Deck 3: Biological Foundations of Health and Illness

Question 1

After Salah's near-fatal accident,her physician noticed that the pupillary reflex of her eyes was abnormal,possibly indicating that Salah's _____ was damaged in the accident.

A) cerebellum
B) cortex
C) temporal lobe
D) somatic nervous system

Answer 1

somatic nervous system

Question 2

Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse?

A) axon - dendrite - cell body - synapse
B) dendrite - axon - cell body - synapse
C) synapse - axon - dendrite - cell body
D) dendrite - cell body - axon - synapse

Answer 2

dendrite - cell body - axon - synapse

Question 3

A main difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells is that:

A) eukaryotic cells make up bacteria.
B) eukaryotic cells contain organelles.
C) prokaryotic cells contain organelles.
D) prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.

Answer 3

eukaryotic cells contain organelles.

Question 4

Damaging a person's reticular formation may cause the person to:

A) become violently aggressive.
B) cower in fear.
C) experience convulsive seizures.
D) lapse into a coma.

Question 5

A group of similar cells that perform the same function is called a:

A) tissue.
B) gland.
C) ligament.
D) tendon.

Question 6

As the oldest part of the brain,the brainstem evolved in order to:

A) process body sensations such as touch.
B) regulate emotional responses.
C) control basic life-support functions.
D) control voluntary movements.

Question 7

A group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function is a(n):

A) gland.
B) cartilage.
C) organ.
D) system.

Question 8

A living thing with a nucleus,Golgi apparatus,and other organelles is a(n):

A) tissue.
B) gland.
C) prokaryotic cell.
D) eukaryotic cell.

Question 9

Neurons communicate by sending and receiving signals across:

A) nuclei.
B) synapses.
C) myelin sheaths.
D) axon sacs.

Question 10

The part of the human brain that is most like that of a fish brain is the:

A) cortex.
B) right hemisphere.
C) limbic system.
D) brainstem.

Question 11

_____ play a crucial role in the body,as they are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.

A) Tissues
B) Cells
C) Nuclei
D) Organelles

Question 12

Because raccoons have much greater control of their paws than dogs,you would expect raccoons to have more cortical tissue dedicated to paw control in the motor cortex,which is located at the back of the _____ lobes of their brains.

A) frontal
B) temporal
C) occipital
D) parietal

Question 13

To demonstrate that brain stimulation can transform a violently aggressive animal into a docile one,a neuroscientist should lesion the animal's:

A) reticular formation.
B) cerebellum.
C) amygdala.
D) medulla.

Question 14

Your neurons are constantly communicating.As you read this question,what chemical messengers are your neurons releasing?

A) chromosomes
B) neurotransmitters
C) hormones
D) enzymes

Question 15

After Darren's serious motorcycle accident,doctors detected damage to his cerebellum.Darren is most likely to have difficulty:

A) playing his guitar.
B) reading printed words.
C) understanding what others are saying.
D) regulating his body weight.

Question 16

The part of the brainstem that controls breathing,heart rate,salivation,coughing,and sneezing is called the:

A) thalamus.
B) reticular formation.
C) pons.
D) medulla.

Question 17

A friend has been taking a particular prescription drug and is experiencing a number of unpleasant side effects,including unusually rapid heartbeat and excessive perspiration.It is likely that the medication is stimulating increased activity in your friend's:

A) reticular formation.
B) sympathetic nervous system.
C) parasympathetic nervous system.
D) amygdala.

Question 18

Sheila hears her stomach growl.She hasn't eaten for four hours and she's starting to feel hungry.The region of the brain responsible for making Sheila feel hungry is the:

A) cerebrum.
B) hypothalamus.
C) frontal lobe.
D) medulla.

Question 19

Activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system produces a reaction often described as the:

A) alarm stage.
B) relaxation response.
C) fight-or-flight response.
D) reaction formation.

Question 20

Of these systems,which one enables the brain to communicate with the stomach?

A) the limbic system
B) the somatic nervous system
C) the central nervous system
D) the autonomic nervous system

Question 21

White blood cells are circulated by the cardiovascular system.However,they play an important part in defending against infection; thus,white blood cells are part of the body's _____ system.

A) respiratory
B) immune
C) endocrine
D) limbic

Question 22

The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the adrenal gland in response to stimulation by the _____ branch of the nervous system-providing a quick surge of energy.

A) somatic
B) central
C) sympathetic
D) parasympathetic

Question 23

Which is the correct sequence in the passage of air from the nose and mouth into the lungs?

A) larynx - pharynx - trachea - bronchi
B) pharynx - larynx - bronchi - trachea
C) trachea - pharynx - larynx - bronchi
D) trachea - larynx - bronchi - pharynx

Question 24

Blood circulates in order to:

A) remove carbon dioxide from body cells.
B) transport oxygen to body cells.
C) both remove carbon dioxide and transport oxygen.
D) both transport carbon dioxide and remove oxygen.

Question 25

The visual cortex is located in the:

A) occipital lobe.
B) temporal lobe.
C) frontal lobe.
D) parietal lobe.

Question 26

Arti ordered food from a local restaurant.After placing her order,she thought about how delicious it would taste.She could smell the food being prepared,then watched as it was brought to her table.Finally,she took a bite and enjoyed the combination of flavors in her mouth.At which point in this sequence was her body capable of triggering the flow of gastric juices?

A) when she thought about the food
B) when she began smelling the food
C) when she saw the food
D) when she took a bite of the food

Question 27

When you ingest food,the correct sequence of structures through which the food would pass from the mouth through the body would be:

A) esophagus - stomach - intestines - rectum.
B) stomach - esophagus - intestines - anus.
C) intestines - stomach - esophagus - rectum.
D) esophagus - intestines - stomach - anus.

Question 28

Which blood vessels carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart from the capillaries?

A) arteries
B) tissues
C) veins
D) venules

Question 29

Should scientists refer to the pituitary gland as the master gland of the endocrine system?

A) Yes,it directly controls pituitary functioning.
B) Yes,it controls the body's crucial response to stress and emergencies.
C) No,the hypothalamus more properly deserves the title,because it directly controls pituitary functioning.
D) No,the adrenal glands more properly deserve the title,because they play a crucial role in response to stress and emergencies.

Question 30

Insulin _____ and glucagon _____ in order to regulate the level of glucose in blood.

A) takes glucose into cells; stimulates the release of glucose into cells
B) stimulates the pancreas; stimulates the stomach
C) decreases hunger; increases hunger
D) decreases blood sugar levels; increases blood sugar levels

Question 31

Air passages in the nose,mouth,and trachea are lined with tiny germ-trapping hairs called:

A) bronchi.
B) antigens.
C) cilia.
D) cytokines.

Question 32

The thyroid gland is important because it:

A) produces the hormone glucagon.
B) helps regulate the body's metabolism.
C) secretes hormones that play a crucial role in the body's response to stress.
D) secretes hormones that act on the hypothalamus.

Question 33

Which animal has greater amounts of association cortex,proportionate to body size?

A) fish
B) dogs
C) humans
D) whales

Question 34

Red blood cells,called erythrocytes,contain _____,which gives blood its red color.

A) hemoglobin
B) leukocytes
C) platelets
D) marrow

Question 35

Arteries carry blood _____,and veins carry blood _____.

A) from the capillaries to the heart; from the heart to other organs
B) from the heart to other organs; from the capillaries to the heart
C) from the lungs to the heart; from the heart to the lungs
D) from arterioles to capillaries; from capillaries to arterioles

Question 36

For an adult,a blood pressure of 180/110 would be considered:

A) normal.
B) Stage 1 hypertension.
C) Stage 2 hypertension.
D) a hypertensive crisis.

Question 37

A bodybuilder friend you haven't seen in a year seems to have grown several inches in height.Your friend's sudden growth spurt may be caused by drugs that affect the:

A) thalamus.
B) adrenal glands.
C) medulla.
D) pituitary gland.

Question 38

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are _____ that are released by the _____ gland.

A) neurotransmitters; pituitary
B) hormones; pituitary
C) lymphocytes; thyroid
D) hormones; adrenal

Question 39

Which is the correct sequence in the passage of oxygen-depleted blood from the body through the heart and to the lungs?

A) right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs
B) right ventricle - right atrium - pulmonary vein - lungs
C) left atrium - left ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs
D) left ventricle - left atrium - pulmonary vein - lungs

Question 40

It is estimated that by 2020,over 70% of the global burden of disease will be caused by:

A) asthma.
B) cardiovascular disease.
C) endocrine disorders.
D) noncommunicable diseases.

Question 41

Compared to carnivores that may eat only once every few days,mammals that eat more frequently have:

A) smaller stomachs.
B) larger stomachs.
C) more rapid digestion.
D) slower digestion.

Question 42

How do interferons work within the immune system?

A) They inject their targets with lethal chemicals.
B) They prevent viruses from replicating.
C) They engulf bacteria and foreign particles.
D) They create a hot environment unfavorable to bacteria.

Question 43

When a sperm and an ovum merge,a one-celled _____ is formed.

A) zygote
B) embryo
C) fetus
D) blastocyst

Question 44

Chromosomes are composed of small segments of _____ called _____.

A) DNA; genes
B) DNA; neurotransmitters
C) genes; DNA
D) DNA; proteins

Question 45

The disease- and infection-fighting cells of the immune system are:

A) T lymphocytes.
B) B lymphocytes.
C) both T and B lymphocytes.
D) antigens.

Question 46

The immune system is located:

A) in the central nervous system.
B) as a special division of the circulatory system.
C) throughout the body in the form of the lymphatic system.
D) in the spleen and thymus.

Question 47

_____ are inflammation-causing chemicals released by the body in response to antigens.

A) Bronchi
B) Histamines
C) Thrombi
D) Bronchioles

Question 48

Specific immunity can be conferred by vaccines,in which a weakened form of a virus or bacteria is:

A) modified so that it becomes harmless.
B) introduced to the body to stimulate the production of antibodies.
C) destroyed by a phagocyte.
D) injected with a lethal toxin.

Question 49

When an infection occurs in some part of your body,your brain is notified by communication molecules called:

A) macrophages.
B) cytokines.
C) antigens.
D) vagus nervus.

Question 50

Why does the immune system have macrophages,phagocytes,and natural killer cells?

A) in order to create a kind of immunological memory for a specific intruder
B) in order to fight off any foreign substance,including those never before encountered
C) in order to relay information to the brain that there is an infection
D) in order to be the first line of defense,catching dust,microbes,and other foreign matter before it penetrates the skin

Question 51

The white blood cells that are involved in the immune response are called:

A) antigens.
B) interferons.
C) lymphocytes.
D) immunoglobulins.

Question 52

Which type of immune response involves an immunological memory?

A) specific immunity
B) nonspecific immunity
C) lymph response
D) inflammatory response

Question 53

Which of these is NOT an aspect of the inflammatory response?

A) chills
B) fever
C) increased sensitivity to pain
D) inflammation

Question 54

Immune system cells that pursue and destroy diseased body cells are called:

A) NK cells.
B) phagocytes.
C) macrophages.
D) antigens.

Question 55

Each cell of the human body has a total of:

A) 23 chromosomes.
B) 23 genes.
C) 46 chromosomes.
D) 46 genes.

Question 56

Some lymphocytes release proteins that produce systemic effects.This means they produce effects:

A) that are very short in duration.
B) that are long lasting.
C) throughout the entire body.
D) in one specific location.

Question 57

A fertilized egg will develop into a boy if,at conception:

A) the sperm contributes an X chromosome.
B) the sperm contributes a Y chromosome.
C) the egg contributes an X chromosome.
D) the egg contributes a Y chromosome.

Question 58

An antigen is a:

A) foreign substance that triggers an immune response.
B) genetic marker for a specific disease.
C) risk factor for an autoimmune disease.
D) white blood cell.

Question 59

One hour after stepping on a piece of glass,Luke feels sick and feverish and his foot becomes red and swollen.These are all signs of:

A) specific immunity.
B) immunological memory.
C) antigens.
D) the inflammatory response.

Question 60

Which of these does NOT trigger the immune system's specific immune response?

A) after a mother passes a specific immunity to her child through breast milk
B) when a virus enters the body for the first time
C) when a person successfully weathers a disease such as measles and comes into contact with it again
D) after a person has received a vaccine

Question 61

A living cell with the potential to develop into any other type of specialized cell is a(n):

A) stem cell.
B) genome.
C) leukocyte.
D) erythrocyte.

Question 62

Nutrition,medical care,and other environmental influences affect the expression of genes through the process called:

A) neurogenesis.
B) synaptogenesis.
C) DNA methylation.
D) the acute phase response.

Question 63

Giving specific examples,differentiate the processes of specific immunity and nonspecific immunity as mentioned in the chapter.

Question 64

Discuss how specific structures within the nervous and endocrine systems are explicitly involved in the physiological response when a person experiences a near-hit accident while driving.

Question 65

Select a physical or nonphysical trait that you believe to be strongly influenced by heredity and another physical or nonphysical trait that you believe to be less significantly influenced by heredity.Provide empirical evidence to solidly support your answer,and explain in detail why genes may play a larger role in the physical or behavioral manifestation of some traits as compared to others.

Question 66

The epigenome refers to the:

A) process by which ribonucleic acid alters the expression of genes.
B) set of environmental influences that affect a person's genetic makeup.
C) period of human development immediately before and after birth.
D) layer of proteins that package a person's hereditary information and point cells to specific instructions.

Question 67

Genotype is to phenotype as _____ is(are)to _____.

A) nonphysical traits; physical traits
B) physical traits; nonphysical traits
C) all of a person's genes; a person's observable traits
D) a person's observable traits; all of a person's genes

Question 68

Focusing on the brain,explain the key components of the lower-level structures,the limbic system,or the cerebral cortex.

Question 69

To say that a trait is polygenic means that:

A) its expression is influenced by many different genes.
B) only one gene must be present in order for the individual to inherit the trait.
C) the trait is more likely to be influenced by environmental conditions.
D) most people carry genes for the trait.

Question 70

After school,you head to an Italian restaurant with your friends.You begin to eat the bread on the table before ordering a salad and cheesy pasta.Explain in detail the process that your dinner goes through,from your first bite to elimination of waste products from your body.

Question 71

Explain how DNA and other epigenetic processes mediate the biological effects of environmental factors.

Question 72

Most human traits are:

A) determined by a single gene.
B) unpredictable.
C) learned.
D) influenced by many genes acting together.

Question 73

Describe the function of two bodily systems.Explain how these two bodily systems interact.Describe how a disruption in one bodily system might affect the other bodily system.

Question 74

Identify the major anatomical components of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems,and explain their functions.

Question 75

From 1900 to today,the prevalence of asthma in the United States has risen dramatically.How have scientists sought to explain the recent increase in asthma morbidity? How do health psychologists help patients manage their symptoms?

Question 76

A person who inherits a gene that is not expressed in his or her observable characteristics is said to be _____ for that gene.

A) dominant
B) recessive
C) a carrier
D) polygenic

Question 77

Could you live without your endocrine system? What would happen to your body if your endocrine system stopped working?

Question 78

Which of these would prevent the sickness response from occurring?

A) lesioning the amygdala
B) stimulating the hypothalamus
C) cutting the vagus nerve
D) increasing the production of cytokines