Deck 16: Epilogue

Question 1

Stress affects the health of some people by increasing their use of tobacco and alcohol.This is an example of a(n)_____ effect of stress on health.

A) indirect health behavior
B) indirect behaviorally mediated
C) direct physiological
D) indirect physiological

Answer 1

indirect behaviorally mediated

Question 2

The impact of psychosocial factors on the development and progression of disease is:

A) significantly less than the impact of more traditional risk factors.
B) slightly less than the impact of more traditional risk factors.
C) significant,from simple colds to chronic conditions.
D) unpredictable.

Answer 2

significant,from simple colds to chronic conditions.

Question 3

The number of healthy years a person can expect to live free from disease and disability is referred to as:

A) compression of morbidity.
B) health-adjusted life expectancy.
C) quality-adjusted life year.
D) behavioral immunization.

Answer 3

health-adjusted life expectancy.

Question 4

In one study of psychosocial factors and health,men and women with low social integration scores:

A) had slower and poorer recovery from infectious illnesses.
B) had more than twice the risk of dying compared to those with high social integration scores.
C) also tended to be of low socioeconomic status.
D) were characterized by expressing enhanced cognitive performance.

Question 5

A healthy life is a combination of:

A) compression of morbidity and life expectancy.
B) well years and life expectancy.
C) average life expectancy and quality of life.
D) age-adjusted life expectancy and quality of life.

Question 6

Stress is best understood as a:

A) stimulus.
B) response.
C) transaction between a person and an event.
D) changing physiological state.

Question 7

In the United States,the number of overweight and obese individuals:

A) has decreased slightly in recent years.
B) continues to decline.
C) has remained unchanged for many years.
D) is increasing.

Question 8

Jake and Jack are identical twins who have the same genetic vulnerability to prostate cancer.If Jake develops prostate cancer:

A) Jack will almost certainly also develop it.
B) Jack may or may not develop it,depending on his health behaviors,emotional state,and other psychosocial factors.
C) Jack will not necessarily develop it,because prostate cancer is not hereditary.
D) Jack will not develop it,because the prostate cancer gene is recessive.

Question 9

The number of new cases of diabetes in the United States has been:

A) about the same over the past decade.
B) increasing.
C) leveling off.
D) higher among women than men.

Question 10

Which of these is NOT one of health psychology's major future challenges?

A) Increasing the span of healthy life for all people
B) Increasing knowledge of understudied groups
C) Restoring a fee-for-service model of health care
D) Achieving equal access to preventive health care for all people

Question 11

Which of these was NOT suggested in the textbook as a possible reason that social integration protects against chronic disease?

A) Social support may buffer the effects of stress on the body.
B) Social support may positively influence health behaviors associated with disease.
C) Social support may directly affect underlying physical mechanisms associated with disease.
D) People in poor health do not want to be around other people.

Question 12

Which of these conditions is NOT one of the five leading causes of death in the United States?

A) heart disease
B) cancer
C) diabetes
D) stroke

Question 13

According to Healthy People 2020,_____% of deaths in the United States each year are preventable.

A) 30.8
B) 40
C) 11.5
D) 63

Question 14

Pepe is a junior attending a four-year college.Pepe is MOST likely to be:

A) pessimistic about his health and have poor health outcomes in reality.
B) pessimistic about his health,and this belief may increase his risk of unintentional injury.
C) optimistic about his health but have poor health outcomes in reality.
D) optimistic about his health,but this belief may increase his risk of unintentional injury.

Question 15

One goal of health psychology is to help people achieve a compression of morbidity,which refers to:

A) a shortening of the amount of time older people spend disabled,ill,or in pain.
B) increasing average disability-adjusted life expectancy.
C) ensuring that the dying do not suffer.
D) palliative care for hospice patients.

Question 16

Regarding lifestyle behaviors and disease,which of these statements is TRUE?

A) There is no longer any doubt that smoking causes lung cancer.
B) Alcohol use is related to diseases of the kidney and to traffic fatalities.
C) High-fiber,low-fat diets increase people's risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
D) Sedentary lifestyles increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and result in improved immune functioning.

Question 17

Stress affects the health of some people by increasing hormonal activity in their bodies.This is an example of a(n)_____ effect of stress on health.

A) indirect health behavior
B) indirect behaviorally mediated
C) direct physiological
D) indirect physiological

Question 18

Stress affects the health of some people by decreasing the likelihood that they will notice symptoms or seek health care.This is an example of a(n)_____ effect of stress on health.

A) indirect health behavior
B) indirect behaviorally mediated
C) direct physiological
D) indirect physiological

Question 19

In the United States,average life expectancy reached an all-time high of _____ years in 2014.

A) 71.3
B) 74.6
C) 78.9
D) 83.2

Question 20

Many young people are more heavily influenced by the immediate rewards of unhealthy behaviors than by worries about long-term health consequences.To prevent teens from developing bad habits in the first place,health psychologists increasingly use:

A) blended care.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) behavioral immunization programs.
D) the social skills model of risky behaviors.

Question 21

Virtual care clinics are:

A) ineffective in both improving general access to health care and reducing health care disparities among particular populations.
B) effective in both improving general access to health care and reducing health care disparities among particular populations.
C) effective in improving general access to health,but ineffective in reducing health disparities among particular populations.
D) ineffective in improving general access to health,but effective in reducing health disparities among particular populations.

Question 22

Which of these statements is one of the two hypotheses of positive health?

A) Positive emotions,self-regulation,cardiorespiratory fitness,and social engagement predict good health.
B) Certain psychological health states,such as ailing,diseased,and ill,do not exist.
C) Happiness has no association with good health,but flourishing does.
D) Remembering negative emotions and experiences is counterproductive to psychological healing.

Question 23

The effort to reduce or hold down the cost of health care is called:

A) secondary prevention.
B) cost containment.
C) QALY.
D) cost-effectiveness.

Question 24

Anger management is an example of a health psychology intervention in the _____ domain.

A) biological
B) psychological
C) behavioral
D) social

Question 25

The number of psychologists working in general health care settings has _____ in the past 25 years.

A) increased slightly
B) increased significantly
C) remained steady
D) decreased slightly

Question 26

Ndunge was born in Kenya and has never moved from there.Ndunge can expect to live _____ years in good health.

A) <50.0
B) 50.0-59.9
C) 70.0-79.9
D) 80.0-87.0

Question 27

Which of these ethnic groups tends to have the least positive view of their health?

A) Native Americans
B) Asian Americans
C) Hispanic Americans
D) African Americans

Question 28

Which of these ethnic groups tends to have the most positive view of their health?

A) Native Americans
B) Hispanic Americans
C) African Americans
D) European Americans

Question 29

Compared to other Commonwealth Fund nations,which country has the most inequitable health care system with the poorest health outcomes?

A) Japan
B) France
C) England
D) the United States

Question 30

According to the Commonwealth Fund,the health care systems in _____ had the best overall rating in 2013.

A) Australia and New Zealand
B) France and Canada
C) the UK and Switzerland
D) Norway and Sweden

Question 31

Current health policy places the greatest emphasis on:

A) primary prevention.
B) secondary prevention.
C) tertiary prevention.
D) a compression of morbidity.

Question 32

Health psychologists estimate the cost-effectiveness of various primary and secondary prevention efforts in terms of:

A) quality-adjusted life years.
B) disability-adjusted life expectancy.
C) compression of morbidity.
D) health care expenditures per capita.

Question 33

Teaching the skills to improve patient-provider communication is an example of an intervention in the _____ domain.

A) biological
B) psychological
C) behavioral
D) cognitive

Question 34

Dena normally visits the local medical walk-in for her annual checkup.This year,however,she is out of state and has opted to do a checkup through a virtual care clinic.What is Dena likely to report regarding her experience?

A) While Dena is likely to prefer face-to-face contact,she is likely to report high levels of satisfaction with her virtual appointment.
B) Dena is likely to prefer face-to-face contact and to report low levels of satisfaction with her virtual appointment.
C) Dena is likely to prefer her virtual appointment and to report high levels of satisfaction with her virtual appointment.
D) While Dena is likely to prefer the idea of a virtual appointment,she is likely to report low levels of satisfaction with her actual virtual appointment.

Question 35

Regardless of ethnicity,people who have achieved higher levels of education:

A) live longer lives and have worse overall health.
B) live shorter lives and have better overall health.
C) live longer lives and have better overall health.
D) live shorter lives and have worse overall health.

Question 36

Clinical care that is delivered remotely,using virtual tools for research,health monitoring,and education,is called:

A) secondary prevention.
B) integrated care.
C) QALY.
D) telehealth.

Question 37

Which of these statements is one of health psychology's most fundamental messages?

A) Prevention and health promotion must be made as important in the health care system as disease treatment is now.
B) Secondary prevention is as important as tertiary prevention.
C) Tertiary prevention is as important as primary prevention.
D) Secondary prevention is as important as primary prevention.

Question 38

In these pairs of terms,which term does NOT belong with the other?

A) relaxation to reduce hypertension
B) hypnosis to alleviate pain
C) systematic desensitization to reduce nausea
D) stress inoculation to decrease anxiety

Question 39

Which of these is NOT considered a biological health asset?

A) low VO₂ max
B) high heart rate variability
C) greater telomere length
D) low body mass index

Question 40

In the past,health psychology followed biomedicine's lead in focusing on:

A) mortality rather than morbidity.
B) morbidity rather than mortality.
C) primary prevention rather than secondary prevention.
D) tertiary prevention rather than secondary prevention.

Question 41

Integrated care has resulted in a(n)_____ in office visits for acute asthma by _____ percent.

A) increase; 49
B) decrease; 49
C) increase; 85
D) decrease; 85

Question 42

While _____ is rising in developing parts of the world,it is decreasing in Canada and the United States.

A) obesity
B) diabetes
C) smoking
D) depression

Question 43

What is the difference between cost containment and cost-effectiveness? Why is cost-effectiveness important,and how do health psychologists evaluate cost-effectiveness?

Question 44

State and briefly discuss the five challenges that health psychology faces in the future,and offer a viable and practical solution to help alleviate the impact of at least two of the five challenges stated in the textbook.

Question 45

The interdisciplinary approach to treatment in which teams approach disease from biological,psychological,and sociocultural perspectives is called:

A) well care.
B) holistic medicine.
C) complementary care.
D) integrated care.

Question 46

Health psychology is a relatively new field of study,and its contributions to the more-established fields of health,health policy,and medicine are still unfolding.Discuss in detail the most important lessons learned from health psychology's first four decades of research.

Question 47

Emmett is undergoing a surgical operation on Tuesday.His doctor has created an individual intervention plan that combines medical and behavioral health services.Compared to people who do not have integrated primary care,Emmett will likely have an average hospital stay that is:

A) 1.5 days shorter.
B) 1.5 days longer.
C) 5 days shorter.
D) 5 days longer.

Question 48

Which of these is NOT a contributor to the high incidence of infectious diseases in developing countries?

A) poverty
B) ignorance
C) lack of health care
D) the decrease of noncommunicable diseases

Question 49

Considering current trends in research,policy,and practice in the topic areas of illness and aging,what do you predict will be the next major developments in health and policy research over the next 25 years?

Question 50

Identify and discuss in detail some of the specific factors that helped shape health psychology as a viable and legitimate field of research and study.What specific additional factors do you believe will be instrumental in shaping the field's future?