Deck 8: Using Health Services

Question 1

Symptom recognition is determined by individual differences in

A) attention to one's body and situational factors.
B) tolerance of physical symptoms and access to medical care.
C) physical reactivity and situational factors.
D) physical reactivity and cultural factors.
E) mood.

Answer 1

attention to one's body and situational factors.

Question 2

Threats to self-esteem are related to the tendency to somaticize.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Compared to those with no history of a particular medical condition, people who have a history of a particular medical condition are more likely to

A) increase their vigilance and monitor their physical status to detect transitory changes in their bodily state.
B) increase their vigilance and seek out information about the condition in an attempt to regain mastery and control.
C) underestimate its prevalence in the general population and thus overestimate the threat to their health.
D) overestimate its prevalence in the general population and thus regard their situation as less serious.
E) disregard a symptom's meaning and how common it is within their culture.

Answer 3

overestimate its prevalence in the general population and thus regard their situation as less serious.

Question 4

When under stress, people are more likely to

A) attribute stress-related physiological changes to stress rather than to illness.
B) exaggerate their perception and interpretation of the meaning of the symptoms.
C) believe they are less vulnerable to illness and direct their attention outward.
D) repress their physical symptoms.
E) delay seeking medical treatment.

Question 5

Physicians are more likely to perceive female patients as psychologically disturbed.

Question 6

As recently as 80 years ago, hospitals were thought of as places where one goes to die.

Question 7

Individual differences in neuroticism have been found to influence symptom

A) recognition but not reporting.
B) reporting but not recognition.
C) reporting and recognition.
D) severity.
E) hyperchondria.

Question 8

People in a bad mood

A) suppress their symptoms.
B) believe they are more capable of alleviating their symptoms.
C) are pessimistic that any actions they might take would relieve their symptoms.
D) perceive themselves as less vulnerable to future illness.
E) tend to seek out more medical advice on the Internet.

Question 9

People who are anxious or neurotic are more likely to recognize physical symptoms and worry about them without seeking treatment.

Question 10

Illness schemas are acquired through

A) the media.
B) personal experiences.
C) medical dictionaries.
D) family and friends.
E) personal experience, the media, and family and friends.

Question 11

People's awareness of their internal physiological state is remarkably accurate.

Question 12

One component of illness schemas involves perceptions of the range of symptoms and treatments associated with a particular disease. This component refers to the _______________ of the disease.

A) identity
B) consequences
C) cure
D) causes
E) symptoms

Question 13

Many of the infections contracted during a hospital stay could be decreased with proper handwashing.

Question 14

Who of the following people is most likely to view their symptom as more serious and therefore seek treatment?

A) Kerry who injured her side after someone opened a door into her.
B) Eileen who banged her knee on the coffee table edge.
C) Julie who injured her hand from having a heavy object drop on it.
D) Kathy who has a sore shoulder from painting the walls in her house.
E) None of these people are likely to view their symptoms as serious and requiring medical attention.

Question 15

Providing preparatory information to patients prior to surgery has little effect on their rate of recovery.

Question 16

Verbal preparatory information is often more beneficial than patients viewing videotapes.

Question 17

Medical student's disease is an example of the role of _______________ in the recognition of symptoms.

A) individual differences
B) Type A behaviour
C) cultural differences
D) situational factors
E) mood

Question 18

Women use the health care system more than men do.

Question 19

Unintentional accident frequency and the use of services decline in adolescence and throughout young adulthood.

Question 20

Illness schemas develop in

A) childhood.
B) adolescence.
C) early adulthood.
D) middle age.
E) They can develop at any age.

Question 21

Disease models influence people's

A) preventive health behaviours.
B) adherence to treatment regimens.
C) expectations about their future health.
D) preventive health behaviours, adherence to treatment regimens, and expectations about their future health.
E) ability to cope with ambiguous symptoms.

Question 22

The Health Belief Model best predicts the treatment-seeking behaviour of

A) men.
B) women.
C) ethnic minorities.
D) people who have access to health services rather than people who do not have access to health services.
E) the elderly.

Question 23

With respect to delay behaviour,

A) people who are fearful of doctors, examinations, surgery, and medical facilities generally delay less than do people who are not fearful.
B) the elderly appear to delay more than middle-aged individuals.
C) people are less likely to visit a doctor if they do not have a family doctor.
D) there is no danger associated with delay behaviour, people should seek medical help when they feel ready.
E) people who delay seeking medical help are considered nonusers.

Question 24

The worried well

A) are concerned about physical and mental health.
B) tend to express distress and conflict through physical symptoms.
C) repress their symptoms during times of stress.
D) tend to use health services less.
E) are more likely to also have cyberchondria.

Question 25

The patient who complains of a medical disorder that is rightfully psychological in nature is more likely to be treated by a

A) psychiatrist.
B) general practitioner.
C) specialist.
D) lay practitioner.
E) psychologist.

Question 26

The research conducted at Bishop's University in Quebec on the impact of linguistic barriers on the perceptions of health care services found that

A) Anglophones perceived that there were fewer health care services in English available to them than there actually were.
B) Anglophones were more dissatisfied with the services offered and therefore less likely to want to use these services in the future.
C) Anglophones rated their future health as significantly poorer than that of Francophones if they remained living in Quebec.
D) Anglophones felt there were fewer health care services available to them, resulting in dissatisfaction with services received and a negative mentality toward their future health care in Quebec.
E) Anglophones in Quebec deemed their health care equal to that of the Francophones living in the same province - language barriers do not affect the perception of health care.

Question 27

_______________ may contribute to higher levels of use of medical care by women.

A) Lower levels of employment
B) Higher rates of part-time employment
C) Lower economic status
D) More fragmented medical care
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 28

The correct order of the stages of delay in seeking treatment is

A) appraisal, illness, behavioural, and medical delay.
B) behavioural, appraisal, illness, and medical delay.
C) appraisal, illness, medical, and behavioural delay.
D) appraisal, symptom, illness, and medical delay.
E) behavioural, illness, appraisal, and medical delay.

Question 29

Women's higher use of medical care and poorer health than men may be attributed to the following factor(s):

A) lower levels of employment.
B) higher rates of part-time employment.
C) more economic hardship.
D) female medical care is more fragmented.
E) All of these are reasons why a woman would seek out health care more often than a man.

Question 30

The nature of physical symptoms may play an important role in a patient's delay behaviour. Specifically, a patient will seek treatment less quickly when a symptom

A) is persistent over time.
B) is not highly visible.
C) causes aches and pains.
D) is similar to a symptom that was previously deemed minor.
E) changes quickly.

Question 31

The _______________ model of illness is represented by alternating periods of either no or many symptoms.

A) acute
B) chronic
C) cyclic
D) terminal
E) circular

Question 32

Which of the following answers best defines the term cyberchondria?

A) Excessive malingering on Internet chat rooms.
B) Worrying well after listening to health related podcasts.
C) Excessive use of health-related Internet sites to fuel anxiety.
D) Hypochondriasis as a result of Internet bullying.
E) Anxiety about a lack of secondary gains.

Question 33

______________ is the time between actually deciding to seek treatment and actually doing so.

A) Appraisal delay
B) Illness delay
C) Behavioural delay
D) Medical delay
E) Response delay

Question 34

Bruce has found that he becomes increasingly fatigued after even mild exertion. He discusses his problem with his neighbour, Sam, who recently suffered from a similar problem. Sam tells him that a megadose of vitamin B complex completely eradicated his symptoms. Bruce tries Sam's remedy and does feel a little better. This is an example of

A) folk medicine.
B) self-care.
C) disease prototypes.
D) the lay referral network.
E) cyberdiagnosis.

Question 35

Illness delay is the time

A) it takes an individual to decide that a symptom is serious.
B) between the recognition that a symptom implies an illness and the decision to seek treatment.
C) between deciding to seek treatment and actually doing so.
D) between a person's recognition of a symptom and when the person seeks treatment.
E) between receiving the treatment and when a patient begins to feel better.

Question 36

In Canada, complementary and alternative therapies

A) are viewed as simply unconventional or folk medicine.
B) can only be self-administered.
C) exclude natural health products.
D) are often used because of the recommendation of friends and family members.
E) are less expensive than in most other countries.

Question 37

Socio-economic factors that contribute to differences in how health services are used are:

A) Income.
B) Culture.
C) Education.
D) Income and culture affect how health services are used, while education does not have any discernable effect.
E) Income, culture, and education are all factors that contribute to differences in how health services are used.

Question 38

Somaticizers

A) exhibit strong beliefs in self-care.
B) tend to express distress and conflict through physical symptoms.
C) repress their symptoms during times of stress.
D) will avoid stressors at any cost.
E) tend to express distress and conflict verbally.

Question 39

The use of health services is lowest in

A) childhood.
B) adolescence and young adulthood.
C) middle age.
D) old age.
E) infancy.

Question 40

The notion that illness may actually be reinforcing because it exempts the individual from daily responsibilities is termed

A) malingering.
B) delay behaviour.
C) secondary gains.
D) hypochondriasis.
E) somaticizing.

Question 41

Psychologists in the hospital setting

A) have decreased in recent years.
B) have expanded their roles.
C) are involved in pre-surgery and post-surgery preparation.
D) diagnose and treat psychological problems that can complicate patient care.
E) have reduced their roles due to budgetary concerns.

Question 42

Burnout among nurses may result from

A) a heavy workload.
B) high rates of absenteeism and job turnover.
C) experiencing emotional abuse in the workplace.
D) workplace injuries.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 43

According to a study by Kulik and Mahler in 1987, cardiac patients about to undergo surgery showed benefits when they specifically had a post-operative patient as a roommate. This could be in part due to the fact that

A) they were able to obtain information about what to expect after surgery.
B) they were relieved to see that their roommate survived the surgery.
C) they were able to obtain information about what to expect after surgery and were relieved to see that their roommate survived the surgery.
D) they had someone to talk to during non-visiting hours.
E) they got control of the television remote control, which is highly correlated to blood pressure.

Question 44

What factors predict health care delay?

Question 45

You have been asked to develop a public information program designed to minimize the delay behaviour of people who evidence one or more of the seven warning signs of cancer. Considering the research evidence presented in your text, the most effective appeal would emphasize the fact that

A) certain cancers have a very poor prognosis and a high mortality rate.
B) although the side effects can be debilitating, chemotherapy and radiation therapy can successfully treat many cancers.
C) aggressive treatment enhances one's chances of surviving cancer.
D) precancerous symptoms are seldom troublesome or alarming, yet everyone is vulnerable to the disease and should seek early treatment.
E) it would emphasize all of the above.

Question 46

The number of psychologists in hospital settings has _______________ since 1982.

A) more than doubled
B) decreased
C) remained the same
D) first decreased, then increased
E) first increased, then decreased

Question 47

Psychological control

A) is important for patients and their families in a hospital setting.
B) can be increased by proving the patient with information about their medical procedure.
C) when increased can contribute to quick recovery of functioning.
D) can be increased by providing extensive information about the admitting process.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 48

Answer the question posed by the text, "What predicts the use of health services?"

Question 49

Medical delay

A) accounts for at least 30% of all delay behaviours.
B) is more likely when symptoms deviate from the practitioner's disease prototype.
C) is more likely in cases where the diagnosis is not serious.
D) is unrelated to the diagnostic process.
E) is more likely when symptoms are acute in nature.

Question 50

In the study by Mahler and Kulik (1998) on the use of videos to prepare patients for upcoming procedures, compared with patients who did not receive videotaped preparation, patients who saw a videotape

A) reported higher self-efficacy during the recovery period.
B) were released sooner from the hospital.
C) felt significantly better prepared for the recovery period.
D) were more adherent to recommended dietary and exercise changes during their recovery.
E) reported higher levels of anxiety prior to surgery.

Question 51

Nosocomial infections

A) occur when strict handwashing and sterilization of equipment guidelines are not practiced.
B) account for more deaths per year in Canada than breast cancer, AIDS, and car accidents combined.
C) are most likely to affect newborn and premature infants and the elderly.
D) are infections that result from exposure to disease in the hospital setting.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 52

The results of Irving Janis' classic research (1958) evaluating presurgical control-enhancing interventions utilized with stressful medical procedures suggests that patient coping is facilitated by

A) information about the procedure.
B) cognitive-behavioural interventions.
C) relaxation training.
D) hypnosis
E) mood enhancing drugs.

Question 53

Explain how social and psychological factors are implicated in the recognition and interpretation of symptoms.

Question 54

Explain how hospitalization may affect patients' sense of personal control. What reactions are commonly observed?

Question 55

Shields and Wilkins (2006) found that nurses in Canada

A) reported arriving late or leaving early from work.
B) reported that they were not given enough time to do what was expected of them.
C) experienced high physical demands from their job.
D) reported that they were not given enough time to do what was expected of them and experienced high physical demands from their job.
E) were less burnout than nurses in the United States.

Question 56

The role of the hospital has changed significantly over the last few decades. As hospitals have assumed many treatment functions, the average number of hospitalizations have

A) remained the same.
B) increased.
C) decreased.
D) leveled off.
E) increased and then decreased.

Question 57

In Canadian hospitals that have adopted a Johns Hopkins model, physician chiefs

A) are at the top of the medical line of authority in the hospital.
B) are the first person to act in case of an emergency.
C) are not employees of the hospital.
D) do not treat patients.
E) act as "invited-guests" to the hospital.

Question 58

A quarter of a million Canadians per year suffer from

A) hospital infection.
B) influenza.
C) diabetes.
D) pneumonia.
E) heart disease.

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of burnout?

A) emotional exhaustion
B) increased concern for the client
C) cynicism
D) low sense of efficacy in one's job
E) All of these are components of burnout.

Question 60

Nurses who experience job strain, low supervisor/co-worker support, low autonomy, poor nurse-physician working relations, high physical demands, and job insecurity were ___________ as likely to experience poor or fair physical and mental health compared to nurses who did not experience these demands.

A) 5 times
B) 3 times
C) 10 times
D) 2 times
E) 1.5 times

Question 61

Summarize the research investigating the effectiveness of control-enhancing interventions.