Deck 5: Health-Compromising Behaviors

Question 1

Individuals with bulimia are often thinner than those with anorexia nervosa.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Anorexia nervosa is classified as an obsessive disorder.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Many health compromising behaviours are more common in individuals from higher social classes.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Research supports the idea that most alcoholics eventually receive some form of inpatient or outpatient treatment.

Question 5

Smokers have more accidents and injuries at work,

Question 6

There are four main classes of illicit drugs.

Question 7

According to a recent international study on substance abuse in industrialized countries by the United Nations, Canada is one of the world leaders in

A) injection drug use
B) marijuana use
C) binge drinking
D) treatment programs for alcohol abuse
E) cocaine use

Question 8

Trying cigarettes makes a person significantly more likely to use other drugs in the future.

Question 9

Many successful treatment programs have attempted to provide alcoholics with

A) relaxation training.
B) assertiveness training.
C) social skills training.
D) stress management techniques.
E) relaxation, assertiveness, and social skills training, as well as general stress management techniques.

Question 10

Compared to persons with more long-term drinking problems, people who become problem drinkers in late middle age are

A) less likely to control their drinking on their own.
B) less likely to be successfully treated.
C) more likely to use problem drinking as a coping method.
D) more likely to have a higher tolerance for alcohol.
E) more likely to develop lung cancer.

Question 11

The goals of broad-spectrum cognitive-behavioural therapy of alcohol abuse include

A) reducing the reinforcement associated with alcohol.
B) teaching new behaviours inconsistent with alcohol abuse.
C) introducing reinforcement for activities that do not involve alcohol.
D) treating the biological and environmental factors involved simultaneously.
E) All of the these are goals of broad-spectrum cognitive-behavioural therapy of alcohol abuse.

Question 12

Harm reduction focuses on completely eliminating substance use.

Question 13

Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable time for health compromising behaviours.

Question 14

Since he stopped smoking last week, John complains about fighting the urge for a cigarette, especially when he is around other smokers. This is an example of

A) addiction.
B) tolerance.
C) craving.
D) withdrawal.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 15

Psychoactive substances

A) impact cognitive and affective processes and alter the way a person behaves when ingested.
B) include illicit drugs.
C) include alcohol.
D) include prescription drugs.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 16

Alcohol abuse and smoking share a window of vulnerability in

A) adolescence.
B) young adulthood.
C) middle age.
D) old age.
E) stressful times.

Question 17

Psychological and social rewards associated with drinking include reduced anxiety and depression.

Question 18

Naltrexone, a medication, is used to

A) modify the action of GABA, a neurotransmitter.
B) prevent alcoholics from drinking by causing the body to negatively react to alcohol.
C) prevent relapse among alcoholics.
D) give alcohol a foul taste.
E) trick the brain into thinking that it is consuming alcohol when mixed with water.

Question 19

Which of the following individuals would be MOST at risk for developing alcoholism?

A) Shirley, whose identical twin, Fran, is an alcoholic
B) George, whose fraternal twin, Sam, is an alcoholic
C) Linda, whose adoptive mother, Gail, is an alcoholic
D) Adam, whose father, Ben, is an alcoholic
E) Sheila, whose mother, Sally, is a problem drinker

Question 20

Individuals who experience _______________ are more likely to become problem drinkers than those without these risk factors.

A) negative life events
B) chronic stressors
C) deficits in social support
D) chronic stressors and deficits in social support
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 21

Smoking and serum cholesterol interact to produce higher rates of morbidity and mortality by

A) decreasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) production.
B) increasing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) production.
C) inhibiting the blood's ability to coagulate.
D) reducing blood oxygen capacity and increasing carbon monoxide levels.
E) increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) production.

Question 22

"Chippers"

A) is a term used to describe usually light smokers.
B) do not have the same risk factors as other smokers.
C) are declining in number.
D) are individuals who consume more than 20 cigarettes a day.
E) are more likely to eat while consuming cigarettes.

Question 23

Following the publication of the Surgeon General's report on smoking in 1964, in Canada

A) smoking in all groups has continued to increase.
B) smoking in all groups has continued to increase, but the rate of increase has slowed.
C) men's smoking has declined, but women's has remained stable.
D) smoking among older people was relatively unaffected, but the percentage of teenage smokers has declined.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 24

Smoking among adolescents is

A) independent of other health-compromising behaviours.
B) likely to occur in the presence of peers.
C) an effort to maintain a positive mood.
D) unrelated to individual differences in personality.
E) likely to occur in relation to drinking behaviour.

Question 25

Moderate alcohol intake has been associated with

A) increased risk from coronary artery disease.
B) increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
C) elevated levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC).
D) elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC).
E) increased cancer risk.

Question 26

With increased media attention on the problem of drunk driving, drinkers seem to be __________________ to avoid driving while drunk.

A) limiting drinks to a prescribed number
B) arranging for a designated driver
C) getting taxis
D) delaying or avoiding driving after consuming alcohol
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 27

In Canada, approximately _______________ deaths per year are related to smoking.

A) 10,000
B) 25,000
C) 45,000
D) 50,000
E) 65,000

Question 28

As many as ____________ of Canadian undergraduate university students engage in harmful drinking.

A) 2%
B) 10%
C) 16%
D) 22%
E) 32%

Question 29

For Aboriginal peoples, leaving the community for a residential addictions facility can

A) increase the chance of healing alcoholism and problem drinking.
B) reduce community triggers for problem drinking.
C) decrease the chance of relapse.
D) increase the chance of alcoholism and problem drinking.
E) increase risky sexual behaviours.

Question 30

Adolescents are more likely to smoke if

A) their parents smoke.
B) they have a lower SES.
C) there has been a major stressor in the family.
D) they feel social pressure to smoke.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 31

Nicotine alters levels of active neuroregulators which

A) enhances memory.
B) reduces anxiety and tension.
C) improves mood.
D) improves psychomotor performance.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 32

The use of transdermal nicotine patches

A) produces a sharper rise in nicotine level than does cigarette smoking.
B) does not produce significant gains in smoking cessation.
C) produces significant smoking cessation.
D) is more strongly associated with cardiovascular risk than is smoking.
E) was the first tool used for smoke cessation.

Question 33

Evaluations of the effect of mass media anti-smoking messages suggest that they

A) provide information to smokers about health habits but have little effect on attitudes about smoking.
B) provide information about health habits to the general population but have little effect on anyone's behaviour.
C) provide information about health habits and discouraging youth from beginning to smoke.
D) provide information about health habits and discourage adult non-smokers from beginning to smoke.
E) provide information about health habits and discouraging youth and adult non-smokers from beginning to smoke.

Question 34

Ex-smokers are more likely to be successful over the short term if they have

A) a supportive partner.
B) non-smoking supportive friends.
C) smoking supportive friends.
D) a supportive partner and non-smoking supportive friends.
E) a regular exercise routine.

Question 35

The two "windows of opportunity" for beginning smoking are

A) late elementary and high school.
B) high school and beginning university.
C) late elementary school and beginning university.
D) high school and the ages 23-28.
E) there is only one window of opportunity.

Question 36

In which stage of Prochaska's transtheoretical model of behaviour change would information about the adverse health consequences of smoking would be the most effective to provide to smokers?

A) precontemplation
B) contemplation
C) action
D) preparation
E) maintenance

Question 37

_______________ is/are the single greatest cause of preventable death.

A) Obesity
B) Alcoholism
C) Vehicular accidents
D) Smoking
E) Risky sexual behaviours

Question 38

Fiissel and Lafreniere (2006) suggested that women who report that they smoke to control their appetite and weight

A) internalized the prescribed cultural standards of thinness.
B) are overweight or obese.
C) have eating disorders.
D) have a family history of eating disorders.
E) are more likely to come from single parent households.

Question 39

Surveys of alcohol treatment programs suggest that programs are most successful when participants remain in treatment for

A) one to two weeks.
B) six to eight weeks.
C) two to three months.
D) at least four months.
E) 28 days.

Question 40

The best predictor of long-term abstinence among smokers is

A) social support.
B) environmental support.
C) self-efficacy.
D) remaining vigilant about not smoking.
E) strength of intention to quit.

Question 41

Social influence intervention programs often use the principle of behavioural inoculation. According to this principle, exposing individuals to a(an)

A) strong persuasive message ensures that they will internalize the message.
B) boring, repetitive persuasive message ensures that they will become desensitized to the message.
C) one-sided message ensures that uncommitted individuals will more likely be persuaded by the message.
D) weak version of a persuasive message ensures that they will develop counterarguments to resist a stronger version of the message.
E) continued message for at least 6 weeks will ensure they will internalize the message.

Question 42

Physicians and other health care professionals are less helpful in controlling smoking as could be expected because

A) many smokers do not listen to them.
B) they rarely give advice to smokers.
C) they do not always have a negative attitude towards smoking.
D) almost all believe they would not be able to motivate people.
E) there is no time to discuss this on a routine visit.

Question 43

Many health-compromising behaviours share several important characteristics. Describe these characteristics and the implications for intervention programs.

Question 44

Explain the consequences of illicit drug use.

Question 45

Which of the following harm reduction alternatives to smoking provides a promising and safer option to quitting?

A) Nicco-rest patches.
B) Nicotine gum.
C) Visual reality.
D) E-cigarettes.
E) There are no safe alternatives to smoking.

Question 46

Anorexia nervosa

A) is caused by amenorrhea.
B) is characterized by the binge-and-purge syndrome.
C) is characterized by reduced interest in food and restricted physical activity.
D) is characterized by dieting and exercising that results in weight loss that is significantly below optimal levels.
E) has a purely environmental etiology.

Question 47

The social influence intervention program highlights

A) the adverse effects of smoking on health.
B) the financial costs of smoking.
C) the negative social consequences of smoking.
D) how advertisers use subtle techniques, hopefully so students will be more able to resist cigarette advertising.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 48

Passive smoking (second-hand smoke) has been found to be associated with

A) normal blood carbon monoxide levels.
B) increased pulmonary functioning.
C) elevated skin plasticity.
D) childhood obesity.
E) increased rates of lung cancer.

Question 49

A popular new method for reducing smoking is referred to as

A) yap patching.
B) nicco-resting.
C) vaping.
D) e-niccorettes.
E) halo smoking.

Question 50

Initial therapy for anorexia is focused on weight gain and usually uses a _______________ approach.

A) cognitive
B) family therapy
C) psychodynamic
D) behavioural
E) person-centered

Question 51

Those who quit smoking on their own

A) appear to be more successful in maintaining abstinence than participants in smoking cessation programs.
B) have high levels of self-control that is related to low relapse rates.
C) are more likely to have a socially supportive network that smokes.
D) have strong beliefs in the health benefits of stopping smoking.
E) are more likely to be women.

Question 52

Programs that provide materials to smokers so that they can quit on their own

A) are too haphazard in nature to be successful.
B) have been found to have higher initial quit rates than cognitive-behavioural interventions.
C) have been found to be as successful as cognitive-behavioural interventions in terms of long-term maintenance.
D) have the same impact as cognitive-behavioural interventions but are not as cost effective.
E) have been found to have high long-term relapse rates.

Question 53

More than _______________ Canadians successfully quit smoking each year.

A) fifty thousand
B) one hundred thousand
C) two hundred thousand
D) half a million
E) one million

Question 54

Anorexia has been found to be correlated with

A) body image disturbance.
B) high blood pressure and heart reactivity to stress.
C) self-esteem.
D) depression and anxiety.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 55

Most therapies for anorexia utilize _______________, whereas _______________ appears to be the most effective treatment for bulimia.

A) behavioural therapy; medication and cognitive-behavioural therapy
B) medication; behavioural therapy
C) medication and cognitive-behavioural therapy; inpatient treatment
D) medication and inpatient treatment; cognitive-behavioural therapy
E) person-centered therapy; behavioural therapy

Question 56

Evaluation of social influence programs suggests that

A) adolescent smoking rates are unaffected.
B) fewer adolescents begin smoking after exposure to such programs.
C) adolescent smoking rates are reduced for up to four years.
D) programs are needed that will reach the child destined to become a regular smoker.
E) these programs may delay smoking but do not necessarily reduce overall smoking rates.

Question 57

Bulimia is correlated with

A) stress.
B) amenorrhea.
C) perfectionism.
D) obsession.
E) alcoholism.

Question 58

Explain the problem of relapse in the treatment of alcohol abuse. Which intervention strategies address this problem most effectively? Substantiate your answer with research from the text.

Question 59

The life-skills-training approach teaches adolescents

A) social skills.
B) refusal skills.
C) coping enhancement.
D) self-esteem.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 60

Identify and describe the biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors implicated in alcohol abuse.

Question 61

Answer the question posed in the text: "Why do people smoke?"

Question 62

Describe the factors associated with smoking in adolescence. Evaluate the effectiveness of prevention programs targeting adolescents.

Question 63

Describe the similarities and differences of anorexia and bulimia, including causes, symptoms, and treatment.