Deck 9: Substance Use, Abuse, and Addiction

Question 1

Compare and contrast the biological and psychological effects of marijuana (THC) and give specific examples.

Answer 1

not answered

Question 2

Neurotransmitter enhancement is an attribute of a(n) ______, and neurotransmitter blocking is an attribute of a(n) ______.

A) antagonist; teratogen
B) teratogen; agonist
C) agonist; antagonist
D) antagonist; agonist

Answer 2

agonist; antagonist

Question 3

Emmanuel is a student health aide working on a proposal for an alcohol awareness program on his college campus. Name a treatment and prevention strategy that he could focus on in his proposal and discuss the pros and cons of that strategy.

Answer 3

not answered

Question 4

Alcohol effects expected, personality, and temperament can all influence alcohol use and abuse. Give specific examples of how these factors can influence how programs aimed at treating and preventing alcohol use disorders (AUD) are developed.

Question 5

Drug abuse is defined as:

A) ingestion of a drug, regardless of the amount of ingestion.
B) use of a drug to the extent that it impairs the user's biological, social, or psychological well-being.
C) the use of any illegal substance.
D) an emotional and cognitive compulsion to use a drug.

Question 6

Using the tenets of the biopsychosocial model, discuss various factors that determine, or predict, whether a person may become physically dependent on tobacco and how it differs from factors that may enhance psychological dependence behaviors.

Question 7

Cocaine produces its stimulating effects by:

A) blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine in the synapse.
B) causing presynaptic cells to release more norepinephrine.
C) causing presynaptic cells to release more dopamine.
D) blocking serotonin receptors in postsynaptic cells.

Question 8

Drugs, pollutants, and other substances that cross the placental barrier and damage the developing person are called:

A) glial-destroying enzymes.
B) psychoactive agents.
C) teratogens.
D) astrocytes.

Question 9

Because they enter the bloodstream faster, drugs that are ______ usually have the most immediate and strongest effects.

A) swallowed
B) absorbed through the skin
C) injected or inhaled
D) mixed with food

Question 10

Using the tenets of the biopsychosocial model, discuss various factors that determine, or predict, whether a person may become physically dependent on alcohol and how it differs from factors that may enhance psychological dependence behaviors.

Question 11

Withdrawal refers to:

A) the unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using certain drugs.
B) a state in which use of a drug is required for a person to function normally.
C) a state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a frequently used drug.
D) the effect of one drug to increase the effects of another.

Question 12

Is substance abuse a disease or a problem behavior? In your answer, present empirically supported research evidence that supports both hypotheses, and state your own conclusion regarding this issue.

Question 13

Suppose you have been asked by the campus wellness center to design a smoking cessation program for college students. What would your program look like?

Question 14

Compare and contrast the biological and psychological effects of alcohol and nicotine. Give specific examples for each.

Question 15

The fatty cells that form the body's protective blood-brain barrier are the:

A) glial feet.
B) interneurons.
C) Schwann cells.
D) stem cells.

Question 16

Caffeine is an ______ that blocks the effects of ______.

A) agonist; adenosine
B) antagonist; adenosine
C) agonist; serotonin
D) antagonist; serotonin

Question 17

Max has been smoking cigarettes so long that his body requires nicotine in order to function normally. A health psychologist would say that Max clearly has developed a state of:

A) hypersensitivity.
B) dependence.
C) potentiation.
D) tolerance.

Question 18

The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called:

A) disinhibition.
B) tolerance.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) withdrawal.

Question 19

How has the health belief theory influenced e-cigarette usage and the allied health concerns surrounding their use?

Question 20

Drugs that are able to pass through the blood-brain barrier and placental barriers to damage a developing fetus must be:

A) fat soluble.
B) glial-destroying enzymes.
C) psychoactive.
D) positively charged.

Question 21

All major drugs of abuse overstimulate the brain's ancient reward system, which runs through the:

A) hypothalamus.
B) occipital and temporal lobes.
C) right hemisphere.
D) left hemisphere.

Question 22

Tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana are often referred to as ______ because they open the door to experimentation with other, more dangerous drugs.

A) teratogens
B) disinhibitors
C) gateway drugs
D) threshold drugs

Question 23

One difficulty with reward models of addiction is that they are unable to explain why:

A) people begin to experiment with drugs in the first place.
B) certain drugs induce physical dependence while others do not.
C) drug use continues even when unpleasant side effects occur.
D) previous experience significantly decreases subsequent use.

Question 24

In most states, a blood alcohol level of ______ constitutes legal intoxication.

A) 8%
B) 10%
C) 12%
D) 20%

Question 25

The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is referred to as:

A) disinhibition.
B) dissociation.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) neurogenesis.

Question 26

Marijuana and LSD are:

A) depressants.
B) stimulants.
C) hallucinogens.
D) opiates.

Question 27

According to the ______ theory, the stronger a person's attachment to family, school, and other institutions, the less likely he or she will be to use drugs.

A) behavioral disinhibition
B) social control
C) peer cluster
D) hypersensitivity

Question 28

Drug potentiation refers to:

A) the unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using certain drugs.
B) a state in which the use of a drug is required for a person to function normally.
C) a state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a frequently used drug.
D) the effect of one drug used to increase the effects of another.

Question 29

Approximately what percent of alcohol is absorbed from the stomach directly into the bloodstream after drinking an alcoholic beverage?

A) 80 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 20 percent
D) 30 percent

Question 30

According to the ______, drug use serves to restore abnormally low levels of key neurotransmitters.

A) hypersensitivity theory
B) reuptake hypothesis
C) withdrawal-relief hypothesis
D) psychoactive set-point hypothesis

Question 31

Which of these drugs does NOT belong with the others?

A) cocaine
B) amphetamines
C) nicotine
D) alcohol

Question 32

The fact that people who are physically dependent on one substance (such as nicotine) are more likely to be addicted to others as well (such as alcohol) provides support for a(n) ______ model of addiction.

A) social learning
B) cognitive
C) evolutionary
D) reward

Question 33

In small doses, alcohol is a ______; in large doses, it is a ______.

A) stimulant; depressant
B) depressant; stimulant
C) hallucinogen; stimulant
D) depressant; depressant

Question 34

The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of:

A) tolerance.
B) potentiation.
C) psychological dependence.
D) withdrawal.

Question 35

Which statement is NOT indicative of risky or hazardous drinking behavior?

A) I make sure there is always time in my schedule for alcohol.
B) I never use alcohol to manage social functions and relationships.
C) I regularly need alcohol to relax and relieve stress.
D) I drink four or five drinks regularly and don't feel any negative effects.

Question 36

According to the hypersensitivity theory, addiction is the result of efforts by the body to:

A) counteract the effects of a drug in order to maintain an optimal internal state.
B) establish a set point for the level of a specific drug in the body.
C) minimize the severity of withdrawal symptoms.
D) eliminate the need for an increasing drug dosage with increasing use.

Question 37

According to the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, once drug use passes from the initial good feelings of first-stage use, repeated drug use occurs because drug-related cues:

A) become adverse stimuli.
B) evoke cortisol release.
C) trigger craving for the drug.
D) are recognized exclusively by the subconscious mind.

Question 38

Which drugs boost activity in the central nervous system?

A) stimulants
B) depressants
C) hallucinogens
D) psychoactive drugs

Question 39

The concordance rate for a certain trait refers to the:

A) degree of similarity between a pair of twins for that trait.
B) number of genes involved in determining variation in the trait among individuals.
C) extent to which variations in the trait among a large group of individuals can be attributed to heredity.
D) relative influence of environmental and biological factors on the trait.

Question 40

According to the ______ theory, the influence of friends is strong enough to overcome the influence of a young person's family, school, and other institutions in determining drug use.

A) behavioral disinhibition
B) social control
C) peer cluster
D) hypersensitivity

Question 41

As a treatment for alcohol dependence, the therapy that uses a nauseating drug such as Antabuse strives to establish an aversion to the drug as a(n):

A) operant response.
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned response.
D) secondary reinforcer.

Question 42

The concordance rate for alcohol dependence among identical twins:

A) is higher than that among fraternal twins.
B) is much lower for those who were raised apart.
C) is much lower for those who were raised with adoptive parents.
D) is lower than that among fraternal twins.

Question 43

Alcohol consumption tends to:

A) decrease self-awareness and decrease impulse control.
B) decrease self-awareness and increase impulse control.
C) increase self-awareness and increase impulse control.
D) increase self-awareness and decrease impulse control.

Question 44

Which factor is NOT an influence on an individual's willingness to enter treatment for an alcohol use disorder (AUD)?

A) ethnicity
B) gender
C) age
D) educational attainment

Question 45

When she drinks alcohol, Eboni experiences the false sense of confidence and freedom from social constraints that is known as:

A) hypersensitivity.
B) behavioral disinhibition.
C) adolescent invulnerability.
D) drug potentiation.

Question 46

Alcohol use disorder is a:

A) state in which the use of alcohol is required for a person to function normally.
B) maladaptive drinking pattern in which drinking interferes with role obligations.
C) neurological state induced by excessive use of alcohol.
D) personality syndrome linked to alcohol dependence.

Question 47

Women who drink during critical stages of pregnancy place their infants at risk of developing:

A) fetal alcohol syndrome.
B) behavioral disinhibition.
C) tolerance.
D) Korsakoff's syndrome.

Question 48

In the United States and much of the world, which of these is most likely to cause premature death?

A) lack of exercise
B) an unhealthy diet
C) an automobile accident
D) smoking

Question 49

Which personality trait has NOT been linked to alcohol dependence?

A) negative emotionality
B) behavioral undercontrol
C) attraction to excitement
D) unrealistic optimism

Question 50

Hepatitis and cirrhosis are two common chronic diseases caused by abuse of:

A) nicotine.
B) cocaine.
C) marijuana.
D) alcohol.

Question 51

Korsakoff's syndrome is sometimes suffered by chronic, heavy users of alcohol and is characterized by:

A) behavioral disinhibition.
B) the formation of fat deposits on the heart muscle.
C) a dramatic change in personality.
D) the inability to store new memories.

Question 52

Research on Americans' smoking habits shows that over the past few decades:

A) the percentage of teenage smokers has steadily decreased.
B) smoking has decreased more rapidly among men than among women.
C) smoking has decreased more rapidly among women than among men.
D) the incidence and prevalence of smoking have remained quite stable.

Question 53

Chronic alcohol use has all of these effects EXCEPT:

A) weakening the immune system.
B) damaging cellular DNA.
C) interfering with normal endocrine system development.
D) increasing the secretion of growth hormone.

Question 54

One study reported that adolescents' beliefs regarding their peers' alcohol use and attitudes predicted their own drinking behavior. This finding highlights the importance of ______ in predicting an individual's use of alcohol.

A) alcohol expectancy effects
B) behavioral undercontrol
C) temperament
D) drug potentiation

Question 55

Which statement was NOT presented as evidence that alcohol dependence is genetically influenced?

A) People who abuse alcohol tend to be impulsive and vulnerable to depression, both of which are at least partly genetic in origin.
B) Adopted children are more susceptible to alcohol dependency if one or both of their biological parents was alcohol-dependent.
C) Identical twins have twice the concordance rate for alcohol dependency of fraternal twins.
D) Female children of alcohol-dependent parents are more likely to develop alcohol abuse than male children in the same family.

Question 56

Both men and women who drank alcohol:

A) perceived themselves as behaving more sexually than those who did not drink.
B) perceived their partners as behaving more sexually than those who did not drink.
C) perceived themselves and their partners as behaving more sexually than those who did not drink.
D) rated their conversation partner as more attractive than did men and women who did not drink.

Question 57

Alcohol abuse rates are lowest among which of the following sociocultural groups of U.S. high school students?

A) European-American
B) Hispanic-American
C) African-American
D) Asian-American

Question 58

Alcohol makes it difficult for drinkers to interpret complex or ambiguous stimuli because drinkers tend to:

A) focus on only the most salient cues.
B) have trouble narrowing their perceptual fields.
C) become impatient quickly.
D) develop a false sense of confidence in their perceptual skills.

Question 59

Regarding the health hazards of secondhand smoke exposure, most experts agree that:

A) the dangers are not nearly as great as popularly believed.
B) nonsmokers who are regularly exposed to secondhand smoke are more likely to die from cardiovascular disease and cancer than those who live with nonsmokers.
C) secondhand smoke is unhealthy, although it has a much lower concentration of carcinogens than smoke that is directly inhaled.
D) the hazards of environmental tobacco smoke are more than offset by eating a balanced diet and engaging in other healthy lifestyle behaviors.

Question 60

The children of women who smoke during pregnancy may experience a reduced supply of oxygen to their brains, resulting in a condition called:

A) delirium tremens.
B) fetal hypoxia.
C) Korsakoff's syndrome.
D) nicotine titration.

Question 61

Schachter and his colleagues found that stress ______ the body's efficiency in using nicotine and ______ smoking.

A) increases; decreases
B) decreases; increases
C) has a predictable effect on; has a predictable effect on
D) has an unpredictable effect on; has an unpredictable effect on

Question 62

Inhaling atomized nicotine with an e-cigarette is known as:

A) smoking.
B) puffing.
C) vaping.
D) huffing.

Question 63

Researchers have located a gene in some alcohol users that alters the function of DRD2, which is a receptor for:

A) serotonin.
B) epinephrine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) dopamine.

Question 64

Over time, smoking behaviors become ______ to a variety of environmental triggers.

A) conditioned stimuli
B) conditioned responses
C) discriminative stimuli
D) discriminative responses

Question 65

According to the nicotine-titration model, smokers who are physically dependent on nicotine:

A) regulate their smoking to maintain a steady level of the drug in their bodies.
B) are also psychologically dependent on nicotine.
C) are genetically sensitive to the physiological effects of nicotine.
D) will also be at increased risk for other addictions.

Question 66

People who successfully quit smoking typically:

A) change their beliefs to see less psychological benefit and more of a health threat from smoking.
B) have not been smoking for very long.
C) lack a variant of a specific gene that promotes nicotine dependence.
D) have never tried to quit before.

Question 67

Which potential effects of THC is correctly matched with its allied brain region?

A) anxiety and panic - hypothalamus
B) impaired learning - basal ganglia
C) euphoria - hippocampus
D) increased appetite - cortex

Question 68

Quitting smoking is determined by three interacting factors. Which of these is NOT one of those factors?

A) motivation to quit
B) level of physical dependence on nicotine
C) barriers to or support in remaining smoke-free
D) age of the smoker

Question 69

Which statement about THC and endocannabinoids is empirically supported?

A) THC and endocannabinoids are quickly metabolized and eliminated from the body within 24 hours.
B) Tolerance requires higher amounts to be taken in by the user to attain the same effects.
C) THC and endocannabinoids are involved in appetite and mood regulation as well as in pain perception.
D) Eating THC-rich foodstuffs is the fastest method to get THC into the bloodstream.

Question 70

Researchers have discovered a link between nicotine use and:

A) introversion.
B) extraversion.
C) depression.
D) compulsivity.

Question 71

The group of adults who are most likely to have tried and most likely to be current users of e-cigarettes are non-Hispanic

A) white females.
B) black males.
C) Asian females.
D) American Indian or Alaskan native males.

Question 72

Which health concern was supported empirically as a reason e-cigarette usage is just as dangerous as conventional cigarette smoking?

A) E-cigarettes have lower nicotine and carcinogenic material content.
B) Flavoring used in e-liquids were found to contain toxic chemicals not found in conventional cigarettes,
C) E-cigarette use lowers the probability of other tobacco product use.
D) E-cigarette vapor is less toxic than tobacco smoke because it does not contain nicotine.

Question 73

Within seven seconds of taking a puff from a cigarette, the nicotine causes the brain to release neurotransmitters that calm craving, reduce anxiety, and alleviate insomnia. These effects are examples of:

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) conditioned responses.
D) conditioned stimuli.

Question 74

Which of these is most often cited as a reason that people start smoking?

A) situational factors such as peer influence
B) personality factors such as rebelliousness
C) the pleasurable feelings associated with nicotine use
D) self-consciousness

Question 75

As part of his program to quit smoking, Larry was instructed to smoke a cigarette as fast as he could, until he became nauseous. This form of aversion therapy is directed at having the person reach a point of:

A) relapse.
B) contingency management.
C) satiation.
D) nicotine titration.

Question 76

Cigarette smoking is rewarding in part because it:

A) lowers blood pressure.
B) decreases alertness.
C) reduces activity in the sympathetic nervous system.
D) induces relaxation in the skeletal muscles.

Question 77

When the nicotine content of cigarettes is reduced, smokers tend to:

A) smoke more of the low-nicotine cigarettes.
B) smoke the same number of cigarettes.
C) smoke the same number of cigarettes, but only if they are long-term smokers.
D) experience potentiation.

Question 78

From 1970 to 2010, ______ of Americans were ______ the legalization of marijuana.

A) less than 10%; in favor of
B) more than 60%; against
C) less than 10%; against
D) more than 60%; in favor of

Question 79

The basic idea behind smoking inoculation programs is to:

A) educate adolescents regarding the dangers of smoking.
B) use peer models to persuade youths and adolescents not to smoke.
C) teach practical skills that can be used to resist social pressures to smoke.
D) provide young adolescents with alternatives to smoking.

Question 80

The counseling treatment that focuses on increasing a person's engagement in valued life activities through guided goal setting is:

A) behavioral activation.
B) inoculation.
C) CBT.
D) aversion therapy.