Deck 1: Introducing Health Psychology

Question 1

The first complete anatomical study of the internal organs,musculature,and skeletal systems of the human body was published by:

A) Christian Huygens.
B) Claudius Galen.
C) Andreas Vesalius.
D) Giovanni Morgagni.

Answer 1

Andreas Vesalius.

Question 2

During the prehistoric period,our ancestors believed that disease was caused by:

A) trephination.
B) demons or evil spirits.
C) poor hygiene.
D) an imbalance of body fluids.

Answer 2

demons or evil spirits.

Question 3

Traditional Chinese medicine is founded on the principle that:

A) the mind and body do not interact in determining health or illness.
B) the human body represents the entire universe in a microcosm.
C) internal harmony is essential for good health.
D) three bodily humors,or doshas,are the key to health.

Answer 3

internal harmony is essential for good health.

Question 4

The subfield of psychology that contributes to the prevention and treatment of illness is:

A) medical psychology.
B) behavioral medicine.
C) health psychology.
D) biopsychosocial medicine.

Question 5

Which of these is NOT one of the aims of Healthy People 2020?

A) to improve health and decrease disparities exclusively among the wealthiest populations exclusively in the United States
B) to attain high-quality,longer lives free of preventable disease,disability,injury,and premature death
C) to promote quality of life,healthy development,and healthy behaviors across all life stages
D) to create social and physical environments that promote good health for all in the United States

Question 6

Health is defined as:

A) the absence of disease.
B) a state of complete physical,mental,and social well-being.
C) the ability to meet the demands of everyday living.
D) the perception,whether accurate or not,that one is free of symptoms.

Question 7

During the Middle Ages,disease was viewed as:

A) a form of divine punishment for sins.
B) being caused by evil spirits.
C) a physical condition of the body.
D) influenced by the mind and emotions.

Question 8

Maintaining a balance of the vata,pitta,and kapha bodily humors is the key to health according to which medical system?

A) traditional Chinese medicine
B) acupuncture
C) homeopathic medicine
D) ayurveda

Question 9

Health disparities are:

A) differences in the leading types of health problems that various groups experience.
B) preventable differences in the health of socially disadvantaged groups.
C) differences in the health of people living in various parts of the world.
D) unavoidable differences in the health of various groups.

Question 10

The oldest known medical system in the world is:

A) traditional Chinese medicine.
B) ayurveda.
C) acupuncture.
D) qi.

Question 11

Trephination refers to:

A) the use of leeches to draw blood from a sick person.
B) a primitive form of surgery in which a hole was bored into a sick person's skull.
C) the earliest public health regulations established by Greek and Roman medicine.
D) a non-Western form of healing based on the use of herbs and tonics.

Question 12

The federal law aimed at reducing the number of people in the United States who do NOT have health insurance is the:

A) Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
B) No Child Left Behind Act.
C) Healthy People 2020 Act.
D) Preventable Injury and Death Act.

Question 13

According to Hippocrates,a healthy body and mind resulted from equilibrium among these four bodily fluids,called humors:

A) blood,yellow bile,black bile,and phlegm.
B) water,blood,sweat,and tears.
C) saliva,mucus,black bile,and red bile.
D) blood,phlegm,water,and urine.

Question 14

According to Healthy People 2020,nearly one million deaths in the United States each year are:

A) preventable.
B) caused by genetic disorders.
C) lifestyle diseases that were rare 50 years ago.
D) caused by accidents.

Question 15

In traditional Chinese medicine,qi (sometimes spelled chi)refers to:

A) a vital energy or life force that ebbs and flows with changes in a person's well-being.
B) a health condition in which all organs and tissues are functioning properly.
C) a state of illness.
D) the three bodily humors.

Question 16

Which of these is the field of health psychology NOT directly concerned with?

A) the health care system
B) enhancing health
C) preventing and treating illness
D) lowering health care costs

Question 17

The notion of personality traits being linked with body fluids:

A) was discarded long ago.
B) still persists in the folk and alternative medicines of many cultures.
C) originated with the work of Claudius Galen.
D) was the basis of the germ theory of disease.

Question 18

A disease that spreads rapidly among many individuals in a community at the same time and over a limited geographical area is known as:

A) the plague.
B) a pandemic.
C) an epidemic.
D) mass hysteria.

Question 19

Who has the best promise of a longer life and better health?

A) Musa,a heterosexual man who lives in a rural village in Sierra Leone
B) Jean,a bisexual woman living on a farm in Iowa
C) Charles,a heterosexual Canadian man living in Vancouver
D) Emily,a middle-aged,heterosexual,African American woman living in New York City

Question 20

A health psychologist would agree with all of these statements EXCEPT:

A) health psychologists seek to promote healthy lifestyles.
B) biological,psychological,and social forces act together to determine our health.
C) health disparities are found only in the poorest nations.
D) health psychologists approach the study of health and illness from several overlapping perspectives.

Question 21

Which of these is NOT a reason why psychosomatic medicine fell out of favor?

A) As Freudian concepts,such as the unconscious,fell out of favor,so too did psychosomatic medicine.
B) Psychosomatic medicine did not consider host factors,environmental factors,behavioral factors,and psychological factors.
C) Psychosomatic medicine was based on reductionism,the outmoded idea that a single flaw was sufficient to trigger disease.
D) Psychosomatic medicine,being heavily influenced by the behaviorist movement,became unpopular during the late 1960s.

Question 22

Historically,health psychology grew out of:

A) the decreased life expectancy in industrialized nations.
B) the stabilization of health care and drug costs after World War II.
C) the rise in the incidence and prevalence of lifestyle disorders.
D) broad-based empirical support for the biomedical model.

Question 23

Although Sigmund Freud's theories and psychosomatic medicine were both flawed,they started the trend toward viewing illness and health as being caused by:

A) host factors.
B) environmental factors.
C) psychological and behavioral factors.
D) the interaction of several factors.

Question 24

Which of these is NOT one of the original four goals of the new field of health psychology?

A) to promote health
B) to prevent and treat illness
C) to lower health care costs
D) to promote public health policy

Question 25

During the twentieth century,life expectancy in the United States:

A) decreased.
B) remained about the same.
C) decreased,then increased during the twenty-first century.
D) increased.

Question 26

Which of these has NOT been a major health trend in the United States since 1900?

A) Health care costs have increased.
B) Life expectancy has increased.
C) Lifestyle disorders such as cancer,stroke,and heart disease have decreased.
D) The medical model has been broadened from a biomedical focus to a biological,psychological,and social focus.

Question 27

Dr.Heyward believes that our characteristic human behaviors exist because they helped our distant ancestors survive.Evidently,Dr.Heyward is a proponent of the:

A) evolutionary perspective.
B) biomedical model.
C) life-course perspective.
D) biopsychosocial model.

Question 28

Genomics is the study of the:

A) evolutionary history of a species' health.
B) structure,function,and mapping of the genetic material of organisms.
C) role of psychological factors in vulnerability to disease.
D) effects that environmental forces have on how genes are expressed.

Question 29

René Descartes influenced modern medicine with mind-body dualism,the viewpoint that:

A) the mind and body operate according to separate principles.
B) hygiene was an important component of good health.
C) the origins of all diseases are outside the individual.
D) all diseases originate within the body.

Question 30

Dr.Johnson believes her patients with a "rheumatoid personality," who tend to repress anger and are unable to express emotion,are more prone to developing arthritis.Dr.Johnson is influenced by the _____ perspective.

A) biomedical
B) psychosomatic
C) biopsychosocial
D) mind-body

Question 31

The biomedical model embraces reductionism,which is the view that:

A) psychological,social,and behavioral variables play little role in illness.
B) complex phenomena (such as health)derive from a single primary factor.
C) mind and body are separate and autonomous entities.
D) health is nothing more than the absence of disease.

Question 32

Because he doesn't feel sick,Enrique believes that he is healthy.He evidently has an implicit belief in the _____ model of health.

A) biopsychosocial
B) Cartesian
C) biomedical
D) biophysical

Question 33

The plague that killed thousands of people during the Middle Ages was an example of a(n):

A) punishment for evildoing.
B) trephination.
C) bacterial disease.
D) excess of yellow bile.

Question 34

According to Sigmund Freud,loss of speech,deafness,and other conversion disorders were caused by:

A) unconscious emotional conflicts.
B) psychological viruses.
C) erotic urges.
D) repressed feelings of hatred toward one's parents.

Question 35

Under the doctrine of mind-body dualism,health and disease came to be viewed:

A) in scientific,or biomedical,terms.
B) in spiritual terms.
C) in terms of social and psychological factors.
D) as culturally specific states.

Question 36

The concept that maintains that illness always has a biological cause and represents the dominant view in medicine today is known as the:

A) psychosomatic medical model.
B) biopsychosocial model.
C) biomedical model.
D) genomic model.

Question 37

The scientific study of the causes or origins of specific diseases is called:

A) etiology.
B) entomology.
C) epidemiology.
D) behavioral medicine.

Question 38

The biopsychosocial model is the viewpoint that:

A) personality traits dictate a person's health outcomes.
B) health and other behaviors are determined by the interaction of biological mechanisms,psychological processes,and social influences.
C) illness always has a physical cause.
D) internal harmony is essential for good health.

Question 39

Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1943)discovered _____,making it possible for the first time for physicians to directly observe the internal organs in a living person.

A) ultrasound imaging
B) the microscope
C) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
D) x-rays

Question 40

A pathogen is:

A) a healing force.
B) the pattern of illness in a population.
C) a disease.
D) any agent,such as a bacterium or a virus,that can cause a disease.

Question 41

Which statement is NOT true regarding the immigrant paradox?

A) Low socioeconomic status does not predict poor health for Hispanics and other ethnic groups in the United States.
B) The children and grandchildren of immigrants to the United States typically surpass their elders in income and education.
C) The children and grandchildren of immigrants to the United States typically are healthier than their elders.
D) Latinos in the United States use health care less often than other ethnic groups do.

Question 42

What is the leading cause of death among people age 45 and over?

A) cancer
B) heart disease
C) chronic conditions such as heart disease and cancer
D) external events such as homicide

Question 43

When psychologists use the term culture,they are referring to:

A) large groups of people who tend to have similar values.
B) large groups of people who tend to have similar experiences.
C) the enduring behaviors,values,and customs that a group of people have developed over the years and transmitted from one generation to the next.
D) a group of people born within a few years of one another who experience similar historical and social conditions.

Question 44

Research studies demonstrate that college students who drink heavily prefer:

A) large social contexts involving both men and women.
B) small social contexts involving both men and women.
C) large social contexts involving only men or only women.
D) small social contexts involving only men or only women.

Question 45

Dr.Ortiz is investigating how a mother's habits will affect her child's lifelong development.Dr.Ortiz is evidently working from the _____ perspective.

A) sociocultural
B) life-course
C) biomedical
D) behavioral

Question 46

Health psychologists work as:

A) teachers.
B) research scientists.
C) clinicians.
D) teachers,scientists,and clinicians.

Question 47

A person who attributes catching a cold to not getting enough sleep or experiencing too much stress after being exposed to a virus is implicitly accepting which model of health?

A) biomedical
B) biopsychosocial
C) behavioral
D) cognitive-behavioral

Question 48

A birth cohort is a group of people who:

A) were born within a few years of each other.
B) have a certain cultural identity.
C) have a certain ethnic identity.
D) have a certain racial identity.

Question 49

In the United States,if a person dies at 18 years of age,what is the most likely cause of death?

A) chronic lower respiratory disease
B) heart disease
C) cancer
D) an accident

Question 50

DNA methylation is best described as the:

A) biochemical process that occurs in body cells and helps regulate the expression of genes.
B) cause of most chronic illnesses in children and young adults.
C) cause of most chronic illnesses in older adults.
D) mechanism by which psychological traits such as introversion are inherited.

Question 51

Chronic illnesses:

A) occur when the four basic body fluids,called humors,are imbalanced.
B) are most commonly treated by bloodletting,enemas,and baths.
C) occur over a short period of time.
D) last a long time and are usually irreversible.

Question 52

Which of these is one reason why middle-aged women have higher rates of illness than men in the same age group?

A) Women have been underrepresented as participants in medical research trials.
B) There simply are more middle-aged women than men living.
C) Because women have less muscular strength than men,they tend to get sick more often.
D) Because women have weaker immune systems than men.

Question 53

Dr.Smyth is studying the relationship of socioeconomic status to health and disease.Dr.Smyth is evidently working from the _____ perspective.

A) sociocultural
B) life-course
C) gender
D) behavioral

Question 54

Alcohol dependency consists of each of these traits EXCEPT:

A) poor self-regulation.
B) irritability.
C) agitation.
D) high self-esteem.

Question 55

Subjective well-being refers to:

A) empathy.
B) our feelings of happiness and a sense of satisfaction with life.
C) the level of stress in a person's day-to-day life.
D) the sense that one is better off than others.

Question 56

One research study found that boys who inherit one variation of the MAOA gene,and girls who inherit a different variation of the same gene,are more likely to engage in _____ behavior as adolescents,but only if they were exposed to _____ as children.

A) prosocial; chemical toxins
B) delinquent: maltreatment
C) criminal; malnutrition
D) bullying; bullying

Question 57

Women and men who feel connected to a network of caring friends are less likely to die of cancer than those who feel alienated from others.This finding underscores the importance of the _____ context in health.

A) biological
B) psychological
C) social
D) emotional

Question 58

The perspective that well-being is best understood as a hierarchy of systems in which each system is composed of smaller subsystems,and simultaneously is part of larger,more encompassing systems,is called:

A) the evolutionary perspective.
B) life-course perspective.
C) positive health.
D) the ecological-systems approach.

Question 59

Dr.Mills conducts research on the health assets that produce longer life and optimal human functioning.Which specialty area does her research best represent?

A) positive health psychology
B) clinical health psychology
C) biopsychosocial psychology
D) health psychology

Question 60

An epigenetic effect is an effect in which:

A) genes influence a person's vulnerability to disease.
B) a person's age influences his or her health.
C) environmental forces affect how genes are expressed.
D) exposure to an environmental toxin makes a person sick.

Question 61

Today,the largest group of health psychologists works in:

A) colleges and universities.
B) hospitals.
C) independent practice.
D) business or government.

Question 62

The report entitled Healthy People 2020 outlines a number of specific goals to improve access to health services,eliminate health disparities,reduce chronic diseases,improve health in people of all ages,and prevent injuries and violence in the United States.Think of one or more of the goals from the textbook and write what steps you can personally take to work toward this goal.For the same target goal,think of steps your local community could take.Write a persuasive letter to your mayor about a specific initiative you want to implement in your city to meet your chosen target goal.

Question 63

Your friend Kara is interested in pursuing a career in health psychology.Outline the different educational trajectories available to Kara.Considering the different fields,what will she learn and what will each degree enable her to do? Which path would you recommend to her? Why?

Question 64

The textbook outlines several specific reasons why attending college is associated with higher levels of health.Given the information presented in the chapter,consider whether the populations who experience health disparities are linked with populations who lack access to higher education.Are people healthier because they have gone to college,or are healthier people more likely to attend college? How can someone who doesn't attend college reap the same health benefits as someone who does?

Question 65

Explain how Descartes's concept of dualism influenced medical science and current views of health and wellness in Western and non-Western medical practice and theory.

Question 66

Outline the central historical views of illness and health,with specific examples spanning from the prehistoric period to the present day,including both key theorists and medical developments.

Question 67

Dr.Santiello is a licensed practitioner who focuses on health-promoting interventions with his clientele.Dr.Santiello is most likely a _____ psychologist.

A) positive health
B) biopsychosocial
C) health
D) clinical health

Question 68

What is the basic premise of health psychology?

Question 69

Compare and contrast the biomedical and biopsychosocial models of health and illness.Discuss the implications of accepting and adopting one model over the other in regard to understanding health and illness.

Question 70

Regarding the benefits of attending college,which statement is NOT true?

A) Women and men who have attended college are no healthier than those who have not attended college.
B) Over the course of a typical four-year college experience,thinking tends to become broader and more complex.
C) Educated people are more likely to develop higher health literacy.
D) Higher education is associated with better health habits.

Question 71

Massification is the idea that:

A) recent immigrants to the United States are typically healthier than immigrant families who have been in the country for several generations.
B) the mind-body connection is very strong when it comes to health.
C) higher education benefits everyone.
D) environmental factors strongly influence how our genes are expressed.

Question 72

Describe how the ecological-systems approach emphasizes the mutual influences among the biological,psychological,and social contexts of health.

Question 73

Describe in detail the different contexts considered by health psychologists.Give a specific example for each context,and ground your example in one particular perspective as mentioned in the text.

Question 74

How did the rise of certain major epidemiological,theoretical,and philosophical trends lead to the emergence of the first four goals in the field of health psychology?

Question 75

Bella wants to enroll in a graduate program to become a health psychologist; in this program she will have to take some research training courses and content courses based upon the biopsychosocial health model,but the bulk of the program is focused on clinical training experiences that will enable her to be licensed to counsel individuals.What type of program should she choose?

A) PhD
B) MSW
C) PsyD
D) PharmD