Deck 30: Rebellion and Reaction

Question 1

Stagflation tends to involve low unemployment rates.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Consistently friendly exchanges between Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem demonstrated how remarkably immune the women's movement was to internal divisions.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

While unveiling the Nixon Doctrine, Nixon also announced that he would pursue partnerships
with Communist countries in areas of mutual interest-a policy known as détente.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Focused on promoting Native American rights, the "Red Power" movement sought to
accelerate the pace of change by organizing protests and demonstrations against local, state,
and federal agencies.

Question 5

Many of Richard Nixon's supporters were upset by affirmative-action programs that gave
preferential treatment to people of color and women to atone for past injustices.

Question 6

How did the Watergate scandal unfold? What was its political significance?

Question 7

When North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam in 1975, U.S. troops were sent back into the region.

Question 8

How did the origins of the youth revolt shape the New Left and the counterculture?

Question 9

President Nixon strongly supported court efforts to complete school desegregation.

Question 10

The Equal Rights Amendment was ratified by the states and became part of the U.S.
Constitution in 1982.

Question 11

In the early 1970s as the number of organizations supporting sexual orientation and gender
identification rights grew, the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from
its official diagnostic manual of mental disorders.

Question 12

What was the international strategy brought about by Nixon's and Kissinger's diplomacy and foreign policy during the 1970s?

Question 13

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries used its huge oil supplies as a political
and economic weapon.

Question 14

The term "the New Left" was adopted to emphasize the strong alignment between the
grassroots democracy of the 1960s and the orthodox Marxism of the 1930s.

Question 15

More U.S. troops were in Vietnam at the end of Nixon's presidency than there were at
the beginning.

Question 16

How and why did Nixon change military and political strategies to end America's involvement in the Vietnam War?

Question 17

The events at Kent State University during the Vietnam War involved the killing of four
students by the National Guard.

Question 18

How did the political environment of the late sixties influence Richard Nixon's election strategy and domestic policy?

Question 19

Cesar Chavez protested against migrant workers who were undocumented immigrants because
he believed they stole jobs.

Question 20

How did the youth revolt and early civil rights movement influence other protest movements? How did new protest movements affect social attitudes and public policy?

Question 21

What was the significance of the Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade?

A) The Court's decision would result in drastically fewer conservatives in the 1970s and an enduring liberal political climate.
B) The Court held that abortions were illegal on a national scale during the first three months of pregnancy.
C) The Court ruled that women have a "right to choose" whether to keep a pregnancy, as it would affect their health and well-being.
D) The Court's decision called for gender to play an even greater role in all federal financial assistance programs.
E) The Court successfully enacted the requirement of equal treatment for women throughout American society and politics.

Question 22

Who were the Yippies?

A) a music group that helped promote the war effort in Vietnam
B) another name for the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
C) a political party that emphasized the upholding of conventional laws as the heart of
Democracy
D) a group of transcendentalist poets who led lives of simplicity in remote areas
Surrounded by nature
E) a countercultural and anarchistic group who wanted to overthrow the power structure

Question 23

In 1964, which of the following was true of the University of California at Berkeley?

A) It was the site of the formation of the free-speech movement (FSM) following a
Student sit-in.
B) It remained racially segregated, causing most of the activism there to focus on civil rights.
C) It had become devoid of social activism due to the fear surrounding the cold war.
D) It became the birthplace of the counterculture and saw the very start of the hippie movement.
E) It was the scene of a bloody confrontation between students and the National Guard.

Question 24

What role did Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique play in American history?

A) It celebrated the cult of female domesticity and delayed the onset of any sort of organized feminist movement.
B) It explained the challenges of many upper- and middle-class women and helped launch the second phase of the feminist movement.
C) It described ways for women to better please their husbands and perpetuated the idea that women were inferior.
D) It painted an ideal portrait of suburban living and sparked the beginning of the movement of the white middle class to the suburbs.
E) It focused on the difficulties working-class women and women of color faced both at home and in the workplace.

Question 25

Which of the following groups were LEAST likely to serve in the Vietnam War?

A) college students
B) young Hispanic men
C) young African American men
D) young men who went directly into the workforce
E) young men who were twenty-four or older

Question 26

What was the significance of the birth-control pill in the 1960s?

A) The pill highlighted how the feminist movement was entirely separate from and only came after the so-called sexual revolution.
B) Although access to the pill was a goal of the feminist movement, it would not be available for several more decades.
C) The pill resulted in the dramatic decrease of sexually transmitted diseases among both men and women in the 1960s.
D) The availability of the pill played little role in American life because few college women of the period were sexually active.
E) Widespread access to the pill led to more open discussion of birth control, reproduction, and sexuality in general.

Question 27

The hippie movement sought to

A) transform American political life through a careful series of revolutionary legal reforms at the federal and state levels.
B) address income inequality through civil disobedience to laws that reinforced inequities in American society.
C) destroy the existing capitalist system through the immediate construction of a socialist-anarchist state.
D) achieve personal liberation by exceeding limits, embracing plain living, and rejecting the pursuit of wealth and careers.
E) lead white youth into a form of paramilitary organization similar in many ways to the Black Panthers.

Question 28

What did Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 do?

A) It prohibited educational programs or activities receiving federal financial assistance from showing gender discrimination.
B) It called for the opening of many of the first trade schools throughout the country, as certain industries grew in importance.
C) It reasserted that men alone should play sports, as they were much too dangerous for women participants.
D) It ensured that an equal number of African American and white Americans would be elected to elite colleges.
E) It was inspired by recent wars and required that students in American public schools learn two foreign languages fluently.

Question 29

Richard Nixon was impeached for Watergate-related offenses.

Question 30

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the period of the 1960s and early 1970s?

A) Because assassinations of major American figures remained unheard of, the sixties and early seventies were decades marked by a widespread sense of calm that made citizens feel secure taking drastic social action.
B) The violence of the fifties, such as race riots and cold war conflicts fought domestically, deterred any American activism on a significant scale and cultivated a wide sense of fear and social indifference across the various classes.
C) The presidency of Richard Nixon successfully restored the American public's faith in the integrity of its leaders, thereby ushering in a period of unprecedented productivity in the sixties and early seventies.
D) The fabric of American society was more unified than ever in the sixties and early seventies, as class distinctions largely disappeared and new technology stimulated the economy and brought many different groups together.
E) The forces that contributed to the complacent prosperity of the fifties had ironically contributed to the sense of upheaval and unprecedented counterculture that helped define the sixties and early seventies.

Question 31

Latino civil rights leaders faced an awkward dilemma when it came to dealing with

A) the discrimination shown to Latino men who were denied the ability to serve as soldiers during the Vietnam War.
B) illegal immigration from Latin America, which they feared threatened their own economic advancement.
C) divisions within their movement over whether to support the sexual revolution and women's rights or to stick with traditional values.
D) relationships with African American civil rights leaders and the question of whether to forge cross-community partnerships.
E) the New Left's major influence upon young Mexicans, which they feared might negatively impact their movement's public image.

Question 32

Which of the following statements accurately describes the state of Latino rights in the 1960s and early 1970s?

A) Mexican American leaders maintained the bracero program in the 1960s and after, believing that allowing new Mexican immigrants to have low-paying jobs would help the economic advancement of Mexican Americans who had been citizens for longer.
B) Due to the changing public sentiment after the Second World War, Hispanic Americans experienced very little discrimination in hiring, housing, and education, although activists still fought for ways to celebrate their culture in everyday society.
C) The population of Latino Americans was at its largest in the 1960s and early 1970s, but their rights and social equality only began to improve substantially when the population became much smaller in the 2000s.
D) Hispanic Americans' service in the military during the Second World War had helped to instill a clearer sense of American identity and pushed them to pursue equality, for they still often experienced segregation, discrimination, and limited opportunities.
E) Strikes and hunger strikes, such as those led by Cesar Chavez, failed to gain widespread media attention, for the primary way Latino Americans gained awareness and support for their cause was by working hard at low-paying jobs.

Question 33

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in the early 1960s?

A) Most of their members called themselves the Weathermen and drastically abandoned pacifism.
B) Their work rarely involved criticism of the status quo due to dependency on university funding.
C) They were the official youth wing of the Democratic party that worked closely with senators.
D) They were in strong opposition to the beliefs and actions of the New Left.
E) They challenged established authority and sought to give "power to the people."

Question 34

The failing economy was the issue that dominated Gerald Ford's presidency.

Question 35

Which of the following statements accurately describes the youths of the counterculture?

A) They came primarily from poor or working-class families.
B) They were strongly at odds with the approach taken by the Beats in the fifties.
C) They focused more on cultural and individual change than political activism.
D) They believed that electoral politics would solve society's problems.
E) They preferred urban surroundings to a rural life in contact with nature.

Question 36

The feminist movement experienced a setback with the

A) National Organization for Women's inability to agree on a political agenda.
B) Supreme Court's refusal in Roe v. Wade to recognize abortion rights.
C) decreasing number of jobs for women overall.
D) failure of the states to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment.
E) refusal of Ivy League universities to admit women.

Question 37

When concert promoters tried to emulate the spirit of Woodstock at the Altamont Speedway Free Festival near San Francisco in 1969, which of the following occurred?

A) Hells Angels killed a man in front of the stage.
B) The Beatles gave their last performance.
C) The hippies established themselves as an official political group.
D) A huge crowd enjoyed three days of "peace and music."
E) Nixon announced his run for a second presidential term.

Question 38

By 1960-1961, a number of students had become inspired to become social reform activists by the

A) exposure of the Watergate scandal on television when they were young children.
B) example of the American civil rights movement, such as that of the Greensboro four.
C) onset of a major economic depression in the United States.
D) experiences they faced during the thick of the Second World War.
E) absence of the "military-industrial complex" in American universities.

Question 39

Which of the following occurred at Columbia University in 1968?

A) Anti-war students disrupted a speech by President Johnson.
B) The Yippies held their founding convention.
C) Students volunteered for the war in record numbers.
D) A student protest shut down the campus.
E) The presence of military recruiters sparked a riot.

Question 40

What was the state of the hippie movement at the very end of the 1960s?

A) The government punished the activities of the hippies with such force that contemporary trends lack any echoes of the phenomenon.
B) The hippie phenomenon was expanding at unprecedented levels, as the Vietnam War finally appeared to be drawing to a close.
C) The hard realities the hippies experienced, such as poverty and drug addiction, had caused the hippie phenomenon to begin to fade.
D) The practical nature of most hippies created a sense of stability in an otherwise turbulent time, attracting more and more Americans to the movement.
E) Because the hippies had focused most of their attention on civil rights activism, the hippie phenomenon died out as the civil rights movement came to a close.

Question 41

After April 1970, American troops entered ________ to "clean out" hidden Communist military bases, thereby extending the Vietnam War.

A) Laos
B) China
C) Cambodia
D) Thailand
E) North Vietnam

Question 42

On October 26, 1972, only a week before the U.S. presidential election, Kissinger announced ________ as part of a ploy to get Nixon reelected.

A) massive bombings of Hanoi and Haiphong
B) a peace agreement for the Middle East
C) a new offensive against China
D) his resignation
E) "Peace is at hand"

Question 43

Which of the following trends became true of the Hispanic population between the years 1970 and 2019?

A) They had little political clout due to most being unable to vote.
B) They became the country's largest minority group.
C) They attained equality with whites in average income levels.
D) They launched their own major political party.
E) They rarely spoke Spanish.

Question 44

Which of the following did Nixon's policy of "Vietnamization" involve?

A) increasing the number of young men being drafted
B) launching a U.S. invasion of North Vietnam
C) establishing diplomatic and trade relations with North Vietnam
D) gradually reducing the number of American troops in Vietnam
E) working toward the reunification of North and South Vietnam

Question 45

Economists coined the term "stagflation" in the early 1970s to describe

A) a simultaneously stagnant economy with inflationary prices.
B) continuing declines in stock prices.
C) high oil prices along with declining profits for the petroleum industry.
D) the return of economic conditions similar to the Depression.
E) continuing economic growth along with a growing budgetary deficit.

Question 46

Cesar Chavez became famous for his leadership in what organization?

A) the Weathermen
B) the United Farm Workers
C) the American Indian Movement
D) the American Latino Alliance
E) the Farmers' Alliance

Question 47

What did the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) do to punish the United States for supporting Israel during the Yom Kippur War?

A) It expelled the United States from membership.
B) It flooded the market with cheap petroleum to drive American oil producers out of business.
C) It cut off oil shipments to the United States.
D) It nationalized American oil companies in its countries.
E) It announced it would deal exclusively with the Soviet Union.

Question 48

Who were known as the "great silent majority"?

A) Americans who quietly approved of the social and cultural changes of the 1960s
B) Americans who were against the Vietnam War, although uninvolved in open protest
C) upper-class Americans whose influence was growing weaker by the early 1970s
D) African American politicians who were being elected in greater numbers than ever before
E) the middle-class Americans whose votes had brought Richard Nixon to the presidency

Question 49

Which of the following was true of the settlement ending the Vietnam War, known as the Paris Peace Accords?

A) The agreement ensured the survival of South Vietnam as a country and enabled it to establish peaceful economic relations with North Vietnam, signaling a new order in Southeast Asia.
B) Although the agreement was officially signed, it was soon proved unnecessary, as over the last year, South Vietnamese troops had vanquished the North Vietnamese without American help.
C) The agreement was followed by massive bombings of North Vietnam by the United States a few months later, as Nixon and Kissinger had never actually withdrawn the last of the U.S. troops.
D) Although Nixon and Kissinger ended America's combat role and claimed North Vietnam had changed its basic stance, North Vietnam had actually left Communist troops in South Vietnam.
E) The agreement was so successful that it got Nixon reelected and helped ease the public political protests that had long defined the era of the Vietnam War in the United States.

Question 50

Nixon's southern strategy involved winning southern support by

A) capitalizing on southerners' skepticism of federal social welfare programs.
B) stepping up the military effort in Vietnam.
C) expressing sympathy toward fundamentalist Christians.
D) making southerners dominant in his cabinet.
E) increasing federal support of the South's economy.

Question 51

What was the event that helped trigger the gay rights movement of the 1970s?

A) the Stonewall riots
B) Red Power protests
C) the passage of hate-crimes legislation
D) the debate over the Equal Rights Amendment
E) the labeling of HIV/AIDS as a "homosexual disease" by politicians

Question 52

By the end of 1970, the unemployment rate in the United States

A) was almost zero.
B) stayed stagnant.
C) nearly quadrupled.
D) equaled that of Canada.
E) nearly doubled.

Question 53

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Pentagon Papers?

A) They revealed a shocking waste in military spending on the part of the federal government, which mostly had not been directed toward the Vietnam War at all.
B) They were successfully suppressed from publication by the government and only came to light decades later during the 2000s when Nixon deemed enough time had elapsed.
C) They put President Johnson's war policy in a more favorable light, revealing the true threats Americans had faced as he decided to declare war.
D) They were first published by the government despite warnings from journalists that their source was unable to be verified, making them potentially untruthful.
E) They revealed that the Johnson administration had deceived the public in regard to war policy, having never given them the full story on the Gulf of Tonkin incident of 1964.

Question 54

Native American activists ultimately discovered that their most effective tactic for bringing about change was

A) voting in major political elections.
B) occupying places like Alcatraz and Wounded Knee.
C) taking legal action to force the government to adhere to old treaties.
D) opening casinos on their reservations.
E) imitating the civil rights movement in organizing massive protest marches.

Question 55

Which of the following was among the major impetuses behind the rise of a Native American rights movement in the late 1960s?

A) the effective work of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
B) the introduction and widespread popularity of Native American history courses
C) the realization of Native Americans that their votes could swing elections in several states
D) the fact that Native Americans were still not recognized as citizens
E) high unemployment and suicide rates among the Native American population

Question 56

The energy crisis of the early 1970s increased support for

A) consumption.
B) travel and tourism.
C) environmentalism.
D) suburbanization.
E) socialism.

Question 57

What had happened in South Vietnam by the end of 1975 following the Paris Peace Accords?

A) The conflict resumed between South Vietnam and North Vietnam but with little consequence or outright warfare for many years.
B) The South Vietnamese government invited North Vietnamese leaders to a summit, where they agreed to acknowledge Hanoi's authority in the South.
C) North Vietnam signed a second treaty with South Vietnam, agreeing to withdraw its remaining troops after American forces left.
D) North Vietnamese troops gained the upper hand over South Vietnam, successfully invading and capturing Saigon.
E) The United States reentered the Vietnam War once Gerald Ford had replaced Nixon as president because the situation in Southeast Asia was so dire.

Question 58

What was Nixon's position regarding Vietnam policy?

A) He insisted that he would pursue "peace with honor," his phrase for withdrawing from Vietnam while maintaining the credibility of U.S. military alliances.
B) He was indifferent to an eventual Communist takeover because he believed communism had changed a great deal since the beginning of the cold war.
C) He was determined to end American involvement quickly with the immediate withdrawal of troops upon entering the office of the presidency.
D) He still believed the war could be won and invested far more troops and weapons than any of the previous presidents to put the United States in the best situation militarily.
E) He refused to send negotiators to speak with North Vietnamese and Viet Cong negotiators, reasoning that the Viet Cong forces had already withdrawn from Vietnam.

Question 59

What was the significance of the events in the village of Mai Lai in 1968?

A) They represented how far American technology had advanced since the Second World War, as the American soldiers used several bombs against the Vietnamese troops.
B) The defeat of Vietnamese soldiers in a long-planned, complex attack boosted the morale of American soldiers, giving them the confidence they needed to quickly win the war.
C) U.S. soldiers suffered their greatest defeat of the Vietnam War because they had allowed themselves to trust Vietnamese soldiers disguised as civilians.
D) For the first time during the Vietnam War, American troops were stationed on the ground, and because it was so effective, the air war came to an abrupt end.
E) U.S. soldiers committed terrible atrocities against Vietnamese civilians, which ignited a public outcry and debate upon their exposure to Americans at home.

Question 60

The figure who MOST influenced Nixon's foreign policy was

A) General Alexander Haig.
B) Robert McNamara.
C) Henry Kissinger.
D) William Rogers.
E) Bob Haldeman.

Question 61

What did Nixon and Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev achieve by signing the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I)?

A) trade in food and nonmilitary technologies
B) assurances that both powers would operate within separate spheres in the Middle East
C) a plan to relax the border between East and West Berlin by 1980
D) limitations on the number of nuclear missiles and prohibition of missile-defense systems
E) promises to reduce nuclear weapon stockpiles by 50 percent by 1980

Question 62

Discuss the consequences of the women's rights movement by the end of the 1970s. What
had and had not been achieved?

Question 63

The major motivation behind the "Saturday Night Massacre" was Nixon's desire to

A) elevate his approval ratings.
B) expose the corruption of the Democrats.
C) avoid handing over the key White House tapes.
D) publicly humiliate special prosecutor Archibald Cox.
E) appoint a loyal attorney general.

Question 64

Which of the following was a result of the efforts of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to prevent the presidency of Salvador Allende in Chile?

A) General Augusto Pinochet, who was supposedly friendly with the United States, came to power, seized American businesses in Chile, and murdered political opponents.
B) Chile formed a closer relationship to Cuba and the Soviet Union due to intense nationwide resentment of American interference in their politics.
C) A pro-American government that answered directly to the CIA came to power, thereby strengthening trade relations between South America and the United States.
D) Allende condemned the United States and revolted against the newly elected government of Chile, leading to a civil war that would last much of the rest of the decade.
E) The United Nations publicly condemned the Nixon administration for its interference, causing the United States to lose many of its important European alliances.

Question 65

The Nixon Doctrine implied a foreign policy that was shaped largely by

A) the determination to defeat communism at all costs.
B) a need to be selective in its commitments abroad.
C) the effort to reshape the world in America's image.
D) the needs of the domestic economy.
E) the desires of American allies.

Question 66

What was the result of Henry Kissinger's "shuttle diplomacy" in 1973?

A) an end to American involvement in Vietnam and the creation of the Paris Peace Accords
B) a cease-fire in the Middle East and the foundation for later peace talks
C) Nixon's trip to meet with diplomats in China
D) the establishment of the nation of Israel
E) an end to the embargo instated by OPEC

Question 67

Nixon's trip to the Soviet Union resulted in

A) the end of the cold war.
B) U.S. wheat sales to the Soviets.
C) Soviet withdrawal from Eastern Europe.
D) intensification of the nuclear arms race.
E) the end of the new relationship with China.

Question 68

Nixon's Watergate-related resignation came with the revelation that he had

A) burned his tapes of White House conversations.
B) lied to the Senate's Ervin committee.
C) authorized the use of dirty tricks against Democratic campaigns.
D) ordered a cover-up of the original Watergate break-in.
E) ordered the IRS to harass his political enemies.

Question 69

Discuss the various aspects of President Nixon's Vietnam policy. How was Nixon's policy
different from those of his predecessors?

Question 70

Which of the following was a legacy of the Watergate scandal?

A) It gave the public reason to praise Nixon for his overwhelming support for and lack
Of prejudice toward minorities, despite his other failings.
B) It caused Congress to pass several pieces of legislation to increase executive power,
Such as the War Powers Act.
C) It showed that the press, Congress, and courts had failed to arouse public opinion in
The case and, for the most part, protected Nixon.
D) It demonstrated that government aides and officials could only be found guilty of the
Original crimes and not of covering up evidence.
E) It suggested the lesson that not even a president is above the law, even though Nixon
Did avoid jail time.

Question 71

Gerald Ford suffered terrible political damage when he

A) continued Nixon's economic policies.
B) vetoed the War Powers Act.
C) pardoned Nixon.
D) sent Americans back into Vietnam.
E) failed to achieve peace in the Middle East.

Question 72

Who was Senator George McGovern of South Dakota?

A) the Democratic nominee for president in 1972
B) the first senator to resign from his or her position
C) the Republican nominee for governor in South Dakota in 1972
D) Nixon's secretary of defense
E) a famous commander of U.S. troops in Vietnam

Question 73

Which of the following helped Jimmy Carter win the 1976 election?

A) his promises to demonstrate military strength despite the way the Vietnam War ended
B) his non-Washington background in the aftermath of Watergate
C) an unprecedentedly huge voter turnout due to the surge in American activism
D) his calls for a return to the liberalism of the New Deal and Great Society
E) his use of Nixon's southern strategy to gain votes

Question 74

Which of the following did James (Jimmy) Carter Jr. represent?

A) the new liberal wing of the Democratic party
B) the new moderate wing of the Democratic party
C) the new moderate wing of the Republican party
D) the new liberal wing of the Republican party
E) a group of long-established, well-known political candidates

Question 75

During his presidency, Gerald Ford achieved a record for

A) tax increases.
B) Supreme Court appointments.
C) press conferences.
D) vetoes.
E) military interventions.

Question 76

What economic problems did President Ford face? How did he try to solve these problems,
and how successful was he?

Question 77

Essential to breaking the Watergate case was the 1973 testimony before the Ervin committee of White House legal counsel John Dean. What did he testify?

A) that he had been paid to lie under oath previously
B) that John Ehrlichman had ordered the cover-up
C) that he had ordered the White House cover-up himself
D) that the president had personally ordered the Watergate break-in
E) that the president had approved a White House cover-up

Question 78

As the 1972 election approached, the biggest threat to Nixon's reelection seemed to be

A) George Wallace's potential to drain away conservative votes from the Republicans.
B) the massive popularity of Democratic nominee George McGovern.
C) public disapproval of Nixon's efforts to ease tensions with the Chinese and the Russians.
D) revelations concerning the Watergate break-in.
E) the continuing appeal of 1960s-style social liberalism.

Question 79

Which of the following statements accurately describes the burglars arrested at the Watergate apartment complex?

A) They were trying to obtain Republican campaign files to make a Democratic win more likely.
B) They were spying on the Nixon administration on behalf of the Soviet Union.
C) They were common thieves hoping to steal valued items that belonged to Nixon's family.
D) They had connections to the CIA and the Nixon campaign, helping engage in partisan sabotage.
E) They had been sent there by the FBI to look into evidence of war crimes during the Vietnam War.

Question 80

Nixon's new relationship with China was made possible by

A) the discovery of China's vast oil deposits.
B) China's growing fear of the Soviet Union.
C) Nixon's landslide reelection in 1972.
D) the American public's increasingly tolerant attitude toward communism.
E) the removal of Vietnam as a source of division between the United States and China.