious substances to it when ringing the wrong tone.

Question 70

In Watson and Rayner's study with "Little Albert," what was the conditioned response?

A) the white rat
B) fear of the white rat
C) fear of the loud noise
D) the loud noise

Question 71

Alex's grandmother always gave him candy when he saw her. Over time, he became excited and happy whenever he saw her. Years later, he experiences the same feeling when he smells her perfume in a store. This kind of conditioning is called

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) avoidance learning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) aversive conditioning.

Question 72

Which of the following does not increase the strength of the conditioned response in classical conditioning?

A) increasing the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus
B) always following the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus
C) presenting the conditioned stimulus a considerable time before the unconditioned stimulus
D) more pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

Question 73

Classical conditioning has a role in all of the following, except

A) maturation.
B) drug tolerance.
C) reactions to advertising.
D) sexual arousal.

Question 74

Five-year-old Andre was bitten by his neighbour's collie. He won't go near that dog but seems to have no fear of other dogs, even other collies. Which process accounts for his behaviour?

A) generalization
B) extinction
C) discrimination
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 75

Rudy is playing with a white rat when a loud noise suddenly startles him and he begins to cry. He is later given a white rabbit to play with and he begins to cry again. His reaction to the white rabbit illustrates

A) discrimination.
B) extinction.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) generalization.

Question 76

Which of the following would not be an example of classically conditioned response?

A) working harder to get a raise
B) a fearful response to a place where you were previously harmed
C) associating a brand of sneakers with a particular sports celebrity
D) thinking of a past love when you hear a certain song

Question 77

Research by Watson and Rayners early in the last century suggested that human beings can sometimes acquire ________ through classical conditioning.

A) strong fears
B) new skills
C) parental instincts
D) intense disgust

Question 78

Which of the following illustrates the use of classical conditioning in advertising?

A) showing a sports celebrity driving Car A
B) having someone explain how Car A is superior to Car B
C) showing Car A being assembled
D) having someone explain the outstanding features of Car A

Question 79

Peter's fear of the white rat transferred to the rabbit, fur coat, and cotton. What process did this demonstrate?

A) spontaneous recovery
B) discrimination
C) extinction
D) generalization

Question 80

Morris fell from his bicycle and was badly bruised. Now, whenever he sees any bicycle, Morris becomes very anxious. Morris' anxiety can best be explained on the basis of

A) generalization.
B) discrimination.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) extinction.